This article covers the phonology of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect, a variety of Getelands (a transitional dialect between South Brabantian and West Limburgish) spoken in Orsmaal-Gussenhoven, a village in the Linter municipality. [1]
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | hard | soft | |||||
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||||
Stop | fortis | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | tʲ ⟨tj⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | kʲ ⟨kj⟩ | ||
lenis | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | ||||||
Fricative | fortis | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sj⟩ | x ⟨ch⟩ | |||
lenis | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ( ʒ) ⟨zj⟩ | ɣ ⟨g⟩ | ɦ ⟨h⟩ | |||
Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨j⟩ | |||||
Trill | r ⟨r⟩ |
Just like Standard Dutch, Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect devoices all obstruents at the ends of words. [3]
Morpheme-final /p, t, k/ may be voiced if a voiced plosive or a vowel follows. [3]
The vowel system of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect is considerably richer than that of Standard Dutch. It features a phonemic distinction between close and open variants of the vowels corresponding to SD /ʏ/ and /ɔ/ (with the close variants being /ʏ/ and /ʊ/ and the open ones /œ/ and /ɒ/), long open-mid vowels (which are only marginal in SD) as well as a number of diphthongs that do not exist in the standard language.
Front | Central | Back | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | ||||||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
Close | iː ⟨ie⟩ | yː ⟨uu⟩ | u ⟨oe⟩ | uː ⟨oê⟩ | |||||
Close-mid | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | eː ⟨ee⟩ | ʏ ⟨u⟩ | øː ⟨eu⟩ | ə ⟨e⟩ | ʊ ⟨ó⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ | ||
Open-mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | ɛː ⟨ae⟩ | œ ⟨ö⟩ | œː ⟨äö⟩ | ɒ ⟨o⟩ | ɒː ⟨ao⟩ | |||
Open | a ⟨a⟩ | aː ⟨aa⟩ | |||||||
Marginal | y ⟨uu⟩ o ⟨oo⟩ | ||||||||
Diphthongs | closing | uɪ ⟨oei⟩ aɪ ⟨ai⟩ aʊ ⟨aw⟩ | |||||||
centering | iə ⟨ieë⟩ eə ⟨eë⟩ ɛə ⟨aeë⟩ ɔə ⟨oa⟩ |
In this article, the vowels in words oech 'you', mót 'moth' and boat 'beard' differ from the way they are transcribed by Peters (2010), who uses a narrower transcription. The differences are listed below:
IPA symbols | Example words | ||
---|---|---|---|
This article | Peters 2010 [11] | ||
u | ʊ | oech | |
uː | uː | oêch | |
ʊ | ɔ | mót | |
o | o | depo | |
oː | oː | roop | |
ɒ | ɒ | mot | |
ɒː | ɒː | rao |
The way those vowels are transcribed in this article reflects how they are typically transcribed in IPA transcriptions of Dutch dialects, especially Limburgish. For instance, the symbol ⟨ɔ⟩ is most typically used for the open short O in any given dialect (the one in mot, which is transcribed with ⟨ɒ⟩ in this article: /mɒt/, following Peters), not the close short O in mót /mʊt/ whenever the two are contrastive. Peters uses ⟨ʊ⟩ for the short OE in oech, but this is transcribed with ⟨u⟩ in this article (/ux/) due to the fact that the symbol ⟨ʊ⟩ is commonly used for the close short O in Dutch dialectology, which is how that vowel is written in this article.
The diphthong in mous, transcribed with ⟨ɞʊ⟩ by Peters, has also been retranscribed with a more common symbol ⟨ɔʊ⟩, though it is treated as a mere allophone of /ɒː/ in this article.
Stress location is largely the same as in Belgian Standard Dutch. In loanwords from French, the original word-final stress is often preserved, as in kedaw /kəˈdaʊ/ 'cadeau'. [7]
The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun. The orthographic version is written in Standard Dutch. [12]
[də ˈnœrdərwɪnt ʔɛn də zʊn ˈʔadən ən dɪsˈkøːsə ˈɛvə də vroːx | wi van ən twiː də ˈstɛrəkstə was | tʏn dʏ ʒyst ˈɛmant vœrˈbɛː kʊm bə nən ˈdɪkə ˈwarəmə jas aːn] [5]
De nörderwind en de zón hadden 'n diskeuse evve de vroog wie van hun twie de sterrekste was, tun du zjuust emmand vörbae kóm be 'nen dikke, warreme jas aan.
De noordenwind en de zon hadden een discussie over de vraag wie van hun tweeën de sterkste was, toen er juist iemand voorbij kwam met een dikke, warme jas aan. [5]
This article covers the phonology of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect, a variety of Getelands (a transitional dialect between South Brabantian and West Limburgish) spoken in Orsmaal-Gussenhoven, a village in the Linter municipality. [1]
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | hard | soft | |||||
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||||
Stop | fortis | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | tʲ ⟨tj⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | kʲ ⟨kj⟩ | ||
lenis | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | ||||||
Fricative | fortis | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sj⟩ | x ⟨ch⟩ | |||
lenis | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ( ʒ) ⟨zj⟩ | ɣ ⟨g⟩ | ɦ ⟨h⟩ | |||
Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨j⟩ | |||||
Trill | r ⟨r⟩ |
Just like Standard Dutch, Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect devoices all obstruents at the ends of words. [3]
Morpheme-final /p, t, k/ may be voiced if a voiced plosive or a vowel follows. [3]
The vowel system of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect is considerably richer than that of Standard Dutch. It features a phonemic distinction between close and open variants of the vowels corresponding to SD /ʏ/ and /ɔ/ (with the close variants being /ʏ/ and /ʊ/ and the open ones /œ/ and /ɒ/), long open-mid vowels (which are only marginal in SD) as well as a number of diphthongs that do not exist in the standard language.
Front | Central | Back | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | ||||||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
Close | iː ⟨ie⟩ | yː ⟨uu⟩ | u ⟨oe⟩ | uː ⟨oê⟩ | |||||
Close-mid | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | eː ⟨ee⟩ | ʏ ⟨u⟩ | øː ⟨eu⟩ | ə ⟨e⟩ | ʊ ⟨ó⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ | ||
Open-mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | ɛː ⟨ae⟩ | œ ⟨ö⟩ | œː ⟨äö⟩ | ɒ ⟨o⟩ | ɒː ⟨ao⟩ | |||
Open | a ⟨a⟩ | aː ⟨aa⟩ | |||||||
Marginal | y ⟨uu⟩ o ⟨oo⟩ | ||||||||
Diphthongs | closing | uɪ ⟨oei⟩ aɪ ⟨ai⟩ aʊ ⟨aw⟩ | |||||||
centering | iə ⟨ieë⟩ eə ⟨eë⟩ ɛə ⟨aeë⟩ ɔə ⟨oa⟩ |
In this article, the vowels in words oech 'you', mót 'moth' and boat 'beard' differ from the way they are transcribed by Peters (2010), who uses a narrower transcription. The differences are listed below:
IPA symbols | Example words | ||
---|---|---|---|
This article | Peters 2010 [11] | ||
u | ʊ | oech | |
uː | uː | oêch | |
ʊ | ɔ | mót | |
o | o | depo | |
oː | oː | roop | |
ɒ | ɒ | mot | |
ɒː | ɒː | rao |
The way those vowels are transcribed in this article reflects how they are typically transcribed in IPA transcriptions of Dutch dialects, especially Limburgish. For instance, the symbol ⟨ɔ⟩ is most typically used for the open short O in any given dialect (the one in mot, which is transcribed with ⟨ɒ⟩ in this article: /mɒt/, following Peters), not the close short O in mót /mʊt/ whenever the two are contrastive. Peters uses ⟨ʊ⟩ for the short OE in oech, but this is transcribed with ⟨u⟩ in this article (/ux/) due to the fact that the symbol ⟨ʊ⟩ is commonly used for the close short O in Dutch dialectology, which is how that vowel is written in this article.
The diphthong in mous, transcribed with ⟨ɞʊ⟩ by Peters, has also been retranscribed with a more common symbol ⟨ɔʊ⟩, though it is treated as a mere allophone of /ɒː/ in this article.
Stress location is largely the same as in Belgian Standard Dutch. In loanwords from French, the original word-final stress is often preserved, as in kedaw /kəˈdaʊ/ 'cadeau'. [7]
The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun. The orthographic version is written in Standard Dutch. [12]
[də ˈnœrdərwɪnt ʔɛn də zʊn ˈʔadən ən dɪsˈkøːsə ˈɛvə də vroːx | wi van ən twiː də ˈstɛrəkstə was | tʏn dʏ ʒyst ˈɛmant vœrˈbɛː kʊm bə nən ˈdɪkə ˈwarəmə jas aːn] [5]
De nörderwind en de zón hadden 'n diskeuse evve de vroog wie van hun twie de sterrekste was, tun du zjuust emmand vörbae kóm be 'nen dikke, warreme jas aan.
De noordenwind en de zon hadden een discussie over de vraag wie van hun tweeën de sterkste was, toen er juist iemand voorbij kwam met een dikke, warme jas aan. [5]