Numerous state partition proposals have been put forward since the 1776 establishment of the
United States that would
partition an existing
U.S. state or states so that a particular region might either join another state or
create a new state.
Article IV, Section 3,
Clause 1 of the
United States Constitution, often called the New States Clause, grants to the
United States Congress the
authority to admit new states into the United States beyond the
thirteen that existed when the Constitution went
into effect (June 21, 1788, after ratification by nine of the thirteen states).[1] It also includes a stipulation originally designed to give Eastern states that still had
Western land claims, which included Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia, a
veto over whether their western counties could become states.[2]
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.[3]
The clause has served the same function since then whenever a proposal to partition an existing state or states has come before Congress. New breakaway states are permitted to join the Union only with the proper consents.[4] Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress, three were set off from an already existing state:
Another state that may fit into this category is
Vermont, which existed as a de facto but unrecognized
sovereign state from 1777 to 1791. The region had been a subject of a territorial dispute between
New York and
New Hampshire during the colonial period, which royal authorities had
resolved in favor of New York. As the
State of New York continued to claim Vermont's territory under that ruling after independence, the
Continental Congress never recognized Vermont as an independent state. In 1790, after negotiating the common boundary between the two states and Vermont agreeing to pay New York $30,000, New York relinquished its land grant claim and consented to Vermont becoming part of the Union. Vasan Kesavan and
Michael Stokes Paulsen assert that "although Vermont was admitted into the Union with New York's consent, it is not at all clear that New York's consent was constitutionally necessary. While Vermont was within the territory claimed by New York, the preponderance of evidence suggests that Vermont was not within the jurisdiction of New York."[4]
The following is a list of substantive proposals, both successful and unsuccessful, put forward since the nation's founding to partition or set off a portion of an existing U.S. state or states so that the region might either join another state or create a new state. Proposals to
secede from the Union and proposals to create states from either
organized incorporated or unorganized
U.S. territories are not included. Land
cessions made by several individual states to the federal government in the 18th and the 19th centuries also are not listed.
Arizona
In February 2011,
Tucson politicians and activists formed the group "Start our State," to advocate secession for
Pima County and other southern counties to create a state called "
Baja Arizona". The group wanted the Pima County Board of Supervisors to put the issue on the 2012 ballot, but it was rejected by the board due to lack of authority, so the group circulated petitions.[8] Interest in secession grew when Republican governor
Jan Brewer and her allies enacted
Arizona SB 1070, regarding illegal immigration.[9] Furthermore, the state had passed laws affecting Tucson elections and how the city bids for public works projects.[10]
In the mid-1930s, the Walsenburg World-Independent proposed that
Huerfano County secede from the state.[11] This was a pet project of Sam T. Taylor, a sports editor, who went on to become a long-serving
state senator,[12] continuing to pursue the idea unsuccessfully.[13]
In 1973, nearby
Costilla County had expressed interest in seceding from Colorado and joining New Mexico.[14]
On June 6, 2013, commissioners in
Weld County announced a proposal to secede with seven other counties to form the state of
North Colorado, citing concerns with state policy and recently enacted legislation relating to the region's main economic drivers, including agriculture and energy. The bid was motivated by a belief that the urban population centers of the State weren't concerned with the economic interests of more rural areas.[15][16][17] The commissioners stated that they would hold public meetings to gather input before crafting a ballot initiative by August 1, and that the proposal had aroused preliminary interest from fellow commissioners in
Morgan,
Logan,
Sedgwick,
Phillips,
Washington,
Yuma and
Kit Carson counties.[18] Eleven counties were involved in the partition movement by
election day, though
Moffat County was looking into joining
Wyoming rather than North Colorado.[19] Voters rejected partition in six of the eleven counties, including Weld and Moffat, and supported it (without binding authority) in five.[20]
Florida
Politicians in the
South Florida metropolitan area have made proposals to split Florida into two states, North Florida and South Florida. One such proposal was made in 2008 by the
North Lauderdale commissioners.[21] The proposal was revived in 2014 when South Miami City Commission passed a South Florida state resolution on October 7 and sent it to counties in the proposed state's area.[22]
Georgia
The
Pierce County Republican Party placed a question on the county's May 2018 primary ballot asking Republican voters if they wanted all Georgia counties south of
Macon to join together to “form the 51st state of South Georgia”. The question failed with only 27% of voters agreeing with it.[23]
In the mid and late 1860s, there was a proposal centered on
Lewiston in northern Idaho for the Territory of Columbia to be formed in the
Inland Northwest from parts of what is now eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana.[24]
Longstanding political rivalry along with geographic isolation led to proposals in the early 20th century that portions of
northern Idaho and eastern Washington be united into a new state named
Lincoln.[25][26]
In 2020, "Move Oregon's Border for a Greater Idaho" proposed breaking off most of
Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.[27][28][29][30][31] In 2021, five counties in eastern Oregon voted to "require county officials to take steps to promote" adding the counties to Idaho.[32] In May 2022, voters in
Douglas and
Josephine counties rejected an advisory vote, causing the proponents to scale back the scope of the proposal and issue a “less ambitious” map. The reduced scope includes only eastern Oregon, does not include any California territory, and only includes a little more than a third of the original map’s inhabitants. Eleven Oregon counties have approved some version of the proposal.[33] In February, 2023, the House State Affairs committee of the
Idaho House of Representatives approved a resolution to authorize the legislature to discuss moving the state border with Oregon lawmakers.[34]
Illinois
Between 1840 and 1842, several northern counties in Illinois, including
Jo Daviess County,
Stephenson County,
Winnebago County and
Boone County, voted to reattach to
Wisconsin, from which the counties were ceded to
Illinois by Congress in 1818. The split was precipitated by the mutual antagonism between northerners and southerners due to social and political differences. The split was never realized due to lack of support from
Chicago and
Cook County, as the benefits of the Illinois and Michigan Canal linking northern to central and southern Illinois outweighed secession.[35]
In 1861, the southern region of Illinois, known as
Little Egypt, proposed secession due to cultural and political differences from Chicago and much of
Central and
Northern Illinois.[36][37]
In 1925,
Cook County considered secession to create the state of Chicago.[38]
In the early 1970s, residents in western Illinois were upset over the allocation of state funds for transportation, prompting a student at
Western Illinois University to declare 16 counties the
Republic of Forgottonia. Although the declaration was meant to be a joke, the secession idea was picked up by the Western Illinois Regional Council, until State Representative
Doug Kane showed that the counties had received funding that was more than what they paid in state taxes.[39]
In November 2011, State Representatives
Bill Mitchell and
Adam Brown introduced a proposal to make Cook County a state of its own. They felt that all of Illinois outside of Cook County should become a separate state, due to Chicago's "dictating its views" to the rest of the state.[40]
On February 7, 2019, State Representative
Brad Halbrook, with co-sponsors Representatives
Chris Miller and
Darren Bailey, filed a resolution that urges the United States Congress to declare the City of Chicago the 51st state of the United States of America and separate it from the rest of Illinois.[41][42]
Kansas
In 1992, a group in southwestern Kansas advocated the secession of a number of counties in that region from the state. Nominally headed by
Don O. Concannon, former Chairman of the
Kansas Republican Party and gubernatorial candidate from
Hugoton, the group gave the new state the name "
West Kansas", a state bird (
pheasant), and a state flower (
yucca). The proposal was in reaction to laws raising real estate taxes, and shifting state education funding away from rural school districts and into more urban areas. Though organizers arranged for a series of
straw polls that demonstrated widespread support for secession in nine counties,[43] the movement died out by the mid-1990s.[44]
Maine
Maine was initially part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts before being admitted to the Union as a state in 1820. However, its boundary with British North America (now Canada) had been in dispute for several decades. In 1827, John Baker unilaterally declared the disputed territory (now part of
Aroostook County) to be the "
Republic of Madawaska". The declaration was rejected by Maine in 1831. Following the undeclared
Aroostook War in 1838–1839, the United States and United Kingdom signed the
Webster–Ashburton Treaty on August 9, 1842, to settle the border issue.
In 1998 and again in 2005, state representative
Henry Joy proposed legislation to partition Maine into northern and southern states. He cited concern for the rural northern part, encompassing
Maine's 2nd congressional district, being affected by "anti-business policies" and "overzealous environmental safeguards".[45] Reflecting his political opinion of the trends there, Joy suggested the southern half be named "Northern Massachusetts" and the northern half remain "Maine", though others have suggested "Acadia" for the northern half.[46]
Maryland
Westsylvania, proposed during the
American Revolution, would have been created from parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia and a small part of Maryland. Most of Westsylvania would later form the modern state of
West Virginia.
In September 2009,
Frederick County Commissioner John L. Thompson Jr. proposed that the county secede from Maryland because the county pays more to state government in taxes than it receives in services and benefits. The proposal was rejected by the other commissioners in the county.[50]
In February 2014, it was reported that residents from
Western Maryland started petitions to form a new state, citing taxes and gun control as issues. Possible names for such a proposed state included Liberty, Antietam, Appalachia, and Augusta.[51]
In October 2021, six Republican lawmakers from
Garrett,
Allegany, and
Washington Counties in Western Maryland sent a letter to the legislative leaders of West Virginia to ask if said counties seceded from Maryland, could they be annexed into West Virginia.[52]
Massachusetts
The state's
exclaveDistrict of Maine had proposed secession multiple times in the early 19th century. Long-standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper to force an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts General Court on permitting Maine to separate; the vote failed. Separatist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the
War of 1812 when pro-British Massachusetts merchants opposed the war, and refused to defend Maine from British invaders. Finally, on June 19, 1819, the
Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the state (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819, by 17,001 to 7,132). Then, on February 25, 1820, the court passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood.[53] Maine became the 23rd state on March 15, 1820, as part of the
Missouri Compromise, which also geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of
Missouri the following year.[54][55][56]
Boston Corner, in the southwestern corner of the state, was ceded to the state of
New York in 1857, due to Massachusetts being unable to administer the hamlet.
A 1919 tax-protest proposal filed in the state legislature would have created an independent State of Boston.[46]
In 1977, the islands of
Martha's Vineyard,
Nantucket, and the
Elizabeth Islands proposed to separate from Massachusetts because of a redistricting bill that would have deprived
Dukes County, consisting of Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands, and Nantucket County of separate representation in the
General Court. At local town meetings, culminating in the All-Island Selectmen's Association Conference, residents and community leaders voted in favor of secession with an "overwhelming majority". When the Nantucket state representative filed a bill with the Massachusetts Legislature,
Connecticut governorElla T. Grasso suggested that the islands join her state. Additionally, the legislatures of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont each supported the islands' annexation to their state. Although the redistricting bill passed, the state representatives pledged to assign aides for the two counties that would report to their state representative, and the area received much positive publicity.[58][59]
Michigan
Several times between 1858 and 1957, Michigan's
Upper Peninsula and parts of Wisconsin have engaged in talks about forming a fifty-first state called "
Superior."[60]
In 1979 a group called Citizens for Secession attempted to prompt leaders to move
Cass County to Indiana and change the name to "Michiana County".[61]
Minnesota
In the mid 19th century there had been intermittent advocacy for the
Arrowhead of Minnesota, the four northeast counties of the state adjacent to Lake Superior, to join with northwestern
Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan to form a new state to be named "North Country" or
Superior, with
Duluth as its capital.[62][63]
In March 2021, HF 2423 was introduced to the state legislature with the goal of establishing a process for counties to vote to leave the state of Minnesota and instead join one of Minnesota's bordering states.[64] A petition was also started alongside the introduction of the proposal with the primary goal of counties outside the
Twin Cities area joining
South Dakota, but also encouraging joining
Iowa or
Wisconsin.[65] The bill was introduced in response to Governor
Tim Walz's response to the
COVID-19 pandemic, in which Minnesota was shut down and restricted to a far stricter extent and for a longer duration of time than all its neighboring states. South Dakota, which remains the only state in the country to never issue any business restrictions at any time was viewed in a major contrast to Minnesota's restrictions. Shortly after the bill's introduction, South Dakota Governor
Kristi Noem tweeted in favor of the bill.[66]
Mississippi
During the
American Civil War of 1861–65, in
Jones County, Mississippi,
Newton Knight, a deserter from the Confederate army, organized a militia of fellow deserters and escaped slaves and declared Jones County to be the
Free State of Jones. They successfully prevented Confederate authorities from enforcing conscription, taxation, and slavery within the county, and hoped for
admission to the United States as a new state.
Missouri
McDonald County declared itself the
McDonald Territory for a brief period of time in July 1961.[67][68] The movement was half in jest, after a city within the county was accidentally omitted from an official Missouri map.[69]
Montana
In 1939, a secessionist movement proposed the
State of Absaroka, to be formed from portions of Montana, adjacent areas of
Wyoming, and parts of
South Dakota. Motivated by opposition to
New Deal politics and a desire to bring
tourism to the area, the craze was reflected in state automobile
license plates bearing the name; a "Miss Absaroka" contest held in that year; and a minor league baseball team called the Absaroka Eagles.[69][70][71][72]
Nebraska
In the 1890s, residents of the
Nebraska Panhandle threatened secession when the state refused to enact water laws that would encourage irrigation.[73]
Nevada
In 2020, residents of rural
Nevada proposed breaking away from the state due to the strong liberal influence of
Clark County on the politics of the state. The movement proposes the state of "New Nevada". Proponents of "New Nevada", alongside those of "New California", filed an
amicus brief in the Supreme Court case Texas v. Pennsylvania.[74]
New Hampshire
In 2001, the communities of
Newington and
Rye considered secession in response to the enactment of a uniform statewide property tax.[75][76][77]
New Jersey
From 1674–1702 the colonial
Province of New Jersey was divided into
East Jersey, largely consisting of today's
North Jersey, and
West Jersey, largely consisting of
South Jersey. The two regions maintain cultural differences with North Jersey largely being dominated by
New York City, and South Jersey by
Philadelphia. In 1980 a local journalist in
Mount Holly, Albert Freeman, wrote an editorial calling for secession, initially a joke, this movement gained momentum leading to the
Egg Harbor council voting to secede and form the state of South Jersey. The issue eventually caught the attention of local lawmakers, upset with the construction of the
Meadowlands Sports Complex in North Jersey, while the reconstruction of the
Garden State Park Racetrack in South Jersey was blocked. A non-binding referendum was held in six southern counties, with the exclusion of
Camden and
Gloucester counties, which passed with 51% of voters in favor of secession. The only county to vote against secession was
Ocean County.[78][79][80][81][82]
In the 1990s,
Randy Kuhl, from rural upstate
Hammondsport, had advocated secession by regularly proposing bills to that effect while he was a state senator. His 1999 bill would have New York City, Long Island,
Westchester and
Rockland Counties become a separate state of New York, while the rest of the counties would be grouped as West New York.[86]
From 2007 to 2009,
Long Island residents discussed secession on the grounds that their tax money is not used to fund programs in their counties.[87] Proposals were made for the entire island (
Kings,
Queens,
Nassau, and
Suffolk counties) and for just the two suburban counties (Nassau and Suffolk).[88][89][90][91][92]
State senators
Joseph Robach,
Dale Volker, and
Michael Ranzenhofer, all Republicans from
western New York, proposed a nonbinding referendum to gauge support for dividing the state in November 2009.[93] The referendum was again proposed by
Stephen Hawley in 2013 and 2015, with members of the Long Island delegation to the state legislature also backing the 2015 bill.[94]
2010 gubernatorial candidate
Carl Paladino's supporters, Rus Thompson and James Ostrowski in the
Buffalo region, have supported secession of western New York from New York City and its nearby counties.[95]Fred Smerlas, in discussing a potential platform for a 2010 Congressional run from western New York, stated that he would make the separation of New York City and upstate a top priority: "My first act if I ever got elected would be to take a big saw and cut New York City off."[96]
In 1941, counties in southwestern Oregon joined counties of
Northern California to secede as the
State of Jefferson. The movement was centered in rural communities who felt ignored by political leaders in more urban areas.[69]
In 2020, "Move Oregon's Border For a
Greater Idaho" proposed breaking off most of Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. The areas proposed to break off of Oregon and California vote Republican but in a state whose legislatures are dominated by Democrats. Douglas and Josephine counties in Oregon approved language for petitions to put a measure on the ballot. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.[27][28]
In 2021, five counties in eastern Oregon voted to "require county officials to take steps to promote"
adding the counties to Idaho.[32] In 2022, two more counties voted in favor of being added to Idaho.[98] As of 2024, 13 counties have approved ballot measures in favor of Greater Idaho.
More recent commentators have occasionally proposed separating the
Philadelphia region from the rest of Pennsylvania, either as a state unto itself[99] or as part of New Jersey.[100]
Rhode Island
In 1984, the town of
New Shoreham, coterminous with
Block Island, threatened to secede because the state had denied them the ability to ban or to control the use of mopeds on the island. Both
Massachusetts and
Connecticut were reported as having interest in annexing the island. After the town voted to put the issue on the state ballot for June, the Rhode Island government eventually compromised by allowing the island to control the number of mopeds on the island.[101][102]
South Dakota
Parts of South Dakota were proposed as part of
Absaroka, a territory inspired by opposition to
New Deal politics and a desire for increased tourism.[69][70][71][72]
Tennessee
In 1861, after Tennessee joined the Confederacy,
Scott County passed a proclamation to secede from Tennessee and form the "Free and Independent
State of Scott" in order to support the Union. When it was discovered in 1986 that this county law was still on the books, the proclamation was finally repealed. The county then petitioned the state of Tennessee for readmission, even though the original secession had not been recognized by either the state or federal government.[103]
Under the joint resolution of Congress, the
Republic of Texas joined the Union with the right to partition itself into as many as five states. As a result, Texas "divisionists" would occasionally propose partitioning in its early decades.[104][105]
Utah
State of Deseret, partly settled by Mormons before it was purchased from Mexico by the United States, had proposed boundaries far larger than the eventual
Utah Territory.
In 2002, the United States House of Representatives voted to allow
Wendover to leave the state and join
Nevada, merging with the city of
West Wendover.[106][107] However, Nevada Senator
Harry Reid blocked the bill's consideration in the Senate, citing that it would affect the investments of the casinos in the border town.[108]
In 2008, state representative Neal Hendrickson proposed Joint Resolution 6 (HJR006): "the creation of a separate state, consisting of the southern portion of the present state of Utah with a northern boundary stretching east and west across the present state of Utah at the southern border of
Utah County".[109] Hendrickson's bill cited differences between the urban and heavily populated northern part of the state, with the less populous and mostly rural south. The bill did not pass.[110]
In 2004 and 2005, the town of
Killington voted to secede from Vermont to join
New Hampshire, despite being situated in the center of the state; the symbolic votes, taken at the yearly
town meeting, were a protest against a rise in property taxes in Vermont.[111][112] A similar motion was attempted in
Winhall, but was voted down.[113]
Virginia
Westsylvania, proposed as the 14th state during the
American Revolutionary War, included areas that were then part of Virginia but mostly later became
West Virginia and
Kentucky. It would have been located primarily in what is now West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, and small parts of Kentucky,
Maryland, and
Virginia.
The District of Kentucky:
Fayette,
Jefferson, and
Lincoln (all formerly part of
Kentucky County) sought on numerous occasions to split from Virginia, beginning in the 1780s. Ten constitutional conventions were held in the Constitution Square Courthouse in
Danville between 1784 and 1792. In 1790, Kentucky's delegates accepted Virginia's terms of separation, and a state constitution was drafted at the final convention in April 1792. The
Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789, separating its "District of Kentucky" from the rest of the State and approving its statehood.[53] Kentucky became the 15th state in the Union on June 1, 1792.[114]
West Virginia: Tensions within Virginia had been building; the western counties felt ignored and uncared for by the Richmond government. This broke into open rebellion after Virginia voted to secede from the Union. Several Trans–
Allegheny region counties voted to secede from the state after Virginia joined the
Confederate States of America at the beginning of the
Civil War on April 17, 1861.
Unionist leaders in
Wheeling set up a new State government for Virginia under the
Wheeling Convention that was recognized by the U.S. Government in Washington. On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of the
Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia,[115] and the secessionist area wrote a constitution. It was admitted to the Union as West Virginia[116] on June 20, 1863, the 35th state.[117] Support for the Confederacy and the Union was about evenly divided in the new State and a guerrilla war lasted until 1865.[118] Later, by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia (1871), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state.[119]
Northern Virginia: Given the difference between Northern Virginia (NoVa) and the rest of Virginia (RoVa), some have proposed separating the two parts of the Commonwealth.[120]
Washington
Present-day Washington is geographically divided into
Eastern and
Western regions by the
Cascade Range. In the original proposal to establish
Washington Territory, it was bounded on the east by the
Columbia River.[121] Since 1861, some eastern residents have proposed forming a new state, sometimes in combination with the
Idaho Panhandle and relatively small parts of
Montana and
Oregon (consisting of the greater market area of
Spokane). Names proposed include East Washington,
Lincoln, and Cascadia (a name sometimes applied to the
Pacific Northwest region as a whole). Reasons given are the distinct needs of urban and rural populations and political differences over water rights, labor law, and taxation.[122][123]
In 2015, a bill was introduced in the
Washington House of Representatives to create a task force for studying the impacts of adjusting the boundary lines of Washington to create two new states with one state east and one state west of the Cascade mountain range.[124] In the same legislative session, a similar bill was introduced that would have included parts of Oregon in the newly created states.[125] In 2017, legislators introduced a petition to the federal government regarding the creation of the state of Liberty, which would have a western boundary following the crest of the Cascade mountains and the western borders of Okanogan, Chelan, Kittitas, Yakima, and Klickitat counties, and whose eastern, northern, and southern boundaries would be the existing state borders.[126][127] A bill and a federal petition to establish the state of Liberty were again introduced in 2019.[128][129] None of these bills or petitions have been passed by the Washington House.
Wisconsin
On July 21, 1967, some residents of the village of
Winneconne, Wisconsin said they were seceding, in protest over the village's omission from the state's official highway map, to become what they called the "Sovereign State of Winneconne". After the village was restored to the highway map, the secessionists in the village of Winneconne reconciled with the state.[130] The village has since celebrated the event with an annual Sovereign State Days celebration.[131]
Portions of the northern counties were included in proposals for the
State of Superior.
Wyoming
Parts of northern Wyoming were considered in a proposal for the
State of Absaroka.
^Trinklein, Michael J. (2010). Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Quirk Books. p. 63.
ISBN978-1-59474-410-5.
^https://www.opb.org/article/2022/05/23/greater-idaho-movement-scales-back-plan-for-oregon-annexation/ "The May 17 losses caused leaders to issue the “less ambitious” map as part of what they called “phase 1″ of their project. The reduced scope includes only 14 counties representing around 386,000 Oregonians, a little more than a third of the original map’s 900,000 in population. According to backers, the area outlines 64% of Oregon’s landmass but just 9% of its population."
^"51st State". NBC Evening News. August 8, 1975. NBC.
Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010 – via Vanderbilt Television News Archive.
^"Missouri County in "Secession" Move". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. April 11, 1961.
^
abcdTrinklein, Michael J. (2010). Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Quirk Books. p. 63.
ISBN978-1-59474-410-5.
Michael J. Trinklein (2010). Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Quirk Books.
ISBN978-1594744105.
Numerous state partition proposals have been put forward since the 1776 establishment of the
United States that would
partition an existing
U.S. state or states so that a particular region might either join another state or
create a new state.
Article IV, Section 3,
Clause 1 of the
United States Constitution, often called the New States Clause, grants to the
United States Congress the
authority to admit new states into the United States beyond the
thirteen that existed when the Constitution went
into effect (June 21, 1788, after ratification by nine of the thirteen states).[1] It also includes a stipulation originally designed to give Eastern states that still had
Western land claims, which included Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia, a
veto over whether their western counties could become states.[2]
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.[3]
The clause has served the same function since then whenever a proposal to partition an existing state or states has come before Congress. New breakaway states are permitted to join the Union only with the proper consents.[4] Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress, three were set off from an already existing state:
Another state that may fit into this category is
Vermont, which existed as a de facto but unrecognized
sovereign state from 1777 to 1791. The region had been a subject of a territorial dispute between
New York and
New Hampshire during the colonial period, which royal authorities had
resolved in favor of New York. As the
State of New York continued to claim Vermont's territory under that ruling after independence, the
Continental Congress never recognized Vermont as an independent state. In 1790, after negotiating the common boundary between the two states and Vermont agreeing to pay New York $30,000, New York relinquished its land grant claim and consented to Vermont becoming part of the Union. Vasan Kesavan and
Michael Stokes Paulsen assert that "although Vermont was admitted into the Union with New York's consent, it is not at all clear that New York's consent was constitutionally necessary. While Vermont was within the territory claimed by New York, the preponderance of evidence suggests that Vermont was not within the jurisdiction of New York."[4]
The following is a list of substantive proposals, both successful and unsuccessful, put forward since the nation's founding to partition or set off a portion of an existing U.S. state or states so that the region might either join another state or create a new state. Proposals to
secede from the Union and proposals to create states from either
organized incorporated or unorganized
U.S. territories are not included. Land
cessions made by several individual states to the federal government in the 18th and the 19th centuries also are not listed.
Arizona
In February 2011,
Tucson politicians and activists formed the group "Start our State," to advocate secession for
Pima County and other southern counties to create a state called "
Baja Arizona". The group wanted the Pima County Board of Supervisors to put the issue on the 2012 ballot, but it was rejected by the board due to lack of authority, so the group circulated petitions.[8] Interest in secession grew when Republican governor
Jan Brewer and her allies enacted
Arizona SB 1070, regarding illegal immigration.[9] Furthermore, the state had passed laws affecting Tucson elections and how the city bids for public works projects.[10]
In the mid-1930s, the Walsenburg World-Independent proposed that
Huerfano County secede from the state.[11] This was a pet project of Sam T. Taylor, a sports editor, who went on to become a long-serving
state senator,[12] continuing to pursue the idea unsuccessfully.[13]
In 1973, nearby
Costilla County had expressed interest in seceding from Colorado and joining New Mexico.[14]
On June 6, 2013, commissioners in
Weld County announced a proposal to secede with seven other counties to form the state of
North Colorado, citing concerns with state policy and recently enacted legislation relating to the region's main economic drivers, including agriculture and energy. The bid was motivated by a belief that the urban population centers of the State weren't concerned with the economic interests of more rural areas.[15][16][17] The commissioners stated that they would hold public meetings to gather input before crafting a ballot initiative by August 1, and that the proposal had aroused preliminary interest from fellow commissioners in
Morgan,
Logan,
Sedgwick,
Phillips,
Washington,
Yuma and
Kit Carson counties.[18] Eleven counties were involved in the partition movement by
election day, though
Moffat County was looking into joining
Wyoming rather than North Colorado.[19] Voters rejected partition in six of the eleven counties, including Weld and Moffat, and supported it (without binding authority) in five.[20]
Florida
Politicians in the
South Florida metropolitan area have made proposals to split Florida into two states, North Florida and South Florida. One such proposal was made in 2008 by the
North Lauderdale commissioners.[21] The proposal was revived in 2014 when South Miami City Commission passed a South Florida state resolution on October 7 and sent it to counties in the proposed state's area.[22]
Georgia
The
Pierce County Republican Party placed a question on the county's May 2018 primary ballot asking Republican voters if they wanted all Georgia counties south of
Macon to join together to “form the 51st state of South Georgia”. The question failed with only 27% of voters agreeing with it.[23]
In the mid and late 1860s, there was a proposal centered on
Lewiston in northern Idaho for the Territory of Columbia to be formed in the
Inland Northwest from parts of what is now eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana.[24]
Longstanding political rivalry along with geographic isolation led to proposals in the early 20th century that portions of
northern Idaho and eastern Washington be united into a new state named
Lincoln.[25][26]
In 2020, "Move Oregon's Border for a Greater Idaho" proposed breaking off most of
Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.[27][28][29][30][31] In 2021, five counties in eastern Oregon voted to "require county officials to take steps to promote" adding the counties to Idaho.[32] In May 2022, voters in
Douglas and
Josephine counties rejected an advisory vote, causing the proponents to scale back the scope of the proposal and issue a “less ambitious” map. The reduced scope includes only eastern Oregon, does not include any California territory, and only includes a little more than a third of the original map’s inhabitants. Eleven Oregon counties have approved some version of the proposal.[33] In February, 2023, the House State Affairs committee of the
Idaho House of Representatives approved a resolution to authorize the legislature to discuss moving the state border with Oregon lawmakers.[34]
Illinois
Between 1840 and 1842, several northern counties in Illinois, including
Jo Daviess County,
Stephenson County,
Winnebago County and
Boone County, voted to reattach to
Wisconsin, from which the counties were ceded to
Illinois by Congress in 1818. The split was precipitated by the mutual antagonism between northerners and southerners due to social and political differences. The split was never realized due to lack of support from
Chicago and
Cook County, as the benefits of the Illinois and Michigan Canal linking northern to central and southern Illinois outweighed secession.[35]
In 1861, the southern region of Illinois, known as
Little Egypt, proposed secession due to cultural and political differences from Chicago and much of
Central and
Northern Illinois.[36][37]
In 1925,
Cook County considered secession to create the state of Chicago.[38]
In the early 1970s, residents in western Illinois were upset over the allocation of state funds for transportation, prompting a student at
Western Illinois University to declare 16 counties the
Republic of Forgottonia. Although the declaration was meant to be a joke, the secession idea was picked up by the Western Illinois Regional Council, until State Representative
Doug Kane showed that the counties had received funding that was more than what they paid in state taxes.[39]
In November 2011, State Representatives
Bill Mitchell and
Adam Brown introduced a proposal to make Cook County a state of its own. They felt that all of Illinois outside of Cook County should become a separate state, due to Chicago's "dictating its views" to the rest of the state.[40]
On February 7, 2019, State Representative
Brad Halbrook, with co-sponsors Representatives
Chris Miller and
Darren Bailey, filed a resolution that urges the United States Congress to declare the City of Chicago the 51st state of the United States of America and separate it from the rest of Illinois.[41][42]
Kansas
In 1992, a group in southwestern Kansas advocated the secession of a number of counties in that region from the state. Nominally headed by
Don O. Concannon, former Chairman of the
Kansas Republican Party and gubernatorial candidate from
Hugoton, the group gave the new state the name "
West Kansas", a state bird (
pheasant), and a state flower (
yucca). The proposal was in reaction to laws raising real estate taxes, and shifting state education funding away from rural school districts and into more urban areas. Though organizers arranged for a series of
straw polls that demonstrated widespread support for secession in nine counties,[43] the movement died out by the mid-1990s.[44]
Maine
Maine was initially part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts before being admitted to the Union as a state in 1820. However, its boundary with British North America (now Canada) had been in dispute for several decades. In 1827, John Baker unilaterally declared the disputed territory (now part of
Aroostook County) to be the "
Republic of Madawaska". The declaration was rejected by Maine in 1831. Following the undeclared
Aroostook War in 1838–1839, the United States and United Kingdom signed the
Webster–Ashburton Treaty on August 9, 1842, to settle the border issue.
In 1998 and again in 2005, state representative
Henry Joy proposed legislation to partition Maine into northern and southern states. He cited concern for the rural northern part, encompassing
Maine's 2nd congressional district, being affected by "anti-business policies" and "overzealous environmental safeguards".[45] Reflecting his political opinion of the trends there, Joy suggested the southern half be named "Northern Massachusetts" and the northern half remain "Maine", though others have suggested "Acadia" for the northern half.[46]
Maryland
Westsylvania, proposed during the
American Revolution, would have been created from parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia and a small part of Maryland. Most of Westsylvania would later form the modern state of
West Virginia.
In September 2009,
Frederick County Commissioner John L. Thompson Jr. proposed that the county secede from Maryland because the county pays more to state government in taxes than it receives in services and benefits. The proposal was rejected by the other commissioners in the county.[50]
In February 2014, it was reported that residents from
Western Maryland started petitions to form a new state, citing taxes and gun control as issues. Possible names for such a proposed state included Liberty, Antietam, Appalachia, and Augusta.[51]
In October 2021, six Republican lawmakers from
Garrett,
Allegany, and
Washington Counties in Western Maryland sent a letter to the legislative leaders of West Virginia to ask if said counties seceded from Maryland, could they be annexed into West Virginia.[52]
Massachusetts
The state's
exclaveDistrict of Maine had proposed secession multiple times in the early 19th century. Long-standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper to force an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts General Court on permitting Maine to separate; the vote failed. Separatist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the
War of 1812 when pro-British Massachusetts merchants opposed the war, and refused to defend Maine from British invaders. Finally, on June 19, 1819, the
Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the state (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819, by 17,001 to 7,132). Then, on February 25, 1820, the court passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood.[53] Maine became the 23rd state on March 15, 1820, as part of the
Missouri Compromise, which also geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of
Missouri the following year.[54][55][56]
Boston Corner, in the southwestern corner of the state, was ceded to the state of
New York in 1857, due to Massachusetts being unable to administer the hamlet.
A 1919 tax-protest proposal filed in the state legislature would have created an independent State of Boston.[46]
In 1977, the islands of
Martha's Vineyard,
Nantucket, and the
Elizabeth Islands proposed to separate from Massachusetts because of a redistricting bill that would have deprived
Dukes County, consisting of Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands, and Nantucket County of separate representation in the
General Court. At local town meetings, culminating in the All-Island Selectmen's Association Conference, residents and community leaders voted in favor of secession with an "overwhelming majority". When the Nantucket state representative filed a bill with the Massachusetts Legislature,
Connecticut governorElla T. Grasso suggested that the islands join her state. Additionally, the legislatures of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont each supported the islands' annexation to their state. Although the redistricting bill passed, the state representatives pledged to assign aides for the two counties that would report to their state representative, and the area received much positive publicity.[58][59]
Michigan
Several times between 1858 and 1957, Michigan's
Upper Peninsula and parts of Wisconsin have engaged in talks about forming a fifty-first state called "
Superior."[60]
In 1979 a group called Citizens for Secession attempted to prompt leaders to move
Cass County to Indiana and change the name to "Michiana County".[61]
Minnesota
In the mid 19th century there had been intermittent advocacy for the
Arrowhead of Minnesota, the four northeast counties of the state adjacent to Lake Superior, to join with northwestern
Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan to form a new state to be named "North Country" or
Superior, with
Duluth as its capital.[62][63]
In March 2021, HF 2423 was introduced to the state legislature with the goal of establishing a process for counties to vote to leave the state of Minnesota and instead join one of Minnesota's bordering states.[64] A petition was also started alongside the introduction of the proposal with the primary goal of counties outside the
Twin Cities area joining
South Dakota, but also encouraging joining
Iowa or
Wisconsin.[65] The bill was introduced in response to Governor
Tim Walz's response to the
COVID-19 pandemic, in which Minnesota was shut down and restricted to a far stricter extent and for a longer duration of time than all its neighboring states. South Dakota, which remains the only state in the country to never issue any business restrictions at any time was viewed in a major contrast to Minnesota's restrictions. Shortly after the bill's introduction, South Dakota Governor
Kristi Noem tweeted in favor of the bill.[66]
Mississippi
During the
American Civil War of 1861–65, in
Jones County, Mississippi,
Newton Knight, a deserter from the Confederate army, organized a militia of fellow deserters and escaped slaves and declared Jones County to be the
Free State of Jones. They successfully prevented Confederate authorities from enforcing conscription, taxation, and slavery within the county, and hoped for
admission to the United States as a new state.
Missouri
McDonald County declared itself the
McDonald Territory for a brief period of time in July 1961.[67][68] The movement was half in jest, after a city within the county was accidentally omitted from an official Missouri map.[69]
Montana
In 1939, a secessionist movement proposed the
State of Absaroka, to be formed from portions of Montana, adjacent areas of
Wyoming, and parts of
South Dakota. Motivated by opposition to
New Deal politics and a desire to bring
tourism to the area, the craze was reflected in state automobile
license plates bearing the name; a "Miss Absaroka" contest held in that year; and a minor league baseball team called the Absaroka Eagles.[69][70][71][72]
Nebraska
In the 1890s, residents of the
Nebraska Panhandle threatened secession when the state refused to enact water laws that would encourage irrigation.[73]
Nevada
In 2020, residents of rural
Nevada proposed breaking away from the state due to the strong liberal influence of
Clark County on the politics of the state. The movement proposes the state of "New Nevada". Proponents of "New Nevada", alongside those of "New California", filed an
amicus brief in the Supreme Court case Texas v. Pennsylvania.[74]
New Hampshire
In 2001, the communities of
Newington and
Rye considered secession in response to the enactment of a uniform statewide property tax.[75][76][77]
New Jersey
From 1674–1702 the colonial
Province of New Jersey was divided into
East Jersey, largely consisting of today's
North Jersey, and
West Jersey, largely consisting of
South Jersey. The two regions maintain cultural differences with North Jersey largely being dominated by
New York City, and South Jersey by
Philadelphia. In 1980 a local journalist in
Mount Holly, Albert Freeman, wrote an editorial calling for secession, initially a joke, this movement gained momentum leading to the
Egg Harbor council voting to secede and form the state of South Jersey. The issue eventually caught the attention of local lawmakers, upset with the construction of the
Meadowlands Sports Complex in North Jersey, while the reconstruction of the
Garden State Park Racetrack in South Jersey was blocked. A non-binding referendum was held in six southern counties, with the exclusion of
Camden and
Gloucester counties, which passed with 51% of voters in favor of secession. The only county to vote against secession was
Ocean County.[78][79][80][81][82]
In the 1990s,
Randy Kuhl, from rural upstate
Hammondsport, had advocated secession by regularly proposing bills to that effect while he was a state senator. His 1999 bill would have New York City, Long Island,
Westchester and
Rockland Counties become a separate state of New York, while the rest of the counties would be grouped as West New York.[86]
From 2007 to 2009,
Long Island residents discussed secession on the grounds that their tax money is not used to fund programs in their counties.[87] Proposals were made for the entire island (
Kings,
Queens,
Nassau, and
Suffolk counties) and for just the two suburban counties (Nassau and Suffolk).[88][89][90][91][92]
State senators
Joseph Robach,
Dale Volker, and
Michael Ranzenhofer, all Republicans from
western New York, proposed a nonbinding referendum to gauge support for dividing the state in November 2009.[93] The referendum was again proposed by
Stephen Hawley in 2013 and 2015, with members of the Long Island delegation to the state legislature also backing the 2015 bill.[94]
2010 gubernatorial candidate
Carl Paladino's supporters, Rus Thompson and James Ostrowski in the
Buffalo region, have supported secession of western New York from New York City and its nearby counties.[95]Fred Smerlas, in discussing a potential platform for a 2010 Congressional run from western New York, stated that he would make the separation of New York City and upstate a top priority: "My first act if I ever got elected would be to take a big saw and cut New York City off."[96]
In 1941, counties in southwestern Oregon joined counties of
Northern California to secede as the
State of Jefferson. The movement was centered in rural communities who felt ignored by political leaders in more urban areas.[69]
In 2020, "Move Oregon's Border For a
Greater Idaho" proposed breaking off most of Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. The areas proposed to break off of Oregon and California vote Republican but in a state whose legislatures are dominated by Democrats. Douglas and Josephine counties in Oregon approved language for petitions to put a measure on the ballot. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.[27][28]
In 2021, five counties in eastern Oregon voted to "require county officials to take steps to promote"
adding the counties to Idaho.[32] In 2022, two more counties voted in favor of being added to Idaho.[98] As of 2024, 13 counties have approved ballot measures in favor of Greater Idaho.
More recent commentators have occasionally proposed separating the
Philadelphia region from the rest of Pennsylvania, either as a state unto itself[99] or as part of New Jersey.[100]
Rhode Island
In 1984, the town of
New Shoreham, coterminous with
Block Island, threatened to secede because the state had denied them the ability to ban or to control the use of mopeds on the island. Both
Massachusetts and
Connecticut were reported as having interest in annexing the island. After the town voted to put the issue on the state ballot for June, the Rhode Island government eventually compromised by allowing the island to control the number of mopeds on the island.[101][102]
South Dakota
Parts of South Dakota were proposed as part of
Absaroka, a territory inspired by opposition to
New Deal politics and a desire for increased tourism.[69][70][71][72]
Tennessee
In 1861, after Tennessee joined the Confederacy,
Scott County passed a proclamation to secede from Tennessee and form the "Free and Independent
State of Scott" in order to support the Union. When it was discovered in 1986 that this county law was still on the books, the proclamation was finally repealed. The county then petitioned the state of Tennessee for readmission, even though the original secession had not been recognized by either the state or federal government.[103]
Under the joint resolution of Congress, the
Republic of Texas joined the Union with the right to partition itself into as many as five states. As a result, Texas "divisionists" would occasionally propose partitioning in its early decades.[104][105]
Utah
State of Deseret, partly settled by Mormons before it was purchased from Mexico by the United States, had proposed boundaries far larger than the eventual
Utah Territory.
In 2002, the United States House of Representatives voted to allow
Wendover to leave the state and join
Nevada, merging with the city of
West Wendover.[106][107] However, Nevada Senator
Harry Reid blocked the bill's consideration in the Senate, citing that it would affect the investments of the casinos in the border town.[108]
In 2008, state representative Neal Hendrickson proposed Joint Resolution 6 (HJR006): "the creation of a separate state, consisting of the southern portion of the present state of Utah with a northern boundary stretching east and west across the present state of Utah at the southern border of
Utah County".[109] Hendrickson's bill cited differences between the urban and heavily populated northern part of the state, with the less populous and mostly rural south. The bill did not pass.[110]
In 2004 and 2005, the town of
Killington voted to secede from Vermont to join
New Hampshire, despite being situated in the center of the state; the symbolic votes, taken at the yearly
town meeting, were a protest against a rise in property taxes in Vermont.[111][112] A similar motion was attempted in
Winhall, but was voted down.[113]
Virginia
Westsylvania, proposed as the 14th state during the
American Revolutionary War, included areas that were then part of Virginia but mostly later became
West Virginia and
Kentucky. It would have been located primarily in what is now West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, and small parts of Kentucky,
Maryland, and
Virginia.
The District of Kentucky:
Fayette,
Jefferson, and
Lincoln (all formerly part of
Kentucky County) sought on numerous occasions to split from Virginia, beginning in the 1780s. Ten constitutional conventions were held in the Constitution Square Courthouse in
Danville between 1784 and 1792. In 1790, Kentucky's delegates accepted Virginia's terms of separation, and a state constitution was drafted at the final convention in April 1792. The
Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789, separating its "District of Kentucky" from the rest of the State and approving its statehood.[53] Kentucky became the 15th state in the Union on June 1, 1792.[114]
West Virginia: Tensions within Virginia had been building; the western counties felt ignored and uncared for by the Richmond government. This broke into open rebellion after Virginia voted to secede from the Union. Several Trans–
Allegheny region counties voted to secede from the state after Virginia joined the
Confederate States of America at the beginning of the
Civil War on April 17, 1861.
Unionist leaders in
Wheeling set up a new State government for Virginia under the
Wheeling Convention that was recognized by the U.S. Government in Washington. On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of the
Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia,[115] and the secessionist area wrote a constitution. It was admitted to the Union as West Virginia[116] on June 20, 1863, the 35th state.[117] Support for the Confederacy and the Union was about evenly divided in the new State and a guerrilla war lasted until 1865.[118] Later, by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia (1871), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state.[119]
Northern Virginia: Given the difference between Northern Virginia (NoVa) and the rest of Virginia (RoVa), some have proposed separating the two parts of the Commonwealth.[120]
Washington
Present-day Washington is geographically divided into
Eastern and
Western regions by the
Cascade Range. In the original proposal to establish
Washington Territory, it was bounded on the east by the
Columbia River.[121] Since 1861, some eastern residents have proposed forming a new state, sometimes in combination with the
Idaho Panhandle and relatively small parts of
Montana and
Oregon (consisting of the greater market area of
Spokane). Names proposed include East Washington,
Lincoln, and Cascadia (a name sometimes applied to the
Pacific Northwest region as a whole). Reasons given are the distinct needs of urban and rural populations and political differences over water rights, labor law, and taxation.[122][123]
In 2015, a bill was introduced in the
Washington House of Representatives to create a task force for studying the impacts of adjusting the boundary lines of Washington to create two new states with one state east and one state west of the Cascade mountain range.[124] In the same legislative session, a similar bill was introduced that would have included parts of Oregon in the newly created states.[125] In 2017, legislators introduced a petition to the federal government regarding the creation of the state of Liberty, which would have a western boundary following the crest of the Cascade mountains and the western borders of Okanogan, Chelan, Kittitas, Yakima, and Klickitat counties, and whose eastern, northern, and southern boundaries would be the existing state borders.[126][127] A bill and a federal petition to establish the state of Liberty were again introduced in 2019.[128][129] None of these bills or petitions have been passed by the Washington House.
Wisconsin
On July 21, 1967, some residents of the village of
Winneconne, Wisconsin said they were seceding, in protest over the village's omission from the state's official highway map, to become what they called the "Sovereign State of Winneconne". After the village was restored to the highway map, the secessionists in the village of Winneconne reconciled with the state.[130] The village has since celebrated the event with an annual Sovereign State Days celebration.[131]
Portions of the northern counties were included in proposals for the
State of Superior.
Wyoming
Parts of northern Wyoming were considered in a proposal for the
State of Absaroka.
^Trinklein, Michael J. (2010). Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Quirk Books. p. 63.
ISBN978-1-59474-410-5.
^https://www.opb.org/article/2022/05/23/greater-idaho-movement-scales-back-plan-for-oregon-annexation/ "The May 17 losses caused leaders to issue the “less ambitious” map as part of what they called “phase 1″ of their project. The reduced scope includes only 14 counties representing around 386,000 Oregonians, a little more than a third of the original map’s 900,000 in population. According to backers, the area outlines 64% of Oregon’s landmass but just 9% of its population."
^"51st State". NBC Evening News. August 8, 1975. NBC.
Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010 – via Vanderbilt Television News Archive.
^"Missouri County in "Secession" Move". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. April 11, 1961.
^
abcdTrinklein, Michael J. (2010). Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Quirk Books. p. 63.
ISBN978-1-59474-410-5.
Michael J. Trinklein (2010). Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Quirk Books.
ISBN978-1594744105.