This is a list of currently active separatist movements in North America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater
autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ ethno-religious/ racial/ regional/ religious group(s).
Antigua and Barbuda
- Proposed state:
Barbuda
- Political parties:
Barbuda People's Movement
[1]
[2]
- Political parties:
Canada
- Proposed state: West Canada (Includes Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan as well as sometimes Yukon, The Northwest territories and Nunavut)
- Political party: Maverick Party [6] [7] [8], Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan
- Proposed:
Independence for Alberta
[9]
[10]
[11] or unification with
United States
[12]
[13]
[14]
- Political parties: Independence Party of Alberta, Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta
- Proposed: Independence for Saskatchewan
[15]
[16]
[17]
- Political party: Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan
- Proposed:
Independence for Quebec or autonomy
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
- Civil organization: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, Mouvement national des Québécois et des Québécoises (MNQ), Rassemblement pour l'indépendance du Québec (RIQ), Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté (IPSO), Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec (MLNQ), Réseau de Résistance du Québecois (RRQ)
- Political parties (secessionist): Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois, Québec solidaire, Communist Party of Canada, Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec, Climat Québec
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalition Avenir Québec, Équipe Autonomiste
- Proposed state:
British Columbia
- Political party: Progressive Nationalist Party of British Columbia, [23] [24] [25] BC Independence Party
- Proposed: Breaking
Vancouver Island off from
British Columbia to create a new province or independence
[26]
[27]
[28]
- Political party: Vancouver Island Party
- Proposed: Splitting
Northern Ontario out as an independent state
- Political party: Northern Ontario Party [29] [30] [31]
Colombia
- Proposed state or autonomus area:
Raizal State
Denmark
- Ethnic group: Greenlandic Inuit, Danish Greenlanders, others
- Proposed:
Independence for Greenland
[37]
[38]
- Political parties: Inuit Ataqatigiit, Siumut, Naleraq and Nunatta Qitornai.
France
- Proposed state:
Republic of
Guadeloupe
[39]
[40]
[41]
- Political parties: United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible, Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe [42]
- political party (autonomist): Guadeloupe Communist Party
- Proposed state:
Republic of
Martinique
[40]
[41]
- Political party:
Martinican Independence Movement,
[43]
Build the Martinique Country,
Péyi-A - political party (autonomist): Martinican Progressive Party
- Political party:
Haiti
- Proposed state:
Zile Lagonav or autonomy
[44]
[45]
- Advocacy group:
La Gonâve en avant
[46]
[47]
Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation
- Advocacy group:
La Gonâve en avant
[46]
[47]
Mexico
- Autonomist movements
.svg)
- Ethnic group: Mayans, Tzotzil
- De facto autonomous area:
Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
- Militant organization: Zapatista Army of National Liberation [48] [49] [50] [51]
- Ethnic group: Triqui people
- Proposed autonomous area:
Oaxaca
- Militant organization: Movement for Triqui Autonomy [52] [53] [54]
Netherlands
- Proposed: Independence for
Curaçao
[55]
- Political parties: Movement for the Future of Curaçao, [56] Sovereign People [57]
- Referendums: 1993 and 2005
- Proposed: Independence for
Aruba
- Political party: People's Electoral Movement (Aruba) [58] [59]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for
Nevis
- Political parties: Nevis Reformation Party, [61] Concerned Citizens' Movement [62]
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
- Proposed state: Republic of Cascadia
- Proposed states and/or autonomous regions:
Multiple
- Political parties: Choctaw Youth Movement (defunct)
- Advocacy groups: Lakota Freedom Movement, [69] [70] American Indian Movement, American Indian Movement of Colorado, International Indian Treaty Council, Mohawk Warrior Society, Red Power movement
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Confederate States of America or
Southern United States or
Dixie or
Dixieland
- Advocacy groups: League of the South, [71] [72] [73] other neo-Confederate and non-confederate southern separatist groups.
- Ethnic group: Mormons
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Deseret
- Advocacy groups: Deseret nationalists (#DezNat)
- Ethnic group: Chicano Movement, Chicano
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for
Aztlan
[75]
[76]
- Advocacy groups: Brown Berets (Aztlanecas Brown Berets), [77] MEChA (Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán, [78] "Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán"), [75] [79] Freedom Road Socialist Organization, [80] which calls for self-determination for the Chicano nation in Aztlan up to and including the right to secession. [81] Raza Unida Party (Defunct) United Farm Workers (Historically Separatist) [82]
- Ethnic group: African Americans
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Republic of New Afrika
[83]
[84]
- Proposed entity: Includes Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi
- Advocacy group: Pan-Africanists [85] Black Radical Congress, Nuwaubian Nation, Huey P. Newton Gun Club, Black Lives Matter (Factions)
- Political parties: New Black Panther Party, African People's Socialist Party, Not Fucking Around Coalition, Black Hammer Party, Revolutionary Black Panther Party, Black Riders Liberation Party
.svg){kind=small}
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of New England
[86]
- Advocacy group: New England Independence Campaign [87] [88] [86] People's Initiative of New England [89]
Northwest Territorial Imperative
[90]
[91]
[92]
- Racial group:
White Americans
- Proposed state: Northwest American Republic
- Advocacy groups: White supremacists [90] [93] Northwest Front [94]
_(%2Bgrid)_(W3).svg)
- Ethnic group: Alaskan Creoles, Alaska Natives, Americans, Russian Americans
- Proposed state: Republic of Alaska
[95]
[96]
- Political party: Alaskan Independence Party [97]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Second Californian Republic/"New" California or autonomy
- Ethnic group: Americans, Californios, Indigenous Californians
- Advocacy groups: Yes California, [98] Californians for Independence
- Political parties: California National Party, [99] California Freedom Coalition [100]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Texas
- Ethnic group: Americans, Tejanos
- Advocacy groups: Texas Nationalist Movement, [101] [102] Republic of Texas (group)
- Political parties: Republican Party of Texas (Factions) [103]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: New Hampshire
- Advocacy groups: NHexit, [106] [107] Foundation for New Hampshire Independence, [108] Free State Project
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Vermont Republic
- Political party: Vermont Independence Party [109] [110] [111] Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (Anarchist)
- Advocacy group:
Second Vermont Republic
[112]
[113]
Territories
.svg)
.svg){kind=small}
- Proposed: Independence, statehood, autonomy or Independence under
free association
[114]
[115]
- Political party: Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)
- Advocacy groups: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, [116] Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano [117](MINH), Socialist Front (FS)
- Militant organization: Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros), Cadets of the Republic
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for the
United States Virgin Islands
[118]
- Political party: Independent Citizens Movement [119]
United Kingdom
- Proposed state:
Bermuda
- Political party: Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda), [123] [124] One Bermuda Alliance (Historically), Gombey Liberation Movement
See also
- Land Back
- List of historical separatist movements
- Lists of active separatist movements
- Diagolon "Canadian alt-right organization"
References
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- ^ "Residents of La Gonave Haiti call for independence of the island". Haitianinternet.com. September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
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- ^ "Des citoyens réclament l'indépendance de l'île de la Gonâve". Loop (in French). September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
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- ^ Vidal, John (February 17, 2018). "Mexico's Zapatista rebels, 24 years on and defiant in mountain strongholds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
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- ^ "Oaxaca: indigenous protest camp eviction". CounterVortex. January 7, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in North America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater
autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ ethno-religious/ racial/ regional/ religious group(s).
Antigua and Barbuda
- Proposed state:
Barbuda
- Political parties:
Barbuda People's Movement
[1]
[2]
- Political parties:
Canada
- Proposed state: West Canada (Includes Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan as well as sometimes Yukon, The Northwest territories and Nunavut)
- Political party: Maverick Party [6] [7] [8], Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan
- Proposed:
Independence for Alberta
[9]
[10]
[11] or unification with
United States
[12]
[13]
[14]
- Political parties: Independence Party of Alberta, Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta
- Proposed: Independence for Saskatchewan
[15]
[16]
[17]
- Political party: Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan
- Proposed:
Independence for Quebec or autonomy
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
- Civil organization: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, Mouvement national des Québécois et des Québécoises (MNQ), Rassemblement pour l'indépendance du Québec (RIQ), Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté (IPSO), Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec (MLNQ), Réseau de Résistance du Québecois (RRQ)
- Political parties (secessionist): Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois, Québec solidaire, Communist Party of Canada, Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec, Climat Québec
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalition Avenir Québec, Équipe Autonomiste
- Proposed state:
British Columbia
- Political party: Progressive Nationalist Party of British Columbia, [23] [24] [25] BC Independence Party
- Proposed: Breaking
Vancouver Island off from
British Columbia to create a new province or independence
[26]
[27]
[28]
- Political party: Vancouver Island Party
- Proposed: Splitting
Northern Ontario out as an independent state
- Political party: Northern Ontario Party [29] [30] [31]
Colombia
- Proposed state or autonomus area:
Raizal State
Denmark
- Ethnic group: Greenlandic Inuit, Danish Greenlanders, others
- Proposed:
Independence for Greenland
[37]
[38]
- Political parties: Inuit Ataqatigiit, Siumut, Naleraq and Nunatta Qitornai.
France
- Proposed state:
Republic of
Guadeloupe
[39]
[40]
[41]
- Political parties: United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible, Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe [42]
- political party (autonomist): Guadeloupe Communist Party
- Proposed state:
Republic of
Martinique
[40]
[41]
- Political party:
Martinican Independence Movement,
[43]
Build the Martinique Country,
Péyi-A
- political party (autonomist): Martinican Progressive Party
- Political party:
Haiti
- Proposed state:
Zile Lagonav or autonomy
[44]
[45]
- Advocacy group:
La Gonâve en avant
[46]
[47]
Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation
- Advocacy group:
La Gonâve en avant
[46]
[47]
Mexico
- Autonomist movements
- Ethnic group: Mayans, Tzotzil
- De facto autonomous area:
Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
- Militant organization: Zapatista Army of National Liberation [48] [49] [50] [51]
- Ethnic group: Triqui people
- Proposed autonomous area:
Oaxaca
- Militant organization: Movement for Triqui Autonomy [52] [53] [54]
Netherlands
- Proposed: Independence for
Curaçao
[55]
- Political parties: Movement for the Future of Curaçao, [56] Sovereign People [57]
- Referendums: 1993 and 2005
- Proposed: Independence for
Aruba
- Political party: People's Electoral Movement (Aruba) [58] [59]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for
Nevis
- Political parties: Nevis Reformation Party, [61] Concerned Citizens' Movement [62]
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
- Proposed state: Republic of Cascadia
- Proposed states and/or autonomous regions:
Multiple
- Political parties: Choctaw Youth Movement (defunct)
- Advocacy groups: Lakota Freedom Movement, [69] [70] American Indian Movement, American Indian Movement of Colorado, International Indian Treaty Council, Mohawk Warrior Society, Red Power movement
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Confederate States of America or
Southern United States or
Dixie or
Dixieland
- Advocacy groups: League of the South, [71] [72] [73] other neo-Confederate and non-confederate southern separatist groups.
- Ethnic group: Mormons
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Deseret
- Advocacy groups: Deseret nationalists (#DezNat)
- Ethnic group: Chicano Movement, Chicano
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for
Aztlan
[75]
[76]
- Advocacy groups: Brown Berets (Aztlanecas Brown Berets), [77] MEChA (Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán, [78] "Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán"), [75] [79] Freedom Road Socialist Organization, [80] which calls for self-determination for the Chicano nation in Aztlan up to and including the right to secession. [81] Raza Unida Party (Defunct) United Farm Workers (Historically Separatist) [82]
- Ethnic group: African Americans
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Republic of New Afrika
[83]
[84]
- Proposed entity: Includes Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi
- Advocacy group: Pan-Africanists [85] Black Radical Congress, Nuwaubian Nation, Huey P. Newton Gun Club, Black Lives Matter (Factions)
- Political parties: New Black Panther Party, African People's Socialist Party, Not Fucking Around Coalition, Black Hammer Party, Revolutionary Black Panther Party, Black Riders Liberation Party
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of New England
[86]
- Advocacy group: New England Independence Campaign [87] [88] [86] People's Initiative of New England [89]
Northwest Territorial Imperative
[90]
[91]
[92]
- Racial group:
White Americans
- Proposed state: Northwest American Republic
- Advocacy groups: White supremacists [90] [93] Northwest Front [94]
- Ethnic group: Alaskan Creoles, Alaska Natives, Americans, Russian Americans
- Proposed state: Republic of Alaska
[95]
[96]
- Political party: Alaskan Independence Party [97]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Second Californian Republic/"New" California or autonomy
- Ethnic group: Americans, Californios, Indigenous Californians
- Advocacy groups: Yes California, [98] Californians for Independence
- Political parties: California National Party, [99] California Freedom Coalition [100]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Texas
- Ethnic group: Americans, Tejanos
- Advocacy groups: Texas Nationalist Movement, [101] [102] Republic of Texas (group)
- Political parties: Republican Party of Texas (Factions) [103]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: New Hampshire
- Advocacy groups: NHexit, [106] [107] Foundation for New Hampshire Independence, [108] Free State Project
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Vermont Republic
- Political party: Vermont Independence Party [109] [110] [111] Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (Anarchist)
- Advocacy group:
Second Vermont Republic
[112]
[113]
Territories
- Proposed: Independence, statehood, autonomy or Independence under
free association
[114]
[115]
- Political party: Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)
- Advocacy groups: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, [116] Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano [117](MINH), Socialist Front (FS)
- Militant organization: Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros), Cadets of the Republic
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for the
United States Virgin Islands
[118]
- Political party: Independent Citizens Movement [119]
United Kingdom
- Proposed state:
Bermuda
- Political party: Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda), [123] [124] One Bermuda Alliance (Historically), Gombey Liberation Movement
See also
- Land Back
- List of historical separatist movements
- Lists of active separatist movements
- Diagolon "Canadian alt-right organization"
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