Toxodontidae Temporal range: Late Oligocene- Holocene ( Deseadan- Lujanian) ~27–0.011  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Toxodon platensis
Skeleton of Nesodon imbricatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	† Notoungulata
Clade:	† Eutoxodontia
Family:	† Toxodontidae Owen 1845
Subfamilies and genera
† Haplodontheriinae † Abothrodon † Haplodontherium † Mesotoxodon † Ocnerotherium † Toxodontherium † Nesodontinae † Adinotherium † Nesodon † Palyeidodon † Posnanskytherium † Proadinotherium † Toxodontinae † Andinotoxodon † Ceratoxodon † Charruatoxodon † Chapalmalodon † Dinotoxodon † Eutomodus † Falcontoxodon † Gyrinodon † Hemixotodon † Hyperoxotodon † Mesenodon † Minitoxodon † Mixotoxodon † Neoadinotherium † Neotoxodon † Nesodonopsis † Nonotherium † Paratrigodon † Pericotoxodon † Piauhytherium † Pisanodon † Plesiotoxodon † Prototrigodon † Stenotephanos † Stereotoxodon † Toxodon † Trigodon † Trigodonops † Xotodon

Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (11,000 BP) of South America, ^[1] with one genus, Mixotoxodon, also known from the Pleistocene of Central America and southern North America (as far north as Texas). ^[2] Member of the family were medium to large-sized, ^[3] ranging from around 350–400 kilograms (770–880 lb) in Nesodon to 1,000–1,200 kilograms (2,200–2,600 lb) in Toxodon, ^[4] and had medium to high-crowned dentition, which in derived members of the group evolved into ever-growing cheek teeth. ^[5] Isotopic analyses have led to the conclusion that Pleistocene members of the family were flexible mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing). ^{[6] [7]}

Taxonomy

The endemic notoungulate and litoptern ungulates of South America have been shown by studies of collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences to be a sister group to the perissodactyls. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

In 2014, a study identifying a new species of toxodontid resolved the families' phylogenetic relations. The below cladogram was found by the study: ^[11]

References

Further reading

• McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.  ISBN  0-231-11013-8

External links

• Media related to Toxodontidae at Wikimedia Commons