| Muhammad Hasan محمد حسن | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan of Brunei | |||||
| Reign | 1582–1598 | ||||
| Predecessor | Shah Berunai | ||||
| Successor | Abdul Jalilul Akbar | ||||
| Died | 1598 Istana Tanjong Kindana, Brunei-Muara, Brunei | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Puteri Sulu | ||||
|
Issue Detail | |||||
| |||||
| House | Bolkiah | ||||
| Father | Saiful Rijal | ||||
| Mother | Siti Kesuma Marwarni | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Muhammad Hasan ibni Saiful Rijal Nurul Alam ( Jawi: محمد حسن ابن سيف الرجال نور العالم; died 1598), posthumously known as Marhum di Tanjung, was the tenth Sultan of Brunei from 1582 to 1598. [1] [2] During him reign, the Bruneian Empire had full control of the island of Borneo and Northern Philippines, including Sulu. [3]
Reign
Muhammad Hasan became the ninth Sultan of Brunei when he ascended to the throne in 1582. When he was done ruling, Kota Batu had two surrounded, square-shaped palaces. In the Kota Batu administration, palaces, mosques, and educational institutions have been created according to the period to facilitate the sultan's administrative connections with the public. He also created the bridge that connects the island and the stronghold on Pulau Cermin to Tanjong Kindana, also called Tanjong Chendana. [4] Additionally, he designed the bridge connecting Tanjong Kindana, also known as Tanjong Chendana, to the island and the fortress on Pulau Cermin. [5]
Pengiran Di-Gadong and Pengiran Pemancha were the two new Wazirs ( Viziers) installed during his reign. In addition, he strongly defended Sunni Islam in the Philippine Islands. [6] His designation as a foreign envoy was modified to Duta ( Ambassador). It should be mentioned that the Sultan wrote the book Kanun Brunei. A four-square city with installed guns defended his palace. He gave the order for Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela to launch an assault on Milau, a Kelabitic clan, in Sarawak. [7] Milau surrendered when the rebellion was put down by Bruneian forces. [8]
Brunei-Pahang relations
Chinese chronicles spanning from 1573 to 1619 highlighted the close relationship between the sultanates of Pahang and Brunei. These stories described how a sultan from Brunei defended Pahang against an invasion by Johor and helped the city survive. Due to the married links that were arranged between the royal houses of the two sultanates, the sultan in question was most likely Muhammad Hasan. Another sign of the strong relationship between these two sultanates is the fact that Sultan Abdul Ghafur of Pahang visited and remained in Brunei with his spouse. [9]
Sultan Muhammad Hasan was able to replicate the Malaccan Legal Code into the Pahang Legal Code, despite their close relationship making this possible. Muhammad Hasan was able to replicate the Malaccan Legal Code into the Pahang Legal Code, despite their close relationship making this possible. Nevertheless, this argument is weak because the Brunei Legal Code shares parallels with the Malaccan Code in 21 of its 50 sections. [9]
Sultan Hasan's Canons
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the economy of Brunei was booming and it was the commercial and Islamic center for Borneo and its neighboring countries, the Philippine and Java islands. Around the same period, the sultanates of Aceh and Brunei both reached a state of success. In the Salasilah Raja–Raja Brunei, Muhammad Hasan and the succeeding Sultan Iskandar Muda were compared. The Adat (Royal Customs), were a priority for both Sultans. [10]
One of Muhammad Hasan's greatest accomplishments was a body of legislation known as the canons. The rules were quite contemporary and covered practically every aspect, including royal etiquette. For example, Chapter 33 addressed matters pertaining to debt, while Chapter 34 addressed matters pertaining to bankruptcy. The laws also covered a wide range of other aspects of everyday life and matters impacting the welfare of the public, including commerce, interest payments, defamation, theft, burglary, and murder. [10]
Reputation
It was mentioned in the Salasilah Raja–Raja Brunei that the two Sultans' levels of firmness were similar. When the Salasilah refers to kekerasan (firmness), it does not explain exactly, but it is reasonable to believe that both Sultans were able to use their determination as the head of state of their respective countries. The people of Salasilah hailed Sultan Muhammad Hassan for his boldness, justice, and friendliness toward them. [10] Graham Saunders wrote, "Was in many respects an enlightened ruler, with a broader interest in the world and an interest in theological debate." to characterise Muhammad Hasan. Father Antonio Preira, a Jesuit who spent several months in Brunei due to the monsoon, was struck by him for his intelligence and his patience." [11]
Death
Muhammad Hasan passed away at Istana Tanjong Cheindana and was buried in Tanjung Chendana (also Tanjong Kindana), [12] Berambang Island in 1598. [7] After his death and burial, he was given the title of Marhum di Tanjung. [13] His son the Crown Prince of Brunei, Pengiran Muda Besar 'Abdul Jalilul 'Akbar would succeed him in the throne. [14] As of 2016, only remnants of his original gravestone remains on the site. [10]
Personal life
Sultan Muhammad Hasan was married four times, first three being Bruneian princesses while the fourth being Putri Sulu, daughter of Sultan Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan of Sulu. By Putri Brunei, they had a son Sultan Abdul Kahar Jalil ul-Alam. Other issues he had were:
- Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar, 10th Sultan of Brunei
- Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah, 1st Sultan of Sarawak
- Sultan Muhammad Ali, 12th Sultan of Brunei
- Pangiran di-Gadong Besar
- Sultan Muwallil Wasit I, 9th Sultan of Sulu
- Pangiran Shahbandar Maharaja Laila
- Pangiran Paduka Tuan Haji Matserudin
- Pangiran Ahmad
- Pangiran Siti Nur Alam, consort to Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin
- Pangiran Tuah
- Raja Bonda, consort to Sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat Shah III
Namesakes
- Sultan Hassan Secondary School, a school in Kampong Batu Apoi, Temburong District [15] [16]
- Sultan Hassan Primary School, a school in Pekan Bangar, Temburong District [17]
References
Citations
- ^ Yunos, Rozan (2009). "The Era of Sultan Hassan". The Brunei Times.
- ^ Alibasyah, Teuku Iskandar (1996). Sultan Hassan (Marhum di Tanjung) dan Sultan Iskandar Muda (Marhum Mahkota Alam). Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah and Akademi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
- ^ Gin, Ooi Keat (14 December 2015). Brunei - History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-65997-6.
- ^ Rauh, Abdol. Sistem Beraja Di Brunei Darussalam: Satu Tinjauan Dari Perspektif Politik Islam - Pusat Pentadbiran Tradisi Brunei (PDF) (in Malay). p. 970.
- ^ Brunei (1977). Annual Report - State of Brunei. p. 494.
- ^ "Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (PDF). Hmjubliemas.gov.bn (in Malay). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Pusat Sejarah Brunei - Sultan - Sultan Brunei". www.history-centre.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang) (1997). Tarsilah Brunei: Zaman kegemilangan dan kemasyhuran (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. p. 108.
- ^ a b Gin, Ooi Keat; King, Victor T. (29 July 2022). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-56864-6.
- ^ a b c d Yunos 2016.
- ^ Saunders, Graham E. (1994). A History of Brunei. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-967-65-3049-3.
- ^ Jurnal Beriga (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. 2008. p. 45.
- ^ Genealogical Tree
-
^
"SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI" (PDF).
Brunei History Centre.
{{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=( help) - ^ Scoop, The (27 June 2021). "Temburong secondary school to get new $16.3 million building". The Scoop. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Sultan Hassan Secondary School New Building". Brunei News Gazette. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Minister Of Education Conducted Working Visit To Temburong". Ministry of Education. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
Bibliography
- Yunos, Rozan (2016). "TWO GREAT SULTANS: SULTAN HASAN OF BRUNEI AND SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA OF ACHEH". The Brunei Times.
by order and date of accession | ||
| 14th century |  | |
| 15th century | ||
| 16th century | ||
| 17th century | ||
| 18th century |
| |
| 19th century | ||
| 20th century | ||
| Muhammad Hasan محمد حسن | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan of Brunei | |||||
| Reign | 1582–1598 | ||||
| Predecessor | Shah Berunai | ||||
| Successor | Abdul Jalilul Akbar | ||||
| Died | 1598 Istana Tanjong Kindana, Brunei-Muara, Brunei | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Puteri Sulu | ||||
|
Issue Detail | |||||
| |||||
| House | Bolkiah | ||||
| Father | Saiful Rijal | ||||
| Mother | Siti Kesuma Marwarni | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Muhammad Hasan ibni Saiful Rijal Nurul Alam ( Jawi: محمد حسن ابن سيف الرجال نور العالم; died 1598), posthumously known as Marhum di Tanjung, was the tenth Sultan of Brunei from 1582 to 1598. [1] [2] During him reign, the Bruneian Empire had full control of the island of Borneo and Northern Philippines, including Sulu. [3]
Reign
Muhammad Hasan became the ninth Sultan of Brunei when he ascended to the throne in 1582. When he was done ruling, Kota Batu had two surrounded, square-shaped palaces. In the Kota Batu administration, palaces, mosques, and educational institutions have been created according to the period to facilitate the sultan's administrative connections with the public. He also created the bridge that connects the island and the stronghold on Pulau Cermin to Tanjong Kindana, also called Tanjong Chendana. [4] Additionally, he designed the bridge connecting Tanjong Kindana, also known as Tanjong Chendana, to the island and the fortress on Pulau Cermin. [5]
Pengiran Di-Gadong and Pengiran Pemancha were the two new Wazirs ( Viziers) installed during his reign. In addition, he strongly defended Sunni Islam in the Philippine Islands. [6] His designation as a foreign envoy was modified to Duta ( Ambassador). It should be mentioned that the Sultan wrote the book Kanun Brunei. A four-square city with installed guns defended his palace. He gave the order for Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela to launch an assault on Milau, a Kelabitic clan, in Sarawak. [7] Milau surrendered when the rebellion was put down by Bruneian forces. [8]
Brunei-Pahang relations
Chinese chronicles spanning from 1573 to 1619 highlighted the close relationship between the sultanates of Pahang and Brunei. These stories described how a sultan from Brunei defended Pahang against an invasion by Johor and helped the city survive. Due to the married links that were arranged between the royal houses of the two sultanates, the sultan in question was most likely Muhammad Hasan. Another sign of the strong relationship between these two sultanates is the fact that Sultan Abdul Ghafur of Pahang visited and remained in Brunei with his spouse. [9]
Sultan Muhammad Hasan was able to replicate the Malaccan Legal Code into the Pahang Legal Code, despite their close relationship making this possible. Muhammad Hasan was able to replicate the Malaccan Legal Code into the Pahang Legal Code, despite their close relationship making this possible. Nevertheless, this argument is weak because the Brunei Legal Code shares parallels with the Malaccan Code in 21 of its 50 sections. [9]
Sultan Hasan's Canons
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the economy of Brunei was booming and it was the commercial and Islamic center for Borneo and its neighboring countries, the Philippine and Java islands. Around the same period, the sultanates of Aceh and Brunei both reached a state of success. In the Salasilah Raja–Raja Brunei, Muhammad Hasan and the succeeding Sultan Iskandar Muda were compared. The Adat (Royal Customs), were a priority for both Sultans. [10]
One of Muhammad Hasan's greatest accomplishments was a body of legislation known as the canons. The rules were quite contemporary and covered practically every aspect, including royal etiquette. For example, Chapter 33 addressed matters pertaining to debt, while Chapter 34 addressed matters pertaining to bankruptcy. The laws also covered a wide range of other aspects of everyday life and matters impacting the welfare of the public, including commerce, interest payments, defamation, theft, burglary, and murder. [10]
Reputation
It was mentioned in the Salasilah Raja–Raja Brunei that the two Sultans' levels of firmness were similar. When the Salasilah refers to kekerasan (firmness), it does not explain exactly, but it is reasonable to believe that both Sultans were able to use their determination as the head of state of their respective countries. The people of Salasilah hailed Sultan Muhammad Hassan for his boldness, justice, and friendliness toward them. [10] Graham Saunders wrote, "Was in many respects an enlightened ruler, with a broader interest in the world and an interest in theological debate." to characterise Muhammad Hasan. Father Antonio Preira, a Jesuit who spent several months in Brunei due to the monsoon, was struck by him for his intelligence and his patience." [11]
Death
Muhammad Hasan passed away at Istana Tanjong Cheindana and was buried in Tanjung Chendana (also Tanjong Kindana), [12] Berambang Island in 1598. [7] After his death and burial, he was given the title of Marhum di Tanjung. [13] His son the Crown Prince of Brunei, Pengiran Muda Besar 'Abdul Jalilul 'Akbar would succeed him in the throne. [14] As of 2016, only remnants of his original gravestone remains on the site. [10]
Personal life
Sultan Muhammad Hasan was married four times, first three being Bruneian princesses while the fourth being Putri Sulu, daughter of Sultan Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan of Sulu. By Putri Brunei, they had a son Sultan Abdul Kahar Jalil ul-Alam. Other issues he had were:
- Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar, 10th Sultan of Brunei
- Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah, 1st Sultan of Sarawak
- Sultan Muhammad Ali, 12th Sultan of Brunei
- Pangiran di-Gadong Besar
- Sultan Muwallil Wasit I, 9th Sultan of Sulu
- Pangiran Shahbandar Maharaja Laila
- Pangiran Paduka Tuan Haji Matserudin
- Pangiran Ahmad
- Pangiran Siti Nur Alam, consort to Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin
- Pangiran Tuah
- Raja Bonda, consort to Sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat Shah III
Namesakes
- Sultan Hassan Secondary School, a school in Kampong Batu Apoi, Temburong District [15] [16]
- Sultan Hassan Primary School, a school in Pekan Bangar, Temburong District [17]
References
Citations
- ^ Yunos, Rozan (2009). "The Era of Sultan Hassan". The Brunei Times.
- ^ Alibasyah, Teuku Iskandar (1996). Sultan Hassan (Marhum di Tanjung) dan Sultan Iskandar Muda (Marhum Mahkota Alam). Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah and Akademi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
- ^ Gin, Ooi Keat (14 December 2015). Brunei - History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-65997-6.
- ^ Rauh, Abdol. Sistem Beraja Di Brunei Darussalam: Satu Tinjauan Dari Perspektif Politik Islam - Pusat Pentadbiran Tradisi Brunei (PDF) (in Malay). p. 970.
- ^ Brunei (1977). Annual Report - State of Brunei. p. 494.
- ^ "Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (PDF). Hmjubliemas.gov.bn (in Malay). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Pusat Sejarah Brunei - Sultan - Sultan Brunei". www.history-centre.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang) (1997). Tarsilah Brunei: Zaman kegemilangan dan kemasyhuran (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. p. 108.
- ^ a b Gin, Ooi Keat; King, Victor T. (29 July 2022). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-56864-6.
- ^ a b c d Yunos 2016.
- ^ Saunders, Graham E. (1994). A History of Brunei. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-967-65-3049-3.
- ^ Jurnal Beriga (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. 2008. p. 45.
- ^ Genealogical Tree
-
^
"SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI" (PDF).
Brunei History Centre.
{{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=( help) - ^ Scoop, The (27 June 2021). "Temburong secondary school to get new $16.3 million building". The Scoop. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Sultan Hassan Secondary School New Building". Brunei News Gazette. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Minister Of Education Conducted Working Visit To Temburong". Ministry of Education. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
Bibliography
- Yunos, Rozan (2016). "TWO GREAT SULTANS: SULTAN HASAN OF BRUNEI AND SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA OF ACHEH". The Brunei Times.
by order and date of accession | ||
| 14th century | | |
| 15th century | ||
| 16th century | ||
| 17th century | ||
| 18th century |
| |
| 19th century | ||
| 20th century | ||