Marsilea minuta | |
---|---|
Marsilea minuta | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Division: | Polypodiophyta |
Class: | Polypodiopsida |
Order: | Salviniales |
Family: | Marsileaceae |
Genus: | Marsilea |
Species: | M. minuta
|
Binomial name | |
Marsilea minuta | |
Subspecies | |
Native range of Marsilea minuta [1] [4] | |
Synonyms [2] | |
List
|
Marsilea minuta, or dwarf waterclover is a species of aquatic fern in the family Marsileaceae. It is not to be confused with Marsilea minuta E.Fourn. 1880, which is a synonym for Marsilea vestita. [4] Other common names include gelid waterklawer, small water clover, [1] airy pepperwort, and pepperwort, [7] though the lattermost also applies to plants in the genus Lepidium. In French it is called marsilea à quatre feuilles ( literally "four-leafed marsilea") [7] and petite marsilée ( literally "little Marsilea"), [1] the latter appearing to be a calque with the Latin botanical name. In Chinese it is 南国田字草 (nan guo tian zi cao), [8] literally "southern field word grass," referencing the similarity of the leaflet shape to the Chinese character for "field." The Koch Rajbongshi people and Garo people call it shusni shak. [9] It is called 'শুশনি শাক' ('shushni shak') in Bengali[ citation needed]. In parts of India it can be called sunisanakka [10] In Indonesian it is semanggi ( literally "clover"), [7] but this name also applies to Marsilea crenata. In Japanese it is nangokudenjiso and in Thai it is phakwaen. [7] In Malaysian it is tapak itik ( literally "duck footprints"). [7] In the Philippines it is kaya-kayapuan ( literally "so crowded"). [7]
M. minuta has a variable appearance, [5] which often leads to confusion with closely related species. In the water the plant is creeping and spreading, while on land it can appear cushion-like. [5] It typically is perennial but sometimes appears annual. It is a tenagophyte, with the juvenile growing submerged and the adult typically terrestrial. [5]
It has a light brown to green rhizome that is 0.4–0.8 millimetres (1⁄64–1⁄32 in) thick with short tan hairs at the ends and internodal roots. [4] The land leaves are on erect, terete, 5–13 centimetres (2.0–5.1 in) long petioles. [4] The leaflets are 0.8–1.7 centimetres (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) by 1.2–2 centimetres (1⁄2–3⁄4 in), mostly glabrous, cuneate or flabellate. [4] The leaves in water are typically not floating, but emergent from the water. [4] Fertile leaves are produced on land with up to four sporocarps each at penduncles near the base of the petiole. [4] It has a small sporocarp that is 2.6–4.1 millimetres (7⁄64–5⁄32 in) long, 2.4–3.1 millimetres (3⁄32–1⁄8 in) wide, and 1.3–1.7 millimetres (3⁄64–1⁄16 in) thick. [4] [11] The sporocarp has a superior tooth at the apex of the stalk and an inferior tooth at the base. [12] [5] The sporocarp has a conspicuous 1.5–2.2 millimetres (1⁄16–3⁄32 in) long raphe, [4] [12] about ⅔ the length of the sporocarp and semi-terete. [5] Unlike a few Marsilea species, M. minuta sporocarps mature above ground. [12]
Ploidy | diploid [13] |
---|---|
Number of chromosomes | 40 [13] |
M. minuta is thought to be closely related to Marsilea quadrifolia. [4] Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Marsilea puts both in a widespread Old World subgroup also called "Marsilea" along with M. angustifolia, M. drummondii, M. crenata, and M. fadeniana and indicating that M. crenata is actually a synonym of M. minuta. [12] [7]
{{clade |label1=Marsilea subgroup |1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=
|label2=M. minuta-M. crenata-M. fadeniana complex |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade
|1=
| ||
Marsilea minuta can grow from sea level up to 1,950m in elevation [1] in ponds and other shallow water. [8] It can grow in fresh water or brackish water in clay or sandy soil. [4] The plant can develop into large colonies, and can be weedy. [4] [11] Some of its preferred habitat is being lost to agriculture but as it readily grows in Paddy fields, drainage ditches, and other marginal areas its overall population is stable. [1] It has the potential to be invasive and dispersal through aquarium trade and other human means should be limited. [7]
It is a native plant in the following countries: [1]
The leaves and sporocarps of M. minuta are eaten by many waterfowl species, and the intact sporocarps pass through undigested to be spread to new areas. [7] Elophila responsalis also feeds on the leaves, but is not thought to do much damage to the plant. [7]
The plant is susceptible to herbicides such as bensulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat. [7] Otherwise it can tolerate high levels of organic pollution. [5]
It is eaten in India, Sri Lanka, [14] and in Bangladesh. [9] In China it is used as forage. [8] It has a raw protein content of 3.3%. [14]
The plant is used traditionally in China for edema, skin injuries, snakebite, and inflammation. [8] In Mymensingh District it is traditionally used to treat cough, headache, hypertension, sleep disorders, and respiratory diseases. [9] It is combined with Nardostachys jatamansi and after development by Asima Chatterjee [15] sold as an ayurvedic treatment for epilepsy called "Ayush-56." [10] However, Ayush-56 does not show encouraging results in treating the disease. [16] It is also used as a phytoremediator of arsenic while growing with rice plants. [17] [18]
{{
cite book}}
: |journal=
ignored (
help)
23. M. minuta L. 40 20 2.9-4.6 Diploid
Marsilea minuta L. (Marsileaceae) I Ce (3.3%)
Marsilea minuta | |
---|---|
Marsilea minuta | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Division: | Polypodiophyta |
Class: | Polypodiopsida |
Order: | Salviniales |
Family: | Marsileaceae |
Genus: | Marsilea |
Species: | M. minuta
|
Binomial name | |
Marsilea minuta | |
Subspecies | |
Native range of Marsilea minuta [1] [4] | |
Synonyms [2] | |
List
|
Marsilea minuta, or dwarf waterclover is a species of aquatic fern in the family Marsileaceae. It is not to be confused with Marsilea minuta E.Fourn. 1880, which is a synonym for Marsilea vestita. [4] Other common names include gelid waterklawer, small water clover, [1] airy pepperwort, and pepperwort, [7] though the lattermost also applies to plants in the genus Lepidium. In French it is called marsilea à quatre feuilles ( literally "four-leafed marsilea") [7] and petite marsilée ( literally "little Marsilea"), [1] the latter appearing to be a calque with the Latin botanical name. In Chinese it is 南国田字草 (nan guo tian zi cao), [8] literally "southern field word grass," referencing the similarity of the leaflet shape to the Chinese character for "field." The Koch Rajbongshi people and Garo people call it shusni shak. [9] It is called 'শুশনি শাক' ('shushni shak') in Bengali[ citation needed]. In parts of India it can be called sunisanakka [10] In Indonesian it is semanggi ( literally "clover"), [7] but this name also applies to Marsilea crenata. In Japanese it is nangokudenjiso and in Thai it is phakwaen. [7] In Malaysian it is tapak itik ( literally "duck footprints"). [7] In the Philippines it is kaya-kayapuan ( literally "so crowded"). [7]
M. minuta has a variable appearance, [5] which often leads to confusion with closely related species. In the water the plant is creeping and spreading, while on land it can appear cushion-like. [5] It typically is perennial but sometimes appears annual. It is a tenagophyte, with the juvenile growing submerged and the adult typically terrestrial. [5]
It has a light brown to green rhizome that is 0.4–0.8 millimetres (1⁄64–1⁄32 in) thick with short tan hairs at the ends and internodal roots. [4] The land leaves are on erect, terete, 5–13 centimetres (2.0–5.1 in) long petioles. [4] The leaflets are 0.8–1.7 centimetres (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) by 1.2–2 centimetres (1⁄2–3⁄4 in), mostly glabrous, cuneate or flabellate. [4] The leaves in water are typically not floating, but emergent from the water. [4] Fertile leaves are produced on land with up to four sporocarps each at penduncles near the base of the petiole. [4] It has a small sporocarp that is 2.6–4.1 millimetres (7⁄64–5⁄32 in) long, 2.4–3.1 millimetres (3⁄32–1⁄8 in) wide, and 1.3–1.7 millimetres (3⁄64–1⁄16 in) thick. [4] [11] The sporocarp has a superior tooth at the apex of the stalk and an inferior tooth at the base. [12] [5] The sporocarp has a conspicuous 1.5–2.2 millimetres (1⁄16–3⁄32 in) long raphe, [4] [12] about ⅔ the length of the sporocarp and semi-terete. [5] Unlike a few Marsilea species, M. minuta sporocarps mature above ground. [12]
Ploidy | diploid [13] |
---|---|
Number of chromosomes | 40 [13] |
M. minuta is thought to be closely related to Marsilea quadrifolia. [4] Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Marsilea puts both in a widespread Old World subgroup also called "Marsilea" along with M. angustifolia, M. drummondii, M. crenata, and M. fadeniana and indicating that M. crenata is actually a synonym of M. minuta. [12] [7]
{{clade |label1=Marsilea subgroup |1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=
|label2=M. minuta-M. crenata-M. fadeniana complex |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade
|1=
| ||
Marsilea minuta can grow from sea level up to 1,950m in elevation [1] in ponds and other shallow water. [8] It can grow in fresh water or brackish water in clay or sandy soil. [4] The plant can develop into large colonies, and can be weedy. [4] [11] Some of its preferred habitat is being lost to agriculture but as it readily grows in Paddy fields, drainage ditches, and other marginal areas its overall population is stable. [1] It has the potential to be invasive and dispersal through aquarium trade and other human means should be limited. [7]
It is a native plant in the following countries: [1]
The leaves and sporocarps of M. minuta are eaten by many waterfowl species, and the intact sporocarps pass through undigested to be spread to new areas. [7] Elophila responsalis also feeds on the leaves, but is not thought to do much damage to the plant. [7]
The plant is susceptible to herbicides such as bensulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat. [7] Otherwise it can tolerate high levels of organic pollution. [5]
It is eaten in India, Sri Lanka, [14] and in Bangladesh. [9] In China it is used as forage. [8] It has a raw protein content of 3.3%. [14]
The plant is used traditionally in China for edema, skin injuries, snakebite, and inflammation. [8] In Mymensingh District it is traditionally used to treat cough, headache, hypertension, sleep disorders, and respiratory diseases. [9] It is combined with Nardostachys jatamansi and after development by Asima Chatterjee [15] sold as an ayurvedic treatment for epilepsy called "Ayush-56." [10] However, Ayush-56 does not show encouraging results in treating the disease. [16] It is also used as a phytoremediator of arsenic while growing with rice plants. [17] [18]
{{
cite book}}
: |journal=
ignored (
help)
23. M. minuta L. 40 20 2.9-4.6 Diploid
Marsilea minuta L. (Marsileaceae) I Ce (3.3%)