The term ace (now commonly flying ace) was first used by French newspapers during World War I, describing Adolphe Pégoud as l'as ('the ace'), after he downed five German aircraft. When aircraft began to shoot or force down other aircraft, systems to count "air victories" were subsequently developed. The American qualification of five victories eventually became the standard, even though other air services had previously used differing figures. [1]
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While "ace" status was most often won by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews, and observers in two-seater aircraft such as the Bristol F.2b ("Bristol Fighter"), also destroyed enemy aircraft. If a two-seater aircraft destroyed an aircraft, both crew members were credited with a victory. Because pilots usually teamed with differing observer/gunners in two-seater aircraft, an observer might be an ace when his pilot was not, and vice versa. [2] The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history. [3]
Loss of records by mischance and the passage of time complicates reconstructing the actual count for given aces. The scores presented in the list cannot be definitive, but are based on itemized lists that are the best available sources of information. [4] Aces are listed after verifying the date and location of combat, and the foe vanquished, for every victory accredited by an aviator's home air service using their own aerial victory standards. Those victories for which the evidence is unavailable or fragmentary have been excluded from the victory count.
Aces
Analysis
| Group | Country | Pilots | Victories | Vic/Pil | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allied | Australia | 8 | 226 | 28.25 | 8 |
| Central Powers | Austria-Hungary | 4 | 122 | 30.50 | 5 |
| Allied | Belgium | 1 | 37 | 37.00 | 1 |
| Allied | Canada | 24 | 785 | 32.71 | 3 |
| Allied | France | 14 | 467 | 33.36 | 2 |
| Central Powers | German Empire | 75 | 2296 | 30.61 | 4 |
| Allied | Italy | 5 | 125 | 25.00 | 9 |
| Allied | New Zealand | 2 | 45 | 22.50 | 11 |
| Allied | Russia | 1 | 20 | 20.00 | 12 |
| Allied | South Africa | 7 | 207 | 29.57 | 6 |
| Allied | United Kingdom | 45 | 1296 | 28.80 | 7 |
| Allied | United States | 2 | 46 | 23.00 | 10 |
| Grouping | Pilots | Victories | Vic/Pil |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central Powers | 79 | 2418 | 30.61 |
| Allied | 109 | 3254 | 29.85 |
| TOTAL | 188 | 5672 | 30.17 |
Notes
- ^ This along with the symbolic dagger †, indicates that the pilot was known to be either killed in action, missing in action, died of wounds, or killed in a flying accident during World War I.
- ^ Speculation about Bishop's claims, particularly his 2 June 1917 mission which earned him a Victoria Cross (VC), have persisted. [8]
- ^ Although various claim-by-claim analyses ascribe Dallas a score of 32 aircraft shot down, [16] [17] he was officially credited with 39, [18] [19] and his actual tally could number in the 50s. [17]
- ^ Auffarth may actually 31. [30]
References
- ^ Maksel, Rebecca (7 April 2008). "What does it take to become an "ace"?". Need to Know. Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 20 October 2009.[ dead link]
- ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest 1993, p. 10
- ^ Dunnigan 2003, p. 149
- ^ Shores, Franks & Guest 1990, p. 7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 241–242
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 20
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp Shores, 2001. p. 89
- ^ Greenhous, Brereton (Autumn 2002). "Billy Bishop – Brave Flyer, Bold Liar" (PDF). Canadian Military Journal. 3 (3): 61–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ^ Shores, Frank, Guest 1990, pp. 255–256.
- ^ Franks, 2004. pp. 68–69
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 43–44
- ^ Franks, 2007. p. 41
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 28–29
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 56–58
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 51
- ^ Shores, 1990. p. 132
- ^ a b Newton, 1996. pp. 32–34
- ^ Wixted, E. P. (1981). "Dallas, Roderic Stanley (1891–1918)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- ^ Garrison, A.D. (1999). Australian Fighter Aces 1914–1953 (PDF). Canberra: Air Power Development Centre. pp. 27, 51–56. ISBN 0-642-26540-2.
- ^ Guttman, 2007. pp. 29–31, 87
- ^ a b c d Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 239
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 71
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 169–171
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 60–61
- ^ a b c d Chant, 2002. p. 90
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 76
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 93
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 81–82
- ^ Franks, 2003. pp. 12–13
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 63–64
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 75
- ^ Guttman, 2002. pp. 65–66
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 90
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 119–120
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 153–154
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 236
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 70
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 111–112
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 142–143
- ^ a b Franks, 2003. p. 88
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 61–62
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 215
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 219
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 233–234
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 101–102
- ^ a b c Guttman, 2007. p. 87
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 74
- ^ Franks, 2001. p. 86
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 81–82
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 68
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 123–124
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 77–78
- ^ a b Guttman, 2007. p. 88
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 78–79
- ^ Franks, 2003. p. 31
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 68–69
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 44–45
- ^ Guttman, 2002. pp. 11, 91
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 117
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 18
- ^ Franks, 2003. pp. 56–57
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 182–183
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 31–32
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 230–231
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 59
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 60–61
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 76–77
- ^ Shores, 2001. p. 87
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 45
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 73
- ^ a b Guttman, 2007. p. 86
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 46
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 104
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 108–109
- ^ Franks, 2001. p. 88
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 118–119
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 83–84
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp.143–144
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 186
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 79
Bibliography
- Dunnigan, James F. (2003). How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in the Twenty-first Century. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-060090-12-8.
- Durkota, Allen; Darcey, Thomas; Kulikov, Victor (1995). The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I. Mountain View: Flying Machines Press. ISBN 978-0-060090-12-8.
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell (1993). Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.
- Franks, Norman (2005). Sopwith Pup Aces of World War I. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 67. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-841768-86-1.
- Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. (1992). Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
- Guttman, Jon (2009). Pusher Aces of World War 1. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 88. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-846034-17-6.
- Guttman, Jon (2001). Spad VII Aces of World War I. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 39. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-841762-22-7.
- Kulikov, Victor (2013). Russian Aces of World War 1. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 111. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-780960-61-6.
- Newton, Dennis (1996). Australian Air Aces: Australian Fighter Pilots in Combat. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-1-875671-25-0.
- Pieters, Walter M. (1998). Above Flanders Fields: A Complete Record of the Belgian Fighter Pilots and Their Units During the Great War. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-83-1.
- Shores, Christopher (2001). British and Empire Aces of World War I. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-377-4.
- Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9.
- Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1996). Above the Trenches Supplement: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-39-8.
The term ace (now commonly flying ace) was first used by French newspapers during World War I, describing Adolphe Pégoud as l'as ('the ace'), after he downed five German aircraft. When aircraft began to shoot or force down other aircraft, systems to count "air victories" were subsequently developed. The American qualification of five victories eventually became the standard, even though other air services had previously used differing figures. [1]
While "ace" status was most often won by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews, and observers in two-seater aircraft such as the Bristol F.2b ("Bristol Fighter"), also destroyed enemy aircraft. If a two-seater aircraft destroyed an aircraft, both crew members were credited with a victory. Because pilots usually teamed with differing observer/gunners in two-seater aircraft, an observer might be an ace when his pilot was not, and vice versa. [2] The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history. [3]
Loss of records by mischance and the passage of time complicates reconstructing the actual count for given aces. The scores presented in the list cannot be definitive, but are based on itemized lists that are the best available sources of information. [4] Aces are listed after verifying the date and location of combat, and the foe vanquished, for every victory accredited by an aviator's home air service using their own aerial victory standards. Those victories for which the evidence is unavailable or fragmentary have been excluded from the victory count.
Aces
Analysis
| Group | Country | Pilots | Victories | Vic/Pil | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allied | Australia | 8 | 226 | 28.25 | 8 |
| Central Powers | Austria-Hungary | 4 | 122 | 30.50 | 5 |
| Allied | Belgium | 1 | 37 | 37.00 | 1 |
| Allied | Canada | 24 | 785 | 32.71 | 3 |
| Allied | France | 14 | 467 | 33.36 | 2 |
| Central Powers | German Empire | 75 | 2296 | 30.61 | 4 |
| Allied | Italy | 5 | 125 | 25.00 | 9 |
| Allied | New Zealand | 2 | 45 | 22.50 | 11 |
| Allied | Russia | 1 | 20 | 20.00 | 12 |
| Allied | South Africa | 7 | 207 | 29.57 | 6 |
| Allied | United Kingdom | 45 | 1296 | 28.80 | 7 |
| Allied | United States | 2 | 46 | 23.00 | 10 |
| Grouping | Pilots | Victories | Vic/Pil |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central Powers | 79 | 2418 | 30.61 |
| Allied | 109 | 3254 | 29.85 |
| TOTAL | 188 | 5672 | 30.17 |
Notes
- ^ This along with the symbolic dagger †, indicates that the pilot was known to be either killed in action, missing in action, died of wounds, or killed in a flying accident during World War I.
- ^ Speculation about Bishop's claims, particularly his 2 June 1917 mission which earned him a Victoria Cross (VC), have persisted. [8]
- ^ Although various claim-by-claim analyses ascribe Dallas a score of 32 aircraft shot down, [16] [17] he was officially credited with 39, [18] [19] and his actual tally could number in the 50s. [17]
- ^ Auffarth may actually 31. [30]
References
- ^ Maksel, Rebecca (7 April 2008). "What does it take to become an "ace"?". Need to Know. Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 20 October 2009.[ dead link]
- ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest 1993, p. 10
- ^ Dunnigan 2003, p. 149
- ^ Shores, Franks & Guest 1990, p. 7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 241–242
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 20
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp Shores, 2001. p. 89
- ^ Greenhous, Brereton (Autumn 2002). "Billy Bishop – Brave Flyer, Bold Liar" (PDF). Canadian Military Journal. 3 (3): 61–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ^ Shores, Frank, Guest 1990, pp. 255–256.
- ^ Franks, 2004. pp. 68–69
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 43–44
- ^ Franks, 2007. p. 41
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 28–29
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 56–58
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 51
- ^ Shores, 1990. p. 132
- ^ a b Newton, 1996. pp. 32–34
- ^ Wixted, E. P. (1981). "Dallas, Roderic Stanley (1891–1918)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- ^ Garrison, A.D. (1999). Australian Fighter Aces 1914–1953 (PDF). Canberra: Air Power Development Centre. pp. 27, 51–56. ISBN 0-642-26540-2.
- ^ Guttman, 2007. pp. 29–31, 87
- ^ a b c d Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 239
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 71
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 169–171
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 60–61
- ^ a b c d Chant, 2002. p. 90
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 76
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 93
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 81–82
- ^ Franks, 2003. pp. 12–13
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 63–64
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 75
- ^ Guttman, 2002. pp. 65–66
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 90
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 119–120
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 153–154
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 236
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 70
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 111–112
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 142–143
- ^ a b Franks, 2003. p. 88
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 61–62
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 215
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 219
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 233–234
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 101–102
- ^ a b c Guttman, 2007. p. 87
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 74
- ^ Franks, 2001. p. 86
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 81–82
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 68
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 123–124
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 77–78
- ^ a b Guttman, 2007. p. 88
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 78–79
- ^ Franks, 2003. p. 31
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 68–69
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 44–45
- ^ Guttman, 2002. pp. 11, 91
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 117
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 18
- ^ Franks, 2003. pp. 56–57
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 182–183
- ^ Guttman, 2002. p. 31–32
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 230–231
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 59
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 60–61
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 76–77
- ^ Shores, 2001. p. 87
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 45
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 73
- ^ a b Guttman, 2007. p. 86
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 46
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 104
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 108–109
- ^ Franks, 2001. p. 88
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 118–119
- ^ Franks, 2000. pp. 83–84
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp.143–144
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 186
- ^ Franks, 2000. p. 79
Bibliography
- Dunnigan, James F. (2003). How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in the Twenty-first Century. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-060090-12-8.
- Durkota, Allen; Darcey, Thomas; Kulikov, Victor (1995). The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I. Mountain View: Flying Machines Press. ISBN 978-0-060090-12-8.
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell (1993). Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.
- Franks, Norman (2005). Sopwith Pup Aces of World War I. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 67. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-841768-86-1.
- Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. (1992). Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
- Guttman, Jon (2009). Pusher Aces of World War 1. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 88. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-846034-17-6.
- Guttman, Jon (2001). Spad VII Aces of World War I. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 39. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-841762-22-7.
- Kulikov, Victor (2013). Russian Aces of World War 1. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 111. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-780960-61-6.
- Newton, Dennis (1996). Australian Air Aces: Australian Fighter Pilots in Combat. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-1-875671-25-0.
- Pieters, Walter M. (1998). Above Flanders Fields: A Complete Record of the Belgian Fighter Pilots and Their Units During the Great War. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-83-1.
- Shores, Christopher (2001). British and Empire Aces of World War I. Aircraft of the Aces, No. 45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-377-4.
- Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9.
- Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1996). Above the Trenches Supplement: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-39-8.