This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{
lang}}, {{
transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{
IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's
multilingual support templates may also be used. (June 2021) |
Cuói | |
---|---|
Thổ | |
Native to | Vietnam, Laos |
Ethnicity | Thổ |
Native speakers | (71,000 cited 1999 census) [1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:
tou – Tho
hnu – Hung |
Glottolog |
cuoi1242 |
Linguasphere | 46-EAD-a |
Cuối, known as Thổ, [2] is a dialect cluster spoken by around 70,000 Thổ people in Vietnam and a couple thousand in Laos, mainly in the provinces of Bolikhamsai and Khammouane.
The consonant inventory of the Làng Lỡ dialect, as cited by Michel Ferlus: [3]
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | tenuis | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ | |
glottalized | ɓ | ɗ | ˀɟ | |||||
aspirated | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʂ | h | |||
voiced | β | v | ð | ɣ | ||||
glottalized | ˀð | |||||||
Approximant | l | ɽ ~ ʐ | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Close-mid/ Mid |
e | ə | o |
Open-mid/ Open |
ɛ |
ʌ̆ ă a |
ɔ |
Diphthongs of Cuối Làng Lỡ | iə | ɨə | uə | eə | oə |
---|
There're eight tones in the Làng Lỡ. Tones 1 to 6 are found on sonorant-final syllables (a.k.a. 'live' syllables): syllables ending in a vowel, semi-vowel or nasal. Tones 7 and 8 are found on obstruent-final syllables (a.k.a. 'stopped' syllables), ending in -p -t -c -k. [3] This is a system comparable to that of Vietnamese.
The data is from Cuoi Cham vocabulary recordings and the Mon-Khmer Etymological Dictionary.
English | Cuối Chăm | Làng Lỡ | North Vietnamese | |
---|---|---|---|---|
cloud | mʌl¹ | mʌn¹ | məj˧˧ | mây |
rain | mɐː² | mɨə¹ | mɨə˧˧ | mưa |
wind | sɒː³ | juə³ | zɔ˧˦ | gió |
thunder | kʰrʌm⁴ | ʂəm⁴ | səm˧˦ | sấm |
earth, land | tʌt⁷ | tʌt⁷ | ʔɗət̚˧˦ | đất |
cave | haːŋ¹ | haːŋ¹ | haːŋ˧˧ | hang |
deep | kʰruː² | ʂuː² | səw˧˧ | sâu |
water | daːk⁷ | daːk⁷ | nɨək̚˧˦ | nước |
river | kʰrɔŋ¹ | ʂɔːŋ¹ | səwŋ͡m˧˧ | sông |
puddle | puŋ⁶ | - | vʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥] | vũng |
mud | puːl² | vuːn² | ʔɓun˨˩ | bùn |
rock, stone | taː³ | δaː³ | ʔɗaː˧˦ | đá |
bark | pɒː⁵ | ʂɔː⁵⁶ | vɔ˧˩ | vỏ |
dog | cɒː³ | cɔː³ | t͡ɕɔ˧˦ | chó |
cultivated field | rɔːŋ² | ʂɔːŋ² | zuəŋ˧˨ʔ | ruộng |
to go | tiː² | tiː² | ʔɗi˧˧ | đi |
to have | kɒː³ | kɔː³ | kɔ˧˦ | có |
This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{
lang}}, {{
transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{
IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's
multilingual support templates may also be used. (June 2021) |
Cuói | |
---|---|
Thổ | |
Native to | Vietnam, Laos |
Ethnicity | Thổ |
Native speakers | (71,000 cited 1999 census) [1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:
tou – Tho
hnu – Hung |
Glottolog |
cuoi1242 |
Linguasphere | 46-EAD-a |
Cuối, known as Thổ, [2] is a dialect cluster spoken by around 70,000 Thổ people in Vietnam and a couple thousand in Laos, mainly in the provinces of Bolikhamsai and Khammouane.
The consonant inventory of the Làng Lỡ dialect, as cited by Michel Ferlus: [3]
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | tenuis | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ | |
glottalized | ɓ | ɗ | ˀɟ | |||||
aspirated | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʂ | h | |||
voiced | β | v | ð | ɣ | ||||
glottalized | ˀð | |||||||
Approximant | l | ɽ ~ ʐ | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Close-mid/ Mid |
e | ə | o |
Open-mid/ Open |
ɛ |
ʌ̆ ă a |
ɔ |
Diphthongs of Cuối Làng Lỡ | iə | ɨə | uə | eə | oə |
---|
There're eight tones in the Làng Lỡ. Tones 1 to 6 are found on sonorant-final syllables (a.k.a. 'live' syllables): syllables ending in a vowel, semi-vowel or nasal. Tones 7 and 8 are found on obstruent-final syllables (a.k.a. 'stopped' syllables), ending in -p -t -c -k. [3] This is a system comparable to that of Vietnamese.
The data is from Cuoi Cham vocabulary recordings and the Mon-Khmer Etymological Dictionary.
English | Cuối Chăm | Làng Lỡ | North Vietnamese | |
---|---|---|---|---|
cloud | mʌl¹ | mʌn¹ | məj˧˧ | mây |
rain | mɐː² | mɨə¹ | mɨə˧˧ | mưa |
wind | sɒː³ | juə³ | zɔ˧˦ | gió |
thunder | kʰrʌm⁴ | ʂəm⁴ | səm˧˦ | sấm |
earth, land | tʌt⁷ | tʌt⁷ | ʔɗət̚˧˦ | đất |
cave | haːŋ¹ | haːŋ¹ | haːŋ˧˧ | hang |
deep | kʰruː² | ʂuː² | səw˧˧ | sâu |
water | daːk⁷ | daːk⁷ | nɨək̚˧˦ | nước |
river | kʰrɔŋ¹ | ʂɔːŋ¹ | səwŋ͡m˧˧ | sông |
puddle | puŋ⁶ | - | vʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥] | vũng |
mud | puːl² | vuːn² | ʔɓun˨˩ | bùn |
rock, stone | taː³ | δaː³ | ʔɗaː˧˦ | đá |
bark | pɒː⁵ | ʂɔː⁵⁶ | vɔ˧˩ | vỏ |
dog | cɒː³ | cɔː³ | t͡ɕɔ˧˦ | chó |
cultivated field | rɔːŋ² | ʂɔːŋ² | zuəŋ˧˨ʔ | ruộng |
to go | tiː² | tiː² | ʔɗi˧˧ | đi |
to have | kɒː³ | kɔː³ | kɔ˧˦ | có |