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For the earlier treaties between Japan and Korea in 1905, see Japan窶適orea Agreement of April 1905 and Japan窶適orea Agreement of August 1905.

Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1905
The treaty on display
DraftedNovember 9, 1905; 118 years ago (1905-11-09)
SignedNovember 17, 1905; 118 years ago (1905-11-17)
LocationJungmyeongjeon Hall, Hanseong, Korea
EffectiveNovember 17, 1905; 118 years ago (1905-11-17)
Signatories
Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1905
Japanese name
Kanji隨ｬ莠梧ｬ｡譌･髻灘鵠邏
Hiragana縺縺縺ｫ縺倥↓縺｣縺九ｓ縺阪ｇ縺繧縺
Korean name
Hangul揆ぎ｡ｰ平
Hanja荵吝ｷｳ譴晉ｴ
Alternative Korean name
Hangul2ｰｨ 復攵卓平
Hanja隨ｬ莠梧ｬ｡髻捺律蜊皮ｴ
Alternative Korean name
Hangul揆ぎ椛平
Hanja荵吝ｷｳ蜍堤ｴ

The Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Treaty, Eulsa Unwilling Treaty or Japan窶適orea Protectorate Treaty, was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905. Negotiations were concluded on November 17, 1905. [1] The treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty and made Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan. It resulted from Imperial Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. [2]

Names

In the metonymy Eulsa Treaty, [3] the word Eulsa or Ulsa derives the Sexagenary Cycle's 42nd year of the Korean calendar, in which the treaty was signed. [4] The treaty is identified by several names including Second Japan窶適orea Convention (Japanese: 隨ｬ莠梧ｬ｡譌･髻灘鵠邏, Korean: 2ｰｨ 復攵卓平; Hanja: 莠梧ｬ｡髻捺律蜊皮ｴ), [5] Eulsa Restriction Treaty ( Korean: 揆ぎ椛平, 荵吝ｷｳ蜍堤ｴ), [5] Eulsa Protection Treaty (Japanese: 荵吝ｷｳ菫晁ｭｷ譚｡邏, Korean: 揆ぎｳｴ从｡ｰ平),[ citation needed] and Korea Protection Treaty (Japanese: 髻灘嵜菫晁ｭｷ譚｡邏).[ citation needed]

Background

Following Imperial Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War, with its subsequent withdrawal of Russian influence, and the Taft窶適atsura Agreement, in which the United States allegedly agreed not to interfere with Japan in matters concerning Korea, the Japanese government sought to formalize its sphere of influence over the Korean Peninsula.

Delegates of both Empires met in Seoul to resolve differences in matters pertaining to Korea's future foreign policy; however, with the Korean Imperial palace under occupation by Japanese troops, and the Imperial Japanese Army stationed at strategic locations throughout Korea, the Korean side was at a distinct disadvantage in the discussions.

Formation of treaty

Jungmyeongjeon Hall at Deoksugung, where the treaty was signed

On 9 November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Itﾅ Hirobumi arrived in Hanseong and gave a letter from the Emperor of Japan to Gojong, Emperor of Korea, asking him to sign the treaty. On 15 November 1905, he ordered Japanese troops to encircle the Korean imperial palace and threatened the emperor in order to force him to agree to the treaty.

On 17 November 1905, Ito and Japanese Field Marshal Hasegawa Yoshimichi entered the Jungmyeongjeon Hall, a Russian-designed building that was once part of Deoksu Palace, to persuade Gojong to agree, but he refused. Ito pressured the cabinet with the implied, and later stated, threat of bodily harm, to sign the treaty. [6] According to 復ｳ丼 (Han-Gyeok), Korean prime minister Han Gyu-seol disagreed, shouting loudly. Ito ordered the guards to lock him in a room and said if he continued screaming, they could kill him. [7] The Korean cabinet signed an agreement that had been prepared by Ito in the Jungmyeongjeon. The Agreement gave Imperial Japan complete responsibility for Korea's foreign affairs, [8] and placed all trade through Korean ports under Imperial Japanese supervision.

Treaty provisions

This treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty, [9] [10] [11] in effect making Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan. [12] As a consequence, the Korean Empire had to close its diplomatic representations abroad, including its short-lived legation in Beijing, [13] and its legation in Washington, D.C.

The provisions of the treaty took effect on November 17, 1905, and it laid the foundation for the Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1907, and subsequent annexation of Korea in 1910. [14]

The treaty was deemed to have gone into effect after it received the signature of five Korean ministers:

  • Minister of Education Lee Wan-yong (擽刋圸; 譚主ｮ檎畑)
  • Minister of Army Yi Geun-taek (擽ｷｼ; 譚取ｹ貔､)
  • Minister of Interior Yi Ji-yong (擽ｧ圸; 譚主捩骼)
  • Minister of Foreign Affairs Park Je-sun (ｰ菩懍; 譛ｴ鮨顔ｴ)
  • Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry Gwon Jung-hyeon (ｶ護､啄; 谺企埼｡ｯ)

These five were later named the " Five Eulsa Traitors".

Emperor Gojong of Korea did not assent or sign the treaty. Other officials who disputed the treaty included:

  • Prime Minister Han Kyu-seol (復ｷ懍└; 髻灘惆蜊ｨ)
  • Minister of Finance Min Yeong-gi (ｯｼｸｰ; 髢疲ｳｳ邯ｺ)
  • Minister of Justice Yi Ha-yeong (擽葺; 譚主､乗ｦｮ

Controversy

Gojong's analysis of the "treaty of 1905"

Emperor Gojong sent personal letters to major heads of state to appeal for their support against the illegal signing. [15] As of February 21, 1908, he had sent 17 letters bearing his imperial seal, to the following eight heads of state:[ citation needed]

Letter written by Gojong sent to Wilhelm II of Germany.

In 1907, Emperor Gojong sent three secret emissaries to the second international Hague Peace Convention to protest the unfairness of the Eulsa Treaty. But the great powers of the world refused to allow Korea to take part in the conference.

Not only the Emperor but other Koreans protested against the Treaty. Jo Byeong-se and Min Yeong-hwan, who were high officials and led resistance against Eulsa treaty, killed themselves as resistance. Local yangbans and commoners joined righteous armies. They were called "Eulsa Euibyeong" (揆ぎ攪ｳ, 荵吝ｷｳ鄒ｩ蜈ｵ) meaning "Righteous army against Eulsa Treaty".

After completing the treaty, Emperor Gojong tried to let the world know the unfairness of the treaty, including sending a special envoy to The Hague. This directly contributed to the forced retirement of King Gojong.

Rescission

Gojong's declaration of rescission

Thereafter, Gojong tried to inform the international community of the injustice of the 2nd Korea-Japan Agreement, but according to the logic of the international situation at the time, Gojong's secrets were not effective. Gojong's declaration of Rescission in the Eulsa Treaty had the following, but it was not recognized internationally:

  • A national document written on January 29, 1906,
  • Personal letter handed to Special Commissioner Hulbert on June 22, 1906,
  • A letter sent to the President of France on June 22, 1906,
  • Gojong's power of attorney given to the Hague Special Envoy Lee Sang-seol on April 20, 1907, etc.

This treaty, later, was confirmed to be "already null and void" by the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea concluded in 1965. [16]

In a joint statement on June 23, 2005, officials of South Korea and North Korea reiterated their stance that the Eulsa treaty is null and void on a claim of coercion by the Japanese.

As of 2010, South Korea was seizing property and other assets from the descendants of people who have been identified as pro-Japanese collaborators ( Chinilpa) at the time of the treaty. [17]

Aftermath

After the treaty, Japanese influence on Korea dramatically increased. All of the diplomatic mission of Korea was disestablished. All of the foreign relation of Korea was administered by a Japanese Resident-General. Itﾅ Hirobumi was appointed as the first Resident-General. [18]

Residence of Resident-General in Jung District, Seoul

See also

References

  1. ^ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, DC, 1921窶1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."
  2. ^ Clare, Israel et al. (1910). Library of universal history and popular science, p. 4732., p. 4732, at Google Books
  3. ^ Pak, Chﾊｻi-yﾅ熟g. (2000). Korea and the United Nations, p. 6, at Google Books; excerpt, "... as a first step towards the final annexation of Korea in 1910, Japan forced the Korean king, Kojong, to accept the protectorate treaty (known as the Ulsa Protectorate Treaty) after Japan had defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904窶1905), following its victory in the Sino-Japanese War (1904窶1995)"; Cordier, Henri et al. (1905). "Traitﾃｩ entre le Japon et la Corﾃｩe," Revue internationale de Sinologie , p. 633, at Google Books
  4. ^ Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan, Vol 4, 1983, p. 289; "Ulsa is the designation in the sexagenary cycle for the year corresponding to 1905"
  5. ^ a b 揆ぎ｡ｰ平 (in Korean). Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia.
  6. ^ McKenzie, F.A. (1920). Korea's Fight for Freedom. Fleming H. Revell Company.
  7. ^ 擽 梭｡罹ｶｯｸ株 ｧ掻 :復ｳ丼 (1998 4對 10攵). 縲壱ｬｴ･揆 服棗 ┷寥 ｳ啄ヤ愍｡懊, 縲危ｧ晧椋攪 ｿ誤ｦｬ･ｼ ｰｾ符懊, ｡ｰ桝坡, 1倹 1, 懍垪: (｣ｼ)梵悛小涵, 97~106ｪｽｪｽ. ISBN  89-87811-05-0
  8. ^ United States. Dept. of State. (1919). Catalogue of treaties: 1814窶1918, p. 273, at Google Books
  9. ^ "Deoksu Jungmyeongjeon". June 23, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  10. ^ Uk Heo, Terence Roehrig (2010). South Korea Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN  9780802091956.
  11. ^ "Independence leader Kim Koo". April 28, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  12. ^ The history of Korea, pp. 461窶62, Homer Hulbert
  13. ^ Sungwook Son (2016), "Qing-Joseon Relations as Viewed from Joseon's Legation in the Qing Dynasty ｼ糠rom 'Hoidonggwan(譛蜷碁､ｨ)' to Korean Legation in Beijing", 徐ｵｭぎ蕗
  14. ^ Carnegie Endowment (1921). Pamphlet 43: Korea, Treaties and Agreements, p. vii, at Google Books
  15. ^ a b Lee Hang-bok. "The King's Letter," English JoongAng Daily. September 22, 2009.
  16. ^ "Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea". "It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void."
  17. ^ Julian Ryall (July 14, 2010). "South Korea targets Japanese collaborators' descendants". telegraph.co.uk.
  18. ^ ぎ｣誤｡ ｳｸ 復ｵｭぎ. "揆ぎ椛平(揆ぎ｡ｰ平, 2ｰｨ 復攵卓平)".

Bibliography

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Japan窶適orea_Treaty_of_1905&oldid=1211643120"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the earlier treaties between Japan and Korea in 1905, see Japan窶適orea Agreement of April 1905 and Japan窶適orea Agreement of August 1905.

Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1905
The treaty on display
DraftedNovember 9, 1905; 118 years ago (1905-11-09)
SignedNovember 17, 1905; 118 years ago (1905-11-17)
LocationJungmyeongjeon Hall, Hanseong, Korea
EffectiveNovember 17, 1905; 118 years ago (1905-11-17)
Signatories
Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1905
Japanese name
Kanji隨ｬ莠梧ｬ｡譌･髻灘鵠邏
Hiragana縺縺縺ｫ縺倥↓縺｣縺九ｓ縺阪ｇ縺繧縺
Korean name
Hangul揆ぎ｡ｰ平
Hanja荵吝ｷｳ譴晉ｴ
Alternative Korean name
Hangul2ｰｨ 復攵卓平
Hanja隨ｬ莠梧ｬ｡髻捺律蜊皮ｴ
Alternative Korean name
Hangul揆ぎ椛平
Hanja荵吝ｷｳ蜍堤ｴ

The Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Treaty, Eulsa Unwilling Treaty or Japan窶適orea Protectorate Treaty, was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905. Negotiations were concluded on November 17, 1905. [1] The treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty and made Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan. It resulted from Imperial Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. [2]

Names

In the metonymy Eulsa Treaty, [3] the word Eulsa or Ulsa derives the Sexagenary Cycle's 42nd year of the Korean calendar, in which the treaty was signed. [4] The treaty is identified by several names including Second Japan窶適orea Convention (Japanese: 隨ｬ莠梧ｬ｡譌･髻灘鵠邏, Korean: 2ｰｨ 復攵卓平; Hanja: 莠梧ｬ｡髻捺律蜊皮ｴ), [5] Eulsa Restriction Treaty ( Korean: 揆ぎ椛平, 荵吝ｷｳ蜍堤ｴ), [5] Eulsa Protection Treaty (Japanese: 荵吝ｷｳ菫晁ｭｷ譚｡邏, Korean: 揆ぎｳｴ从｡ｰ平),[ citation needed] and Korea Protection Treaty (Japanese: 髻灘嵜菫晁ｭｷ譚｡邏).[ citation needed]

Background

Following Imperial Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War, with its subsequent withdrawal of Russian influence, and the Taft窶適atsura Agreement, in which the United States allegedly agreed not to interfere with Japan in matters concerning Korea, the Japanese government sought to formalize its sphere of influence over the Korean Peninsula.

Delegates of both Empires met in Seoul to resolve differences in matters pertaining to Korea's future foreign policy; however, with the Korean Imperial palace under occupation by Japanese troops, and the Imperial Japanese Army stationed at strategic locations throughout Korea, the Korean side was at a distinct disadvantage in the discussions.

Formation of treaty

Jungmyeongjeon Hall at Deoksugung, where the treaty was signed

On 9 November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Itﾅ Hirobumi arrived in Hanseong and gave a letter from the Emperor of Japan to Gojong, Emperor of Korea, asking him to sign the treaty. On 15 November 1905, he ordered Japanese troops to encircle the Korean imperial palace and threatened the emperor in order to force him to agree to the treaty.

On 17 November 1905, Ito and Japanese Field Marshal Hasegawa Yoshimichi entered the Jungmyeongjeon Hall, a Russian-designed building that was once part of Deoksu Palace, to persuade Gojong to agree, but he refused. Ito pressured the cabinet with the implied, and later stated, threat of bodily harm, to sign the treaty. [6] According to 復ｳ丼 (Han-Gyeok), Korean prime minister Han Gyu-seol disagreed, shouting loudly. Ito ordered the guards to lock him in a room and said if he continued screaming, they could kill him. [7] The Korean cabinet signed an agreement that had been prepared by Ito in the Jungmyeongjeon. The Agreement gave Imperial Japan complete responsibility for Korea's foreign affairs, [8] and placed all trade through Korean ports under Imperial Japanese supervision.

Treaty provisions

This treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty, [9] [10] [11] in effect making Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan. [12] As a consequence, the Korean Empire had to close its diplomatic representations abroad, including its short-lived legation in Beijing, [13] and its legation in Washington, D.C.

The provisions of the treaty took effect on November 17, 1905, and it laid the foundation for the Japan窶適orea Treaty of 1907, and subsequent annexation of Korea in 1910. [14]

The treaty was deemed to have gone into effect after it received the signature of five Korean ministers:

  • Minister of Education Lee Wan-yong (擽刋圸; 譚主ｮ檎畑)
  • Minister of Army Yi Geun-taek (擽ｷｼ; 譚取ｹ貔､)
  • Minister of Interior Yi Ji-yong (擽ｧ圸; 譚主捩骼)
  • Minister of Foreign Affairs Park Je-sun (ｰ菩懍; 譛ｴ鮨顔ｴ)
  • Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry Gwon Jung-hyeon (ｶ護､啄; 谺企埼｡ｯ)

These five were later named the " Five Eulsa Traitors".

Emperor Gojong of Korea did not assent or sign the treaty. Other officials who disputed the treaty included:

  • Prime Minister Han Kyu-seol (復ｷ懍└; 髻灘惆蜊ｨ)
  • Minister of Finance Min Yeong-gi (ｯｼｸｰ; 髢疲ｳｳ邯ｺ)
  • Minister of Justice Yi Ha-yeong (擽葺; 譚主､乗ｦｮ

Controversy

Gojong's analysis of the "treaty of 1905"

Emperor Gojong sent personal letters to major heads of state to appeal for their support against the illegal signing. [15] As of February 21, 1908, he had sent 17 letters bearing his imperial seal, to the following eight heads of state:[ citation needed]

Letter written by Gojong sent to Wilhelm II of Germany.

In 1907, Emperor Gojong sent three secret emissaries to the second international Hague Peace Convention to protest the unfairness of the Eulsa Treaty. But the great powers of the world refused to allow Korea to take part in the conference.

Not only the Emperor but other Koreans protested against the Treaty. Jo Byeong-se and Min Yeong-hwan, who were high officials and led resistance against Eulsa treaty, killed themselves as resistance. Local yangbans and commoners joined righteous armies. They were called "Eulsa Euibyeong" (揆ぎ攪ｳ, 荵吝ｷｳ鄒ｩ蜈ｵ) meaning "Righteous army against Eulsa Treaty".

After completing the treaty, Emperor Gojong tried to let the world know the unfairness of the treaty, including sending a special envoy to The Hague. This directly contributed to the forced retirement of King Gojong.

Rescission

Gojong's declaration of rescission

Thereafter, Gojong tried to inform the international community of the injustice of the 2nd Korea-Japan Agreement, but according to the logic of the international situation at the time, Gojong's secrets were not effective. Gojong's declaration of Rescission in the Eulsa Treaty had the following, but it was not recognized internationally:

  • A national document written on January 29, 1906,
  • Personal letter handed to Special Commissioner Hulbert on June 22, 1906,
  • A letter sent to the President of France on June 22, 1906,
  • Gojong's power of attorney given to the Hague Special Envoy Lee Sang-seol on April 20, 1907, etc.

This treaty, later, was confirmed to be "already null and void" by the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea concluded in 1965. [16]

In a joint statement on June 23, 2005, officials of South Korea and North Korea reiterated their stance that the Eulsa treaty is null and void on a claim of coercion by the Japanese.

As of 2010, South Korea was seizing property and other assets from the descendants of people who have been identified as pro-Japanese collaborators ( Chinilpa) at the time of the treaty. [17]

Aftermath

After the treaty, Japanese influence on Korea dramatically increased. All of the diplomatic mission of Korea was disestablished. All of the foreign relation of Korea was administered by a Japanese Resident-General. Itﾅ Hirobumi was appointed as the first Resident-General. [18]

Residence of Resident-General in Jung District, Seoul

See also

References

  1. ^ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, DC, 1921窶1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."
  2. ^ Clare, Israel et al. (1910). Library of universal history and popular science, p. 4732., p. 4732, at Google Books
  3. ^ Pak, Chﾊｻi-yﾅ熟g. (2000). Korea and the United Nations, p. 6, at Google Books; excerpt, "... as a first step towards the final annexation of Korea in 1910, Japan forced the Korean king, Kojong, to accept the protectorate treaty (known as the Ulsa Protectorate Treaty) after Japan had defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904窶1905), following its victory in the Sino-Japanese War (1904窶1995)"; Cordier, Henri et al. (1905). "Traitﾃｩ entre le Japon et la Corﾃｩe," Revue internationale de Sinologie , p. 633, at Google Books
  4. ^ Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan, Vol 4, 1983, p. 289; "Ulsa is the designation in the sexagenary cycle for the year corresponding to 1905"
  5. ^ a b 揆ぎ｡ｰ平 (in Korean). Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia.
  6. ^ McKenzie, F.A. (1920). Korea's Fight for Freedom. Fleming H. Revell Company.
  7. ^ 擽 梭｡罹ｶｯｸ株 ｧ掻 :復ｳ丼 (1998 4對 10攵). 縲壱ｬｴ･揆 服棗 ┷寥 ｳ啄ヤ愍｡懊, 縲危ｧ晧椋攪 ｿ誤ｦｬ･ｼ ｰｾ符懊, ｡ｰ桝坡, 1倹 1, 懍垪: (｣ｼ)梵悛小涵, 97~106ｪｽｪｽ. ISBN  89-87811-05-0
  8. ^ United States. Dept. of State. (1919). Catalogue of treaties: 1814窶1918, p. 273, at Google Books
  9. ^ "Deoksu Jungmyeongjeon". June 23, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  10. ^ Uk Heo, Terence Roehrig (2010). South Korea Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN  9780802091956.
  11. ^ "Independence leader Kim Koo". April 28, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  12. ^ The history of Korea, pp. 461窶62, Homer Hulbert
  13. ^ Sungwook Son (2016), "Qing-Joseon Relations as Viewed from Joseon's Legation in the Qing Dynasty ｼ糠rom 'Hoidonggwan(譛蜷碁､ｨ)' to Korean Legation in Beijing", 徐ｵｭぎ蕗
  14. ^ Carnegie Endowment (1921). Pamphlet 43: Korea, Treaties and Agreements, p. vii, at Google Books
  15. ^ a b Lee Hang-bok. "The King's Letter," English JoongAng Daily. September 22, 2009.
  16. ^ "Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea". "It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void."
  17. ^ Julian Ryall (July 14, 2010). "South Korea targets Japanese collaborators' descendants". telegraph.co.uk.
  18. ^ ぎ｣誤｡ ｳｸ 復ｵｭぎ. "揆ぎ椛平(揆ぎ｡ｰ平, 2ｰｨ 復攵卓平)".

Bibliography

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Japan窶適orea_Treaty_of_1905&oldid=1211643120"

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