Fresh violence broke out around Italy as
Benito Mussolini's crackdown on opposition newspapers continued. Fascists seized or attacked newspaper presses while at least three were killed in rioting.[4] Mussolini met with King
Victor Emmanuel III and requested dictatorial powers to quell the chaos. The king refused, but gave Mussolini tacit permission to act however he considered necessary within at least the appearance of constitutional legality.[5]
Leo Chiozza Money testified before Britain's
Royal Commission that an increase in the world's population had led to the country's food situation becoming as desperate as it was during the
war. "The 10 pence price of bread has doubled in recent years and looking into the future there are good prospects of its doubling again", he stated. Money recommended a "department of supply" be created to remedy the problem.[6]
Benito Mussolini made a pivotal speech in the Italian
Chamber of Deputies. He took personal responsibility for the actions of his
Blackshirts, challenged his political opponents to remove him from office and then promised to take charge of restoring order to Italy within forty-eight hours.[7] Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolini's dictatorship.[8]
Cyril Brownlie was sent off the field for foul play during a rough Test match against England during New Zealand's
1924–25 rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. It was the first time such a severe sanction had ever been applied in an international rugby match. New Zealand won 17-11.[1]
Prefects throughout Italy received orders to control all "suspect" political organizations.[9] Over the next two days, hundreds of private homes were searched, meeting halls were closed, political groups were disbanded and newspapers were seized.[1][10]
The two ministers from the
Liberal Party in Mussolini's cabinet, Gino Sarrocchi and Alessandro Casati, turned in their resignations.[12] They were to be replaced by loyal
Fascists, who were now the only party in Mussolini's Cabinet.[13]
At the Finnish-American A.C. Games held at
Madison Square Garden,[14] Finnish runner
Paavo Nurmi set two new indoor records in front of a standing-room only crowd.[15]
The German cruiser
Emden was launched, the first large warship built in Germany since the end of the
war.
A joint manifesto signed by the leaders of the parties "on the
Aventine" condemned Mussolini's suppression of dissent, writing, "The whole country can bear witness to the fact that the pretext of this policy is a ridiculous lie as no conspiracy is threatening the country and no attempt has been made against the laws." The manifesto suggested that Mussolini resign.[17]
British economist
George Paish said that another war in Europe was inevitable unless Germany's
reparations payments were reduced and the French were to leave the
Rhineland. He also warned that "Germany will not make the mistake she made the last time, in having Russia as an enemy, but will have that nation as a friend. Germany and Russia will be able to overrun Europe and establish a military despotism."[18]
The
Ku Klux Klan was banned from the state of
Kansas when its
Supreme Court ruled that it was a corporation organized for profit and therefore could not operate there without a
charter.[19]
In
Chicago, the
North Side Gang tried to kill
Al Capone, using
Tommy guns to rake his car with bullets as it idled outside a
State Street restaurant. Only Capone's bodyguard was wounded as Capone himself was doing business inside, but the attack prompted him to order Tommy guns for his own men, as well as his famous bulletproof
Cadillac.[20][21]
The Agreement Regarding the Distribution of the Dawes Annuities was signed in Paris among the
Entente Powers, apportioning the distribution of the
Central Powers'
reparations payments, including those of Germany under the
Dawes Plan, among the various countries that were entitled to the payments.[22][23]
Blues artist Huddie Ledbetter, more popularly known as
Lead Belly, was granted a full pardon by Texas governor
Pat Morris Neff, having served the minimum seven years of his prison sentence after killing one of his own relatives in a fight over a woman. Neff had been impressed by a religiously-themed song about forgiveness that Lead Belly had written and performed for him during a visit he made to the prison the previous year.[24]
Italy passed a new electoral bill containing a controversial provision for "plural voting". Double votes were to be given to academians, professors, those with diplomas, knights, military officers, those with any military decorations, officeholders, certain business personnel, all those paying a direct tax of 100 lira or more, and fathers of at least five children. Triple votes were to be given to members of the royal family, members of high nobility, cardinals, highly decorated war veterans, high officeholders, or anyone who met three conditions for double votes. The opposition blasted the provision as disproportionately favouring the wealthy, but
Mussolini contended that it would help to encourage educated and productive Italians.[25][26]
Died:Aleksey Kuropatkin, 76, Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War
Miriam A. Ferguson became the first female governor of
Texas and the second in United States history.
Italy's
Chamber of Deputies repealed the "plural voting" provision in the electoral bill passed the previous day. Mussolini consented to the change upon the advice of labour leaders within his party who feared it would draw too much resentment from the working class.[26]
"The Gentleman Bandit"
Gerald Chapman was apprehended on a street in
Muncie, Indiana. On his person he had $5,000 cash, $3,000 in bonds, $500 worth of jewelry, a pint of
nitroglycerin, burglary tools and part of a sawed-through padlock.[27]
The
League of Nations opened the second session of the Second Opium Conference with the goal of reducing the worldwide trafficking and use of opium.[3]
German Chancellor
Hans Luther and President
Paul Löbe were mercilessly heckled to an unprecedented degree in the
Reichstag as the new Cabinet was introduced and Luther outlined the new government's policies, including support for the
Dawes Plan. Cries such as "traitor", "crook" and "monarchist" rang out from republican benches.[28]
The
Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention was signed, in which Japan and the Soviet Union restored diplomatic relations and reached a number of agreements on matters that had previously been disputed between them, including that of the northern part of
Sakhalin Island, which Japan agreed to withdraw from in exchange for oil and coal concessions.[3]
Chancellor
Hans Luther casually admitted in a speech to the
Reichstag that his Cabinet had discussed changing the form of government, but had decided to remain a constitutional republic. The statement fueled charges from republicans that Luther was preparing to restore the
German monarchy, as his Cabinet included several known monarchists.[29]
The Soviet Union held mass demonstrations culminating in five minutes of silence in observation of the first anniversary of
Vladimir Lenin's death.[30]
Chicago Outfit gangster
Johnny Torrio survived an assassination attempt when
Hymie Weiss and
Bugs Moran jumped him as he and his wife were returning to their apartment from a shopping trip. Torrio was shot multiple times, but Moran's gun clicked empty when he tried to deliver a
coup de grâce to Torrio's head.[32]
The
tomb of Tutankhamun was reopened in Egypt so
Howard Carter could resume his archaeological work.[33] Carter was disappointed to find that the
pall which had covered the
sarcophagus was now ruined because someone in Egypt's antiquities department had carelessly stored it in a wooden shed that did not provide adequate protection from sunlight.[34]
A number of injuries were reported in Berlin as rioting broke out among monarchists, communists and republicans during demonstrations held on the birthday of former ex-kaiser
Wilhelm II.[35]
20 were killed and 20 wounded in
Shanghai when representatives of the
Fengtian Clique met resistance attempting to disarm about 1,000 defeated
Jiangsu troops.[39]
Cave explorer
Floyd Collins was trapped in Sand Cave,
Kentucky, when he dislodged a rock that fell and pinned his leg. Efforts to rescue him over the next eighteen days would become a subject of national media attention.[41]
^"Italian Riots Defy Iron Fist of Mussolini". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 3, 1925. p. 2.
^Sullivan, Brian R. (2014). My Fault: Mussolini as I Knew Him. New York: Enigma Books. p. 113.
ISBN978-1-936274-39-0.
^"Food Situation in Britain Bad as During War". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 3, 1925. p. 3.
^Pugliese, Stanislao G., ed. (2004). Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 69.
ISBN0-7425-3123-6.
^Dell'Orto, Giovanna (2013). American Journalism and International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
ISBN978-1-107-03195-1.
^Bevans, Charles Irving (1969). Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949, Volume 2.
United States Department of State. pp. 504–505.
^Tucker, Kenneth (2012). Eliot Ness and the Untouchables (Second ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 49–50.
ISBN978-0-7864-4996-5.
^Carter, Howard (2010). The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. xviii.
ISBN978-1-108-01815-9.
^Parker, A. Stanley (January 26, 1925). "Sun Destroys 3,000 Yr. Old Pall of Tut". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Rigby, Richard (March 14, 2014). "Sapajou's Shanghai". China Heritage Quarterly. China Heritage Project. {{
cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (
help)
^Powell, John (January 29, 1925). "Shanghai 'Falls' Before Company of Mercenaries". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
^"20 Die, 20 Hurt in Panic During Shanghai Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 30, 1925. p. 5.
^Kamousis, Dimitris (2014). "Incorporating the Ecumenical Patriarchate into Modern Turkey: The Legacy of the 1924 Patriarchal Election". In Lytra, Vally (ed.). When Greeks and Turks Meet: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Relationship Since 1923 (ebook ed.).
Burlington, Vermont:
Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 236.
Fresh violence broke out around Italy as
Benito Mussolini's crackdown on opposition newspapers continued. Fascists seized or attacked newspaper presses while at least three were killed in rioting.[4] Mussolini met with King
Victor Emmanuel III and requested dictatorial powers to quell the chaos. The king refused, but gave Mussolini tacit permission to act however he considered necessary within at least the appearance of constitutional legality.[5]
Leo Chiozza Money testified before Britain's
Royal Commission that an increase in the world's population had led to the country's food situation becoming as desperate as it was during the
war. "The 10 pence price of bread has doubled in recent years and looking into the future there are good prospects of its doubling again", he stated. Money recommended a "department of supply" be created to remedy the problem.[6]
Benito Mussolini made a pivotal speech in the Italian
Chamber of Deputies. He took personal responsibility for the actions of his
Blackshirts, challenged his political opponents to remove him from office and then promised to take charge of restoring order to Italy within forty-eight hours.[7] Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolini's dictatorship.[8]
Cyril Brownlie was sent off the field for foul play during a rough Test match against England during New Zealand's
1924–25 rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. It was the first time such a severe sanction had ever been applied in an international rugby match. New Zealand won 17-11.[1]
Prefects throughout Italy received orders to control all "suspect" political organizations.[9] Over the next two days, hundreds of private homes were searched, meeting halls were closed, political groups were disbanded and newspapers were seized.[1][10]
The two ministers from the
Liberal Party in Mussolini's cabinet, Gino Sarrocchi and Alessandro Casati, turned in their resignations.[12] They were to be replaced by loyal
Fascists, who were now the only party in Mussolini's Cabinet.[13]
At the Finnish-American A.C. Games held at
Madison Square Garden,[14] Finnish runner
Paavo Nurmi set two new indoor records in front of a standing-room only crowd.[15]
The German cruiser
Emden was launched, the first large warship built in Germany since the end of the
war.
A joint manifesto signed by the leaders of the parties "on the
Aventine" condemned Mussolini's suppression of dissent, writing, "The whole country can bear witness to the fact that the pretext of this policy is a ridiculous lie as no conspiracy is threatening the country and no attempt has been made against the laws." The manifesto suggested that Mussolini resign.[17]
British economist
George Paish said that another war in Europe was inevitable unless Germany's
reparations payments were reduced and the French were to leave the
Rhineland. He also warned that "Germany will not make the mistake she made the last time, in having Russia as an enemy, but will have that nation as a friend. Germany and Russia will be able to overrun Europe and establish a military despotism."[18]
The
Ku Klux Klan was banned from the state of
Kansas when its
Supreme Court ruled that it was a corporation organized for profit and therefore could not operate there without a
charter.[19]
In
Chicago, the
North Side Gang tried to kill
Al Capone, using
Tommy guns to rake his car with bullets as it idled outside a
State Street restaurant. Only Capone's bodyguard was wounded as Capone himself was doing business inside, but the attack prompted him to order Tommy guns for his own men, as well as his famous bulletproof
Cadillac.[20][21]
The Agreement Regarding the Distribution of the Dawes Annuities was signed in Paris among the
Entente Powers, apportioning the distribution of the
Central Powers'
reparations payments, including those of Germany under the
Dawes Plan, among the various countries that were entitled to the payments.[22][23]
Blues artist Huddie Ledbetter, more popularly known as
Lead Belly, was granted a full pardon by Texas governor
Pat Morris Neff, having served the minimum seven years of his prison sentence after killing one of his own relatives in a fight over a woman. Neff had been impressed by a religiously-themed song about forgiveness that Lead Belly had written and performed for him during a visit he made to the prison the previous year.[24]
Italy passed a new electoral bill containing a controversial provision for "plural voting". Double votes were to be given to academians, professors, those with diplomas, knights, military officers, those with any military decorations, officeholders, certain business personnel, all those paying a direct tax of 100 lira or more, and fathers of at least five children. Triple votes were to be given to members of the royal family, members of high nobility, cardinals, highly decorated war veterans, high officeholders, or anyone who met three conditions for double votes. The opposition blasted the provision as disproportionately favouring the wealthy, but
Mussolini contended that it would help to encourage educated and productive Italians.[25][26]
Died:Aleksey Kuropatkin, 76, Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War
Miriam A. Ferguson became the first female governor of
Texas and the second in United States history.
Italy's
Chamber of Deputies repealed the "plural voting" provision in the electoral bill passed the previous day. Mussolini consented to the change upon the advice of labour leaders within his party who feared it would draw too much resentment from the working class.[26]
"The Gentleman Bandit"
Gerald Chapman was apprehended on a street in
Muncie, Indiana. On his person he had $5,000 cash, $3,000 in bonds, $500 worth of jewelry, a pint of
nitroglycerin, burglary tools and part of a sawed-through padlock.[27]
The
League of Nations opened the second session of the Second Opium Conference with the goal of reducing the worldwide trafficking and use of opium.[3]
German Chancellor
Hans Luther and President
Paul Löbe were mercilessly heckled to an unprecedented degree in the
Reichstag as the new Cabinet was introduced and Luther outlined the new government's policies, including support for the
Dawes Plan. Cries such as "traitor", "crook" and "monarchist" rang out from republican benches.[28]
The
Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention was signed, in which Japan and the Soviet Union restored diplomatic relations and reached a number of agreements on matters that had previously been disputed between them, including that of the northern part of
Sakhalin Island, which Japan agreed to withdraw from in exchange for oil and coal concessions.[3]
Chancellor
Hans Luther casually admitted in a speech to the
Reichstag that his Cabinet had discussed changing the form of government, but had decided to remain a constitutional republic. The statement fueled charges from republicans that Luther was preparing to restore the
German monarchy, as his Cabinet included several known monarchists.[29]
The Soviet Union held mass demonstrations culminating in five minutes of silence in observation of the first anniversary of
Vladimir Lenin's death.[30]
Chicago Outfit gangster
Johnny Torrio survived an assassination attempt when
Hymie Weiss and
Bugs Moran jumped him as he and his wife were returning to their apartment from a shopping trip. Torrio was shot multiple times, but Moran's gun clicked empty when he tried to deliver a
coup de grâce to Torrio's head.[32]
The
tomb of Tutankhamun was reopened in Egypt so
Howard Carter could resume his archaeological work.[33] Carter was disappointed to find that the
pall which had covered the
sarcophagus was now ruined because someone in Egypt's antiquities department had carelessly stored it in a wooden shed that did not provide adequate protection from sunlight.[34]
A number of injuries were reported in Berlin as rioting broke out among monarchists, communists and republicans during demonstrations held on the birthday of former ex-kaiser
Wilhelm II.[35]
20 were killed and 20 wounded in
Shanghai when representatives of the
Fengtian Clique met resistance attempting to disarm about 1,000 defeated
Jiangsu troops.[39]
Cave explorer
Floyd Collins was trapped in Sand Cave,
Kentucky, when he dislodged a rock that fell and pinned his leg. Efforts to rescue him over the next eighteen days would become a subject of national media attention.[41]
^"Italian Riots Defy Iron Fist of Mussolini". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 3, 1925. p. 2.
^Sullivan, Brian R. (2014). My Fault: Mussolini as I Knew Him. New York: Enigma Books. p. 113.
ISBN978-1-936274-39-0.
^"Food Situation in Britain Bad as During War". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 3, 1925. p. 3.
^Pugliese, Stanislao G., ed. (2004). Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 69.
ISBN0-7425-3123-6.
^Dell'Orto, Giovanna (2013). American Journalism and International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
ISBN978-1-107-03195-1.
^Bevans, Charles Irving (1969). Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949, Volume 2.
United States Department of State. pp. 504–505.
^Tucker, Kenneth (2012). Eliot Ness and the Untouchables (Second ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 49–50.
ISBN978-0-7864-4996-5.
^Carter, Howard (2010). The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. xviii.
ISBN978-1-108-01815-9.
^Parker, A. Stanley (January 26, 1925). "Sun Destroys 3,000 Yr. Old Pall of Tut". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Rigby, Richard (March 14, 2014). "Sapajou's Shanghai". China Heritage Quarterly. China Heritage Project. {{
cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (
help)
^Powell, John (January 29, 1925). "Shanghai 'Falls' Before Company of Mercenaries". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
^"20 Die, 20 Hurt in Panic During Shanghai Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 30, 1925. p. 5.
^Kamousis, Dimitris (2014). "Incorporating the Ecumenical Patriarchate into Modern Turkey: The Legacy of the 1924 Patriarchal Election". In Lytra, Vally (ed.). When Greeks and Turks Meet: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Relationship Since 1923 (ebook ed.).
Burlington, Vermont:
Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 236.