Ijima's leaf warbler | |
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![]() | |
Warbler in Taiwan (April 2021) | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Phylloscopidae |
Genus: | Phylloscopus |
Species: | P. ijimae
|
Binomial name | |
Phylloscopus ijimae (
Stejneger, 1892)
| |
Synonyms | |
Acanthopneuste ijimae (
protonym)
[2] |
Ijima's leaf warbler (Phylloscopus ijimae) (also known as Izu leaf warbler, Ijima's willow warbler or Ijima's warbler) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae. The species is native to Japan, where it has been designated a Natural Monument under the 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, [6] with records also from Taiwan and the Philippines. [1]
Ijima's leaf warbler is a monotypic species first described by Leonhard Stejneger in 1892, based on three specimens collected in the spring of 1887 by Namie Motokichi on Miyake-jima and Nii-jima, in the Izu Islands of Tokyo. [2] Initially given the scientific name Acanthopneuste ijimae by Stejneger, [7] Momiyama Tokutarō followed suit in a 1923 paper on the birds of Izu Ōshima. [8]: 206 In a 1926 paper on a collection of birds from the Ryūkyū Islands, Kuroda Nagamichi treated the warbler instead as a subspecies of the western crowned warbler, as Acanthopneuste occipitalis ijimae, [3]: 85 Yamashina Yoshimaro following suit in 1935. [9]: 431 In 1938, Claud Ticehurst treated the warbler as a " race" of the eastern crowned warbler (Phylloscopus coronatus), [5] [10] as did Allan Robert Phillips in 1947, based on three specimens from the southern part of Okinawa Island, the combination being Phylloscopus coronatus ijimae. [4] In 1953, citing differences in songs and nesting behaviours, Oliver L. Austin and Kuroda Nagahisa elevated the warbler to specific rank, with the binomial Phylloscopus ijimae, [11]: 543 a treatment followed the next year by Charles Vaurie [12]: 22 Kenneth Williamson treated the warbler as a subspecies of the pale-legged leaf warbler, under the combination Phylloscopus tenellipes ijimae; [5] however, due to differences in its vocalizations, nesting preferences, and DNA, [7] the warbler has again been elevated to species rank, as Phylloscopus ijimae. [13] The specific name honours Ijima Isao, for his contributions to Japanese ornithology. [2] [14]
Ijima's leaf warbler is a small passerine with a total length of 11.5 cm (4.5 in) and weight of around 10 g (0.35 oz). [16] The crown and nape are a greenish-grey, upperparts a bright olive green, flanks greyish, and underparts white. [7] It has a long white or buffish-white supercilium, blackish eyestripe, and dark brown iris. [7] The beak is relatively long and "broad-based", the upper mandible dark brown, the lower yellowish, and the legs and feet a pinkish brown. [1] [7]
The warbler is similar in appearance to the eastern crowned warbler (Phylloscopus coronatus), from which it may be distinguished visually by the absence of a central stripe on its crown and by its paler yellow undertail coverts. [7] [15] Its song and calls, which include "swss, swss, swss", "swee-swee-swee-swee-swee", "shwee-it, shweet, shweet, shweet", and a soft "se-chui, se-chui, se-chui" and "phi-phi-phi", [7] also differ from those of the eastern crowned warbler. [17]
Ijima's leaf warbler breeds in the summer in the Izu Islands, from Izu Ōshima to Aogashima, and also on Nakanoshima in the Tokara Islands. [16] [18] In the spring and autumn, there are records of its presence from Honshū ( Shizuoka, Aichi, and Wakayama prefectures), Mizunoko-jima, Tanegashima, Yakushima, and Okinawa Island and the Yaeyama Islands in the Ryūkyūs. [16] [18] Its wintering grounds are poorly understood; a small number may overwinter in the Izu Islands (Miyake-jima and Hachijō-jima [17]) and Ryūkyū Islands, while there are also records from Taiwan and Luzon in the northern Philippines. [15] [18] It inhabits the " lowland deciduous and mixed subtropical evergreen forest" and laurel forest, including the forest edge, stands of alder (Alnus) and bamboo, and shrubland. [15] [18]
Insects form the principal component of its diet — when written in kanji (飯島虫喰), [17] the warbler's Japanese name reads as "Ijima's insect-eater" — which also includes seeds. [18] For these it forages, singly or in small groups (sometimes including other species, in particular long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus)), on lower branches, in the forest canopy, and on the ground, and it may also take prey in mid-air. [18] [19]
The breeding season is from April to June or July. [16] [18] Nests are built some 0.5–2 m (1 ft 8 in – 6 ft 7 in) from the ground, [7] on broad-leaved trees and in bamboo (this nesting behaviour differs from that of the eastern crowned warbler, which nests on the ground and in earthen banks). [18] The clutch size ranges from two to four eggs, with three or four the most common. [18]
The declining population, thought to total fewer than 10,000 individuals, [1] is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. [7] [15] In addition, the availability of prey may be impacted by the use of pesticides. [18] The species was badly affected by the eruption of Miyake-jima in 2000. [18]
With an estimated 3% of the global population, Phylloscopus ijimae ( Chinese: 飯島柳鶯) is included on the 2016 Red List of Birds of Taiwan with the status "vulnerable". [20]: 38 (The species is also included on the 2016 Red List of China's Vertebrates (with the vernacular name 日本冕柳莺), with the status "near threatened". [21]: 523 ) In the Philippines, the species is included on the National List of Threatened Fauna, as a migrant bird on Luzon, with the status "vulnerable". [22] On the 2020 Japanese Ministry of the Environment Red List, Phylloscopus ijimae ( Japanese: イイジマムシクイ) has the status "vulnerable", [23] as it had done also on the 1998 and 2007 editions. [16]
Ijima's leaf warbler | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Warbler in Taiwan (April 2021) | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Phylloscopidae |
Genus: | Phylloscopus |
Species: | P. ijimae
|
Binomial name | |
Phylloscopus ijimae (
Stejneger, 1892)
| |
Synonyms | |
Acanthopneuste ijimae (
protonym)
[2] |
Ijima's leaf warbler (Phylloscopus ijimae) (also known as Izu leaf warbler, Ijima's willow warbler or Ijima's warbler) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae. The species is native to Japan, where it has been designated a Natural Monument under the 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, [6] with records also from Taiwan and the Philippines. [1]
Ijima's leaf warbler is a monotypic species first described by Leonhard Stejneger in 1892, based on three specimens collected in the spring of 1887 by Namie Motokichi on Miyake-jima and Nii-jima, in the Izu Islands of Tokyo. [2] Initially given the scientific name Acanthopneuste ijimae by Stejneger, [7] Momiyama Tokutarō followed suit in a 1923 paper on the birds of Izu Ōshima. [8]: 206 In a 1926 paper on a collection of birds from the Ryūkyū Islands, Kuroda Nagamichi treated the warbler instead as a subspecies of the western crowned warbler, as Acanthopneuste occipitalis ijimae, [3]: 85 Yamashina Yoshimaro following suit in 1935. [9]: 431 In 1938, Claud Ticehurst treated the warbler as a " race" of the eastern crowned warbler (Phylloscopus coronatus), [5] [10] as did Allan Robert Phillips in 1947, based on three specimens from the southern part of Okinawa Island, the combination being Phylloscopus coronatus ijimae. [4] In 1953, citing differences in songs and nesting behaviours, Oliver L. Austin and Kuroda Nagahisa elevated the warbler to specific rank, with the binomial Phylloscopus ijimae, [11]: 543 a treatment followed the next year by Charles Vaurie [12]: 22 Kenneth Williamson treated the warbler as a subspecies of the pale-legged leaf warbler, under the combination Phylloscopus tenellipes ijimae; [5] however, due to differences in its vocalizations, nesting preferences, and DNA, [7] the warbler has again been elevated to species rank, as Phylloscopus ijimae. [13] The specific name honours Ijima Isao, for his contributions to Japanese ornithology. [2] [14]
Ijima's leaf warbler is a small passerine with a total length of 11.5 cm (4.5 in) and weight of around 10 g (0.35 oz). [16] The crown and nape are a greenish-grey, upperparts a bright olive green, flanks greyish, and underparts white. [7] It has a long white or buffish-white supercilium, blackish eyestripe, and dark brown iris. [7] The beak is relatively long and "broad-based", the upper mandible dark brown, the lower yellowish, and the legs and feet a pinkish brown. [1] [7]
The warbler is similar in appearance to the eastern crowned warbler (Phylloscopus coronatus), from which it may be distinguished visually by the absence of a central stripe on its crown and by its paler yellow undertail coverts. [7] [15] Its song and calls, which include "swss, swss, swss", "swee-swee-swee-swee-swee", "shwee-it, shweet, shweet, shweet", and a soft "se-chui, se-chui, se-chui" and "phi-phi-phi", [7] also differ from those of the eastern crowned warbler. [17]
Ijima's leaf warbler breeds in the summer in the Izu Islands, from Izu Ōshima to Aogashima, and also on Nakanoshima in the Tokara Islands. [16] [18] In the spring and autumn, there are records of its presence from Honshū ( Shizuoka, Aichi, and Wakayama prefectures), Mizunoko-jima, Tanegashima, Yakushima, and Okinawa Island and the Yaeyama Islands in the Ryūkyūs. [16] [18] Its wintering grounds are poorly understood; a small number may overwinter in the Izu Islands (Miyake-jima and Hachijō-jima [17]) and Ryūkyū Islands, while there are also records from Taiwan and Luzon in the northern Philippines. [15] [18] It inhabits the " lowland deciduous and mixed subtropical evergreen forest" and laurel forest, including the forest edge, stands of alder (Alnus) and bamboo, and shrubland. [15] [18]
Insects form the principal component of its diet — when written in kanji (飯島虫喰), [17] the warbler's Japanese name reads as "Ijima's insect-eater" — which also includes seeds. [18] For these it forages, singly or in small groups (sometimes including other species, in particular long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus)), on lower branches, in the forest canopy, and on the ground, and it may also take prey in mid-air. [18] [19]
The breeding season is from April to June or July. [16] [18] Nests are built some 0.5–2 m (1 ft 8 in – 6 ft 7 in) from the ground, [7] on broad-leaved trees and in bamboo (this nesting behaviour differs from that of the eastern crowned warbler, which nests on the ground and in earthen banks). [18] The clutch size ranges from two to four eggs, with three or four the most common. [18]
The declining population, thought to total fewer than 10,000 individuals, [1] is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. [7] [15] In addition, the availability of prey may be impacted by the use of pesticides. [18] The species was badly affected by the eruption of Miyake-jima in 2000. [18]
With an estimated 3% of the global population, Phylloscopus ijimae ( Chinese: 飯島柳鶯) is included on the 2016 Red List of Birds of Taiwan with the status "vulnerable". [20]: 38 (The species is also included on the 2016 Red List of China's Vertebrates (with the vernacular name 日本冕柳莺), with the status "near threatened". [21]: 523 ) In the Philippines, the species is included on the National List of Threatened Fauna, as a migrant bird on Luzon, with the status "vulnerable". [22] On the 2020 Japanese Ministry of the Environment Red List, Phylloscopus ijimae ( Japanese: イイジマムシクイ) has the status "vulnerable", [23] as it had done also on the 1998 and 2007 editions. [16]