| Anamirta cocculus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Indian berry (Anamirta cocculus) | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Menispermaceae |
| Genus: | Anamirta |
| Species: | A. cocculus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Anamirta cocculus | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Anamirta cocculus ( Marathi: काकमारी) is a Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous compound with stimulant properties.
The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10 cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 and 10 millimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry". [2]
Chemical substances
_fruits_closeup_ruled.JPG)
The stem and the roots contain quaternary alkaloids, such as berberine, palmatine, magnoflorine and columbamine. [3] The seeds deliver picrotoxin, a sesquiterpene, while the seed shells contain the tertiary alkaloids menispermine and paramenispermine. [3] [4]
Uses
Its crushed seeds are an effective pediculicide (anti- lice) and are also traditionally used to stun fish or as a pesticide. [2] [5] In pharmacology, it is known as Cocculus Indicus.
Although poisonous, hard multum is a preparation made from Cocculus Indicus, etc., once used (by 19th century brewers) [6] to impart a more intoxicating quality ("giddiness") to beer than provided by the alcoholic content alone. [7] [8] Charles Dickens referred to those engaging in such practices as "brewers and beer-sellers of low degree,... who do not understand the wholesome policy of selling wholesome beverage." [9] Although appearing in many homeopathic volumes and at least two brewers' guides, the use of such preparations was outlawed in England, during the mid-19th century, with fines of £500 for sale and £200 for use of the drug. [8]
The wood of the plant is used for fuel and carving. [2]
Common names
The English common names are Indian berry, [6] fishberry, or Levant nut [10] (both referring to the dried fruit, and to the plant by synecdoche) and coca de Levante in Spanish; it is variously known as ligtang, aria ( Mindanao), bayati ( Tagalog), and variations thereof throughout its natural distribution (the Philippines, East India, Malaysia, and New Guinea).
The name "fishberry" comes from the use of the dried fruit as a method of fishing, in which the fish is "stupified and captured"; this method, however, is considered "unsportsmanlike". [11]
References
- ^ "Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Wilma C. Dichoso, ed. (May–August 2000). "Research Information Series On Ecosystems - Volume 12 No.2" (PDF). Useful Plant Species with Toxic Substance. DENR. Retrieved June 9, 2012.[ permanent dead link]
- ^ a b R.Verpoorte; et al. (March 1981). "Studies on Indonesian Medicinal Plants V. The Alkaloids of Anamirta cocculus". Journal of Natural Products. 44 (2): 221–224. doi: 10.1021/np50014a013.
- ^ Alfred H. Allen (1896). "Bitters of Cocculus Indicus". Commercial Organic Analysis - Vol.III Part III (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: P.Blakiston, Son & Co. p. 167. OCLC 64367571. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ James A. Duke (September 26, 1995). "Ethnobotanical uses". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. USDA. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ a b E. Harris Ruddock (1874). Text Book of Modern Medicine and Surgery on Homœopathic Principles. London: Homœopathic Publishing Company. p. 833. OCLC 14853471. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Co. 1913. p. 953. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Henry Morley, LL.D. (1891). "Appendix (1841-1848): Management of the Food". Early Papers and Some Memories. London: Geo. Routledge & Sons, LTD. p. 373. OCLC 10078708. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ Charles Dickens (1852). "Constitutional Trials". Household Words - Volume XIV. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz Jun. p. 299. OCLC 634265325. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ "Anamirta cocculus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ Lucius E. Sayre; B.S. (1907). "MENISPERMACEÆ - Moonseed Family: 25. Cocculus.". A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: P.Blakinston's Son & Co. p. 100. OCLC 5302717. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
| Anamirta cocculus | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Indian berry (Anamirta cocculus) | |
|
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Menispermaceae |
| Genus: | Anamirta |
| Species: | A. cocculus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Anamirta cocculus | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Anamirta cocculus ( Marathi: काकमारी) is a Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous compound with stimulant properties.
The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10 cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 and 10 millimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry". [2]
Chemical substances
The stem and the roots contain quaternary alkaloids, such as berberine, palmatine, magnoflorine and columbamine. [3] The seeds deliver picrotoxin, a sesquiterpene, while the seed shells contain the tertiary alkaloids menispermine and paramenispermine. [3] [4]
Uses
Its crushed seeds are an effective pediculicide (anti- lice) and are also traditionally used to stun fish or as a pesticide. [2] [5] In pharmacology, it is known as Cocculus Indicus.
Although poisonous, hard multum is a preparation made from Cocculus Indicus, etc., once used (by 19th century brewers) [6] to impart a more intoxicating quality ("giddiness") to beer than provided by the alcoholic content alone. [7] [8] Charles Dickens referred to those engaging in such practices as "brewers and beer-sellers of low degree,... who do not understand the wholesome policy of selling wholesome beverage." [9] Although appearing in many homeopathic volumes and at least two brewers' guides, the use of such preparations was outlawed in England, during the mid-19th century, with fines of £500 for sale and £200 for use of the drug. [8]
The wood of the plant is used for fuel and carving. [2]
Common names
The English common names are Indian berry, [6] fishberry, or Levant nut [10] (both referring to the dried fruit, and to the plant by synecdoche) and coca de Levante in Spanish; it is variously known as ligtang, aria ( Mindanao), bayati ( Tagalog), and variations thereof throughout its natural distribution (the Philippines, East India, Malaysia, and New Guinea).
The name "fishberry" comes from the use of the dried fruit as a method of fishing, in which the fish is "stupified and captured"; this method, however, is considered "unsportsmanlike". [11]
References
- ^ "Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Wilma C. Dichoso, ed. (May–August 2000). "Research Information Series On Ecosystems - Volume 12 No.2" (PDF). Useful Plant Species with Toxic Substance. DENR. Retrieved June 9, 2012.[ permanent dead link]
- ^ a b R.Verpoorte; et al. (March 1981). "Studies on Indonesian Medicinal Plants V. The Alkaloids of Anamirta cocculus". Journal of Natural Products. 44 (2): 221–224. doi: 10.1021/np50014a013.
- ^ Alfred H. Allen (1896). "Bitters of Cocculus Indicus". Commercial Organic Analysis - Vol.III Part III (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: P.Blakiston, Son & Co. p. 167. OCLC 64367571. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ James A. Duke (September 26, 1995). "Ethnobotanical uses". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. USDA. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ a b E. Harris Ruddock (1874). Text Book of Modern Medicine and Surgery on Homœopathic Principles. London: Homœopathic Publishing Company. p. 833. OCLC 14853471. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Co. 1913. p. 953. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Henry Morley, LL.D. (1891). "Appendix (1841-1848): Management of the Food". Early Papers and Some Memories. London: Geo. Routledge & Sons, LTD. p. 373. OCLC 10078708. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ Charles Dickens (1852). "Constitutional Trials". Household Words - Volume XIV. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz Jun. p. 299. OCLC 634265325. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ "Anamirta cocculus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ Lucius E. Sayre; B.S. (1907). "MENISPERMACEÆ - Moonseed Family: 25. Cocculus.". A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: P.Blakinston's Son & Co. p. 100. OCLC 5302717. Retrieved June 9, 2012.