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palmatine
Names
IUPAC name
2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-5,6-dihydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7-ium
Other names
Berbericinine
Identifiers
3D model ( JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1/C21H25NO4/c1-23-18-6-5-13-9-17-15-11-20(25-3)19(24-2)10-14(15)7-8-22(17)12-16(13)21(18)26-4/h5-6,10-11,17H,7-9,12H2,1-4H3
    Key: AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYAT
  • O(c1c4c(ccc1OC)CC3c2c(cc(OC)c(OC)c2)CCN3C4)C
Properties
C21H22NO4+
Molar mass 352.4083 g/mol
Density 1.23 g/cm3
Boiling point 482.9 °C (901.2 °F; 756.0 K) at 760 mmHg
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including Phellodendron amurense, Coptis Chinensis [1] (Rhizoma coptidis, chinese goldthread) and Corydalis yanhusuo, [2] Tinospora cordifolia [3] (gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed), Tinospora sagittata, [4] Phellodendron amurense [5] (amur cork tree), Stephania yunnanensis. [6]

It is the major component of the protoberberine extract from Enantia chlorantha. [7]

It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, hypertension, inflammation, and liver-related diseases. [8] This compound also has weak in vitro activity against flavivirus. [9]

Pharmacology

Neuroprotective activity

Palmatine can be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, mainly by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and neuraminidase-1 (NA-1). It was found, that the positively charged nitrogen on palmatine binds in the gorge of active sire of AChE. [10]

Research show that palmatine had antidepressant effect. It was achieved by regulating brain catalase levels, monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, lipid peroxidation, plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels. [11]

Regulating blood lipid activity

Palmatine achieved hypoglycemic effects by inducing insulin release and insulin-mimicking activity. [12] [13] In addition, studies found that palmatine also inhibited the activity of lens aldose reductase, [14] sucrase and maltase. [15] In vivo research showed that palmatine reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. [16]

Anticancer activity

Research showed that palmatine had broad anti-cancer activity. Palmatine had significant growth inhibitory effects on seven human cancer cell lines: 7701QGY, SMMC7721, HepG2, CEM, CEM/VCR, K III and Lewis. [17] In addition, palmatine also had anti-cancer activity on MCF-7, U251, KB, [18] CHOK-1, HT-29 and SiHacell lines. [19] Palmatine induced apoptosis in human skin epithelial carcinoma cells (A431) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via damaging severely to DNA and inhibiting the activity of Bcl-2 protein. [20] [21] [22] In addition, palmatine can inhibit the proliferation and infiltration of cancer cells.

Antibacterial and antiviral activity

Palmitine has inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria which is significantly stronger than that on Gram-negative bacteria, [23] and 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited stronger antibacterial activity. [24] [25]

Anti-inflammatory activity

Studies have shown that palmatine can decrease the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increase the production of anti-inflammatory factors. [26]

Other pharmacological activity

Studies have shown that palmatine chave antioxidant activity, [27] [28] had a protective effect on gastric ulcer, [29] derivatives of palmatine were more effective against ulcerative colitis, including low cytotoxicity to intestinal epithelial cells. [30] In addition, palmatine might have the antiarrhythmic effect, [31] and provideprotection from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. [32]

Toxicity

A large number of studies have shown that palmatine has a complex effect on the metabolism of enzymes in the liver, and that palmatine has significant DNA toxicity. [33] However, some 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited less toxic than palmatine. [34] In addition, palmatine had higher affinity to nucleic acids than serum proteins, which make them suitable candidates for delivery by serum proteins. [35]

See also

References

  1. ^ Yang, Seong Baek; Kim, Eun Hee; Kim, Seung Hee; Kim, Young Hun; Oh, Weontae; Lee, Jin-Tae; Jang, Young-Ah; Sabina, Yeasmin; Ji, Byung Chul; Yeum, Jeong Hyun (2018-09-17). "Electrospinning Fabrication of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Coptis chinensis Extract Nanofibers for Antimicrobial Exploits". Nanomaterials. 8 (9): 734. doi: 10.3390/nano8090734. ISSN  2079-4991. PMC  6164458. PMID  30227671.
  2. ^ Zhang, Qian; Chen, Cen; Wang, Feng-Qin; Li, Chun-Hong; Zhang, Qi-Hui; Hu, Yuan-Jia; Xia, Zhi-Ning; Yang, Feng-Qing (2016-12-01). "Simultaneous screening and analysis of antiplatelet aggregation active alkaloids from Rhizoma Corydalis". Pharmaceutical Biology. 54 (12): 3113–3120. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1211714. ISSN  1388-0209. PMID  27558975.
  3. ^ Kumar, Peeyush; Srivastava, Vartika; Chaturvedi, Rakhi; Sundar, Durai; Bisaria, V. S. (2017-08-01). "Elicitor enhanced production of protoberberine alkaloids from in vitro cell suspension cultures of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 130 (2): 417–426. doi: 10.1007/s11240-017-1237-0. ISSN  1573-5044. S2CID  41951538.
  4. ^ Rong, Qian; Xu, Min; Dong, Qi; Zhang, Yuli; Li, Yinglun; Ye, Gang; Zhao, Ling (2016-08-30). "In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. var. craveniana (S.Y.Hu) Lo and its main effective component, palmatine, against porcine Helicobacter pylori". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16 (1): 331. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1310-y. ISSN  1472-6882. PMC  5006617. PMID  27576439.
  5. ^ Sun, Minglong; Xu, Lijiao; Peng, Yingli; Liu, Tong; Zhang, Yuhong; Zhou, Zhiqiang (2016-04-01). "Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China". Journal of Forestry Research. 27 (2): 265–272. doi: 10.1007/s11676-015-0200-3. ISSN  1993-0607. S2CID  15369649.
  6. ^ Xin, Aiyi; Zhang, Yaming; Zhang, Yanxia; Di, Duolong; Liu, Junxi (October 2018). "Development of an HPLC-DAD method for the determination of five alkaloids in Stephania yunnanensis Lo and in rat plasma after oral dose of Stephania yunnanensis Lo extracts". Biomedical Chromatography. 32 (10): e4292. doi: 10.1002/bmc.4292. ISSN  1099-0801. PMID  29782649. S2CID  29167917.
  7. ^ Virtanen P., Njimi T., Ekotto Mengata D.: Clinical trials of hepatitis cure with protoberberine alkaloids of Enantia Chlorantha (abstract) Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol.36: A123, 1989b
  8. ^ Bhadra K, Kumar GS (January 2010). "Therapeutic potential of nucleic acid-binding isoquinoline alkaloids: Binding aspects and implications for drug design". Medicinal Research Reviews. 31 (6): 821–862. doi: 10.1002/med.20202. PMID  20077560. S2CID  206250975.
  9. ^ Jia F., Zou G., Fan J., Yuan Z."Identification of palmatine as an inhibitor of West Nile virus" Archives of Virology 2010 155:8 (1325-1329)
  10. ^ Mukherjee, Pulok K.; Kumar, Venkatesan; Mal, Mainak; Houghton, Peter J. (2007-04-10). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants". Phytomedicine. 14 (4): 289–300. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.02.002. ISSN  0944-7113. PMID  17346955.
  11. ^ Dhingra, Dinesh; Bhankher, Arun (2014-02-01). "Behavioral and biochemical evidences for antidepressant-like activity of palmatine in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress". Pharmacological Reports. 66 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.06.001. ISSN  1734-1140. PMID  24905299. S2CID  14391622.
  12. ^ Patel, Mayurkumar B.; Mishra, Shrihari (September 2011). "Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia". Phytomedicine. 18 (12): 1045–1052. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.006. ISSN  0944-7113. PMID  21665451.
  13. ^ Ma, Bingxin; Tong, Jing; Zhou, Gao; Mo, Qigui; He, Jingsheng; Wang, Youwei (March 2016). "Coptis chinensis inflorescence ameliorates hyperglycaemia in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice". Journal of Functional Foods. 21: 455–462. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.021. ISSN  1756-4646.
  14. ^ Patel, Mayurkumar B.; Mishra, Shrihari (2012-02-01). "Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Tinospora cordifolia Inhibit Rat Lens Aldose Reductase". Phytotherapy Research. 26 (9): 1342–1347. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3721. ISSN  0951-418X. PMID  22294283. S2CID  34663821.
  15. ^ Patel, Mayurkumar B.; Mishra, Shrihari M. (January 2012). "Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits α-glucosidase and is antiglycemic in rats". Journal of Functional Foods. 4 (1): 79–86. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.08.002. ISSN  1756-4646.
  16. ^ Ma, Hang; Hu, Yinran; Zou, Zongyao; Feng, Min; Ye, Xiaoli; Li, Xuegang (2016-04-04). "Antihyperglycemia and Antihyperlipidemia Effect of Protoberberine Alkaloids From Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 Cell and Diabetic KK-Ay Mice". Drug Development Research. 77 (4): 163–170. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21302. ISSN  0272-4391. PMID  27045983. S2CID  31823923.
  17. ^ Zhang, Lei; Li, Jingjing; Ma, Fei; Yao, Shining; Li, Naisan; Wang, Jing; Wang, Yongbin; Wang, Xiuzhen; Yao, Qizheng (2012-09-25). "Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of 13-n-Alkyl Berberine and Palmatine Analogues as Anticancer Agents". Molecules. 17 (10): 11294–11302. doi: 10.3390/molecules171011294. ISSN  1420-3049. PMC  6268624. PMID  23011273.
  18. ^ Costa, Emmanoel Vilaça; Cruz, Pedro Ernesto O. da; Pinheiro, Maria Lúcia B.; Marques, Francisco A.; Ruiz, Ana Lúcia T. G.; Marchetti, Gabriela M.; Carvalho, João Ernesto de; Barison, Andersson; Maia, Beatriz Helena L. N. S. (2013). "Aporphine and Tetrahydroprotoberberine Alkaloids from the Leaves ofGuatteria friesiana(Annonaceae) and their Cytotoxic Activities". Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. doi: 10.5935/0103-5053.20130103. ISSN  0103-5053.
  19. ^ Bala, Manju; Pratap, Kunal; Verma, Praveen Kumar; Singh, Bikram; Padwad, Yogendra (December 2015). "Validation of ethnomedicinal potential of Tinospora cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and quantification of bioactive molecules by HPTLC". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 175: 131–137. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.001. ISSN  0378-8741. PMID  26253577.
  20. ^ Ali, Daoud; Ali, Huma (2014-07-03). "Assessment of DNA damage and cytotoxicity of palmatine on human skin epithelial carcinoma cells". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 96 (6): 941–950. doi: 10.1080/02772248.2014.987510. ISSN  0277-2248. S2CID  84213943.
  21. ^ Wu, Juan; Xiao, Qicai; Zhang, Na; Xue, Changhu; Leung, Albert Wingnang; Zhang, Hongwei; Tang, Qing-Juan; Xu, Chuanshan (September 2016). "Palmatine hydrochloride mediated photodynamic inactivation of breast cancer MCF-7 cells: Effectiveness and mechanism of action". Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 15: 133–138. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.07.006. ISSN  1572-1000. PMID  27444887.
  22. ^ He, Qiyuan; Zhang, Hua (2020). "Towards the Scalable vdW Heterostructure Array". Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica: 2003075–0. doi: 10.3866/pku.whxb202003075. ISSN  1000-6818.
  23. ^ Deng, Yecheng; Zhang, Ming; Luo, Haiyu (May 2012). "Identification and antimicrobial activity of two alkaloids from traditional Chinese medicinal plant Tinospora capillipes". Industrial Crops and Products. 37 (1): 298–302. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.006. ISSN  0926-6690.
  24. ^ Li, ZC; Kong, XB; Mai, WP; Sun, GC; Zhao, SZ (2015). "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 9-o-substituted palmatine derivatives". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 77 (2): 196–201. doi: 10.4103/0250-474x.156588. ISSN  0250-474X. PMC  4442469. PMID  26009653.
  25. ^ Song, Li; Zhang, Hai-Jing; Deng, An-Jun; Li, Jia; Li, Xiang; Li, Zhi-Hong; Zhang, Zhi-Hui; Wu, Lian-Qiu; Wang, Sheng-Qi; Qin, Hai-Lin (May 2018). "Syntheses and structure-activity relationships on antibacterial and anti-ulcerative colitis properties of quaternary 13-substituted palmatines and 8-oxo-13-substituted dihydropalmatines". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 26 (9): 2586–2598. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.025. ISSN  0968-0896. PMID  29680749.
  26. ^ Yan, Baoqi; Wang, Dongsheng; Dong, Shuwei; Cheng, Zhangrui; Na, Lidong; Sang, Mengqi; Yang, Hongzao; Yang, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Shidong; Yan, Zuoting (April 2017). "Palmatine inhibits TRIF-dependent NF-κB pathway against inflammation induced by LPS in goat endometrial epithelial cells". International Immunopharmacology. 45: 194–200. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.02.004. ISSN  1567-5769. PMID  28236763. S2CID  29087348.
  27. ^ Ma, Bingxin; Zhu, Ling; Zang, Xiaoyan; Chen, Yuxin; Li, Dong; Wang, Youwei (October 2013). "Coptis chinensis inflorescence and its main alkaloids protect against ultraviolet-B-induced oxidative damage". Journal of Functional Foods. 5 (4): 1665–1672. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.010. ISSN  1756-4646.
  28. ^ Shia, Chi-Sheng; Hou, Yu-Chi; Juang, Shin-Hun; Tsai, Shang-Yuan; Hsieh, Pei-Hsun; Ho, Lu-Ching; Chao, Pei-Dawn Lee (2011). "Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang, a Polyphenol-Rich Chinese Medicine Formula, in Rats andEx-VivoAntioxidant Activity". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011: 721293. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep124. ISSN  1741-427X. PMC  3137274. PMID  19737807.
  29. ^ Wang, Wei-Min; Nwabueze, OkechukwuPatrick; Yang, Hui; Zhai, Hong-Bin (2018). "High-performance liquid chromatography identification of gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of purified fractions A-E from the stem of Coscinium fenestratum". Pharmacognosy Magazine. 14 (55): 78. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_267_17. ISSN  0973-1296. S2CID  103671390.
  30. ^ Song, Li; Zhang, Hai-Jing; Deng, An-Jun; Li, Jia; Li, Xiang; Li, Zhi-Hong; Zhang, Zhi-Hui; Wu, Lian-Qiu; Wang, Sheng-Qi; Qin, Hai-Lin (May 2018). "Syntheses and structure-activity relationships on antibacterial and anti-ulcerative colitis properties of quaternary 13-substituted palmatines and 8-oxo-13-substituted dihydropalmatines". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 26 (9): 2586–2598. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.025. ISSN  0968-0896. PMID  29680749.
  31. ^ Guo, Rui; Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Su, Jin; Xu, Haiyu; Zhang, Yanqiong; Zhang, Fangbo; Li, Defeng; Zhang, Yi; Xiao, Xuefeng; Ma, Shuangcheng; Yang, Hongjun (May 2018). "Identifying potential quality markers of Xin-Su-Ning capsules acting on arrhythmia by integrating UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap, ADME prediction and network target analysis". Phytomedicine. 44: 117–128. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.019. ISSN  0944-7113. PMID  29526583.
  32. ^ Tan, Hui-Li; Chan, Kok-Gan; Pusparajah, Priyia; Duangjai, Acharaporn; Saokaew, Surasak; Mehmood Khan, Tahir; Lee, Learn-Han; Goh, Bey-Hing (2016-10-07). "Rhizoma Coptidis: A Potential Cardiovascular Protective Agent". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 7: 362. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00362. ISSN  1663-9812. PMC  5054023. PMID  27774066.
  33. ^ Ali, Daoud; Ali, Huma (2014-07-03). "Assessment of DNA damage and cytotoxicity of palmatine on human skin epithelial carcinoma cells". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 96 (6): 941–950. doi: 10.1080/02772248.2014.987510. ISSN  0277-2248. S2CID  84213943.
  34. ^ Li, ZC; Kong, XB; Mai, WP; Sun, GC; Zhao, SZ (2015). "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 9-o-substituted palmatine derivatives". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 77 (2): 196–201. doi: 10.4103/0250-474x.156588. ISSN  0250-474X. PMC  4442469. PMID  26009653.
  35. ^ Khan, Asma Yasmeen; Suresh Kumar, Gopinatha (2015-12-01). "Natural isoquinoline alkaloids: binding aspects to functional proteins, serum albumins, hemoglobin, and lysozyme". Biophysical Reviews. 7 (4): 407–420. doi: 10.1007/s12551-015-0183-5. ISSN  1867-2469. PMC  5418488. PMID  28510102.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Palmatine&oldid=1207482295"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
palmatine
Names
IUPAC name
2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-5,6-dihydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7-ium
Other names
Berbericinine
Identifiers
3D model ( JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1/C21H25NO4/c1-23-18-6-5-13-9-17-15-11-20(25-3)19(24-2)10-14(15)7-8-22(17)12-16(13)21(18)26-4/h5-6,10-11,17H,7-9,12H2,1-4H3
    Key: AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYAT
  • O(c1c4c(ccc1OC)CC3c2c(cc(OC)c(OC)c2)CCN3C4)C
Properties
C21H22NO4+
Molar mass 352.4083 g/mol
Density 1.23 g/cm3
Boiling point 482.9 °C (901.2 °F; 756.0 K) at 760 mmHg
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including Phellodendron amurense, Coptis Chinensis [1] (Rhizoma coptidis, chinese goldthread) and Corydalis yanhusuo, [2] Tinospora cordifolia [3] (gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed), Tinospora sagittata, [4] Phellodendron amurense [5] (amur cork tree), Stephania yunnanensis. [6]

It is the major component of the protoberberine extract from Enantia chlorantha. [7]

It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, hypertension, inflammation, and liver-related diseases. [8] This compound also has weak in vitro activity against flavivirus. [9]

Pharmacology

Neuroprotective activity

Palmatine can be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, mainly by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and neuraminidase-1 (NA-1). It was found, that the positively charged nitrogen on palmatine binds in the gorge of active sire of AChE. [10]

Research show that palmatine had antidepressant effect. It was achieved by regulating brain catalase levels, monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, lipid peroxidation, plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels. [11]

Regulating blood lipid activity

Palmatine achieved hypoglycemic effects by inducing insulin release and insulin-mimicking activity. [12] [13] In addition, studies found that palmatine also inhibited the activity of lens aldose reductase, [14] sucrase and maltase. [15] In vivo research showed that palmatine reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. [16]

Anticancer activity

Research showed that palmatine had broad anti-cancer activity. Palmatine had significant growth inhibitory effects on seven human cancer cell lines: 7701QGY, SMMC7721, HepG2, CEM, CEM/VCR, K III and Lewis. [17] In addition, palmatine also had anti-cancer activity on MCF-7, U251, KB, [18] CHOK-1, HT-29 and SiHacell lines. [19] Palmatine induced apoptosis in human skin epithelial carcinoma cells (A431) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via damaging severely to DNA and inhibiting the activity of Bcl-2 protein. [20] [21] [22] In addition, palmatine can inhibit the proliferation and infiltration of cancer cells.

Antibacterial and antiviral activity

Palmitine has inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria which is significantly stronger than that on Gram-negative bacteria, [23] and 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited stronger antibacterial activity. [24] [25]

Anti-inflammatory activity

Studies have shown that palmatine can decrease the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increase the production of anti-inflammatory factors. [26]

Other pharmacological activity

Studies have shown that palmatine chave antioxidant activity, [27] [28] had a protective effect on gastric ulcer, [29] derivatives of palmatine were more effective against ulcerative colitis, including low cytotoxicity to intestinal epithelial cells. [30] In addition, palmatine might have the antiarrhythmic effect, [31] and provideprotection from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. [32]

Toxicity

A large number of studies have shown that palmatine has a complex effect on the metabolism of enzymes in the liver, and that palmatine has significant DNA toxicity. [33] However, some 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited less toxic than palmatine. [34] In addition, palmatine had higher affinity to nucleic acids than serum proteins, which make them suitable candidates for delivery by serum proteins. [35]

See also

References

  1. ^ Yang, Seong Baek; Kim, Eun Hee; Kim, Seung Hee; Kim, Young Hun; Oh, Weontae; Lee, Jin-Tae; Jang, Young-Ah; Sabina, Yeasmin; Ji, Byung Chul; Yeum, Jeong Hyun (2018-09-17). "Electrospinning Fabrication of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Coptis chinensis Extract Nanofibers for Antimicrobial Exploits". Nanomaterials. 8 (9): 734. doi: 10.3390/nano8090734. ISSN  2079-4991. PMC  6164458. PMID  30227671.
  2. ^ Zhang, Qian; Chen, Cen; Wang, Feng-Qin; Li, Chun-Hong; Zhang, Qi-Hui; Hu, Yuan-Jia; Xia, Zhi-Ning; Yang, Feng-Qing (2016-12-01). "Simultaneous screening and analysis of antiplatelet aggregation active alkaloids from Rhizoma Corydalis". Pharmaceutical Biology. 54 (12): 3113–3120. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1211714. ISSN  1388-0209. PMID  27558975.
  3. ^ Kumar, Peeyush; Srivastava, Vartika; Chaturvedi, Rakhi; Sundar, Durai; Bisaria, V. S. (2017-08-01). "Elicitor enhanced production of protoberberine alkaloids from in vitro cell suspension cultures of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 130 (2): 417–426. doi: 10.1007/s11240-017-1237-0. ISSN  1573-5044. S2CID  41951538.
  4. ^ Rong, Qian; Xu, Min; Dong, Qi; Zhang, Yuli; Li, Yinglun; Ye, Gang; Zhao, Ling (2016-08-30). "In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. var. craveniana (S.Y.Hu) Lo and its main effective component, palmatine, against porcine Helicobacter pylori". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16 (1): 331. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1310-y. ISSN  1472-6882. PMC  5006617. PMID  27576439.
  5. ^ Sun, Minglong; Xu, Lijiao; Peng, Yingli; Liu, Tong; Zhang, Yuhong; Zhou, Zhiqiang (2016-04-01). "Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China". Journal of Forestry Research. 27 (2): 265–272. doi: 10.1007/s11676-015-0200-3. ISSN  1993-0607. S2CID  15369649.
  6. ^ Xin, Aiyi; Zhang, Yaming; Zhang, Yanxia; Di, Duolong; Liu, Junxi (October 2018). "Development of an HPLC-DAD method for the determination of five alkaloids in Stephania yunnanensis Lo and in rat plasma after oral dose of Stephania yunnanensis Lo extracts". Biomedical Chromatography. 32 (10): e4292. doi: 10.1002/bmc.4292. ISSN  1099-0801. PMID  29782649. S2CID  29167917.
  7. ^ Virtanen P., Njimi T., Ekotto Mengata D.: Clinical trials of hepatitis cure with protoberberine alkaloids of Enantia Chlorantha (abstract) Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol.36: A123, 1989b
  8. ^ Bhadra K, Kumar GS (January 2010). "Therapeutic potential of nucleic acid-binding isoquinoline alkaloids: Binding aspects and implications for drug design". Medicinal Research Reviews. 31 (6): 821–862. doi: 10.1002/med.20202. PMID  20077560. S2CID  206250975.
  9. ^ Jia F., Zou G., Fan J., Yuan Z."Identification of palmatine as an inhibitor of West Nile virus" Archives of Virology 2010 155:8 (1325-1329)
  10. ^ Mukherjee, Pulok K.; Kumar, Venkatesan; Mal, Mainak; Houghton, Peter J. (2007-04-10). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants". Phytomedicine. 14 (4): 289–300. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.02.002. ISSN  0944-7113. PMID  17346955.
  11. ^ Dhingra, Dinesh; Bhankher, Arun (2014-02-01). "Behavioral and biochemical evidences for antidepressant-like activity of palmatine in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress". Pharmacological Reports. 66 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.06.001. ISSN  1734-1140. PMID  24905299. S2CID  14391622.
  12. ^ Patel, Mayurkumar B.; Mishra, Shrihari (September 2011). "Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia". Phytomedicine. 18 (12): 1045–1052. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.006. ISSN  0944-7113. PMID  21665451.
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