Although once considered
Asian Americans, the modern definition of "Asian American" now excludes people with West Asian backgrounds.[6]
History
One of the first large groups of immigration from the
Middle East to the
United States came by boat from the
Ottoman Empire in the late 1800s. Although U.S. officials referred to them as Turkish, most referred to themselves as Syrian, and it is estimated that 85 percent of these Ottoman immigrants came from modern Lebanon. Later, new categories were created for Syrians and Lebanese.[7]: 4
Another wave of immigration from the Middle East began in 1946, peaking after the 1960s. Since 1968, these immigrants have arrived from such countries as Iran, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Lebanon.[7]: 11
Although the
United States census has
recorded race and ethnicity since the first census in 1790, this information has been voluntary since the end of the
Civil War (
non-whites were
counted differently from 1787 to 1868 for the purpose of determining congressional representation).[37] As such, these statistics do not include those who did not volunteer this optional information, and so the census underestimates the total populations of each ethnicity actually present.[38]
Although tabulated, "religious responses" were reported as a single total and not differentiated, despite totaling 1,089,597 in 2000.[39]
Independent organizations provide improved estimates of the total populations of races and ethnicities in the U.S. using the raw data from the U.S. census and other surveys.
Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah, Lebanese American technology innovator.[45][46] He received 43 patents covering his work. Among the patents were reported innovations in television transmission.
Mohammad S. Obaidat (Jordanian), computer science/engineering academic and scholar
Charbel Farhat, Vivian Church Hoff Professor of Aircraft Structures; Director of the Army High Performance Computing Research Center; Chair of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University (Lebanese)
Thomas L. Saaty, Assyrian-Iraqi University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh
Ella Shohat, professor, author and activist (Iraqi-Jewish)
Saadi Simawe, translator, novelist and teacher (Iraqi)
Aziz Sancar, biochemist and molecular biologist specializing in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and circadian clock. Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 (Turkish)
Donny George Youkhanna, Iraqi archaeologist, anthropologist, author, curator, and scholar, and visiting professor at Stony Brook University in New York, internationally known as "the man who saved the Iraqi National Museum."
Newsha Ajami, hydrologist specializing in urban water policy and sustainable water management; professor and director of Urban Water Policy program at
Stanford University
Abbas Alizadeh, archeologist of ancient Iran; former senior research associate and director of the Iranian Prehistoric Project at the
University of Chicago
Hooshang Amirahmadi, academic and political analyst. Professor of the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at
Rutgers University
Nahid Angha,
Sufi scholar,. Co-director and co-founder of the
International Association of Sufism (IAS), founder of the International Sufi Women Organization, and executive editor of the journal Sufism: An Inquiry
Laleh Bakhtiar, author and translator of 25 books about Islam, many of which deal with
Sufism. She is best known for her 2007 translation of the
Qur'an, known as The Sublime Quran,
George Bournoutian, historian, professor of history at
Iona College, and author of over 30 books on the history of Armenia, Iran, and the Caucasus
Jennifer Tour Chayes, mathematical physicist and theoretical computer scientist, and world renowned leading expert on the modeling & analysis of dynamically growing graphs. Founder, Technical Fellow, & Managing Director of
Microsoft Research New England & Microsoft Research New York
Azita Emami, Andrew and Peggy Cherng professor of electrical engineering and medical engineering at
Caltech; Executive Officer of the Department of Electrical Engineering at
Caltech
Dara Entekhabi, Bacardi and Stockholm Water Foundations Professor in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences at
MIT. His main expertise is in the field of
hydrology.
Haleh Esfandiari, Middle East scholar and former director of the Middle East Program at the
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. She is an expert on contemporary Iranian intellectual currents and politics, as well as women's issues and democratic developments in the
Middle East. She was one of the four
Iranian Americans falsely convicted and detained by the Iranian government in May 2007.
Fereydoon Family, leading physicist in the field of nanotechnology and solid-state physics. He is the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Physics at
Emory University
Alexander L. George (born Alexander L. Givargis), behavioral scientist specialist in the psychological effects of nuclear crisis management, Graham H. Stuart professor emeritus of political science at
Stanford University
Kambiz GhaneaBassiri, professor of religion at
Reed College, and author of A History of Islam in America and Competing Visions of Islam in the United States.
Babak Hassibi, electrical engineer, the inaugural Mose and Lillian S. Bohn Professor of
Electrical Engineering. Specialist in communications, signal processing and control.
Farzaneh Milani, professor of Persian Literature & Women's Studies at the
University of Virginia, and the chair of the Department of Middle Eastern and South Asian Languages & Cultures.
Roy Mottahedeh, Gurney Professor of History, Emeritus at
Harvard University, specialist in pre-modern social and intellectual history of the Islamic Middle East. Former director of Harvard's Center for Middle Eastern Studies (1987–1990), and inaugural director of Harvard's Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Islamic Studies Program (2005–2011)
Hamid Mowlana, professor emeritus of international relations and founding director of the Division of International Communication at the
School of International Service at
American University.[61] In 2003, he was honored as a "Chehrehaye Mandegar" (Eternal One) by Iranian universities and academies.
Kathy Niakan, human developmental and stem cell biologist. In 2016, she became the first scientist in the world to gain regulatory approval to edit the genomes of human embryos for research.
Kaveh Pahlavan, professor of computer and electrical engineering, professor of computer science, and director of the Center for Wireless Information Network Studies (CWINS) at the
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Ali R. Rabi, scholar at the Center for International Development and Conflict Management at
University of Maryland, College Park; founding chair of the Middle Eastern Citizens Assembly; Initiated the International University of Iran in 2001.
Pardis Sabeti, computational geneticist, assistant professor, Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology,
Harvard University
Mahmoud Sadri, professor of
sociology at the Federation of
North Texas Area Universities. His major interests are in religious, cultural & theoretical sociology, reform Islam and interfaith dialogue.
Mehran Sahami, professor and the associate chair for education in the Computer Science department at
Stanford University. Robert and Ruth Halperin University Fellow in Undergraduate Education at Stanford.
Sam Sofer, scientist who specializes in biological processes and bioreactor design.
Saba Soomekh, professor of religious studies, women's studies, and Middle Eastern history at UCLA and
Loyola Marymount University. Author of books and articles on contemporary and historical
Persian Jewish culture
Vahid Tarokh, professor of electrical and computer engineering, Bass Connections Professor, a professor of mathematics (secondary), and computer science (secondary) at
Duke University
Ehsan Yarshater, founder and editor in chief of Encyclopaedia Iranica, first full-time professor at a U.S. university since World War II; Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies; director of the Center for Iranian Studies,
Columbia University;[70]
FM-2030, author, teacher,
transhumanist philosopher, futurist; author of Are You a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World (1989)
Abraham Kazen, U.S. Congressman (D-Texas) (1967–1985) (Lebanese ancestry)
George Deukmejian, 35th governor of California, 27th attorney general of California, member of the California State Senate (1967–1979) and State Assembly (1963–1967)
Jill Kelley, global advocate and American socialite[93] (Lebanese)
Darin LaHood, U.S. Congressman (R-Illinois) (born 2015), son of Ray Lahood
George J. Mitchell, U.S. Senator (D-Maine) (1980–1995) United States of America special envoy to the Middle East under the Obama administration, U.S. senator from
Maine, Senate Majority Leader (Lebanese mother)
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, President of Somaila (2017-) former prime minister of Somalia (Somali descent)
Ollie Mohamed, President pro tempore of the Mississippi State Senate (1992) (Lebanese ancestry)
Ralph Nader, politician and consumer advocate, author, lecturer, and attorney, candidate for US Presidency
Hady Amr, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Israeli-Palestinian Affairs and Press and Public Diplomacy (2021-), founding director of Brookings Doha Center (Lebanese father)
Parry Aftab, Internet privacy and security lawyer, considered one of the founders of
cyberlaw. Founder of the cybersafety organizations WiredSafety, StopCyberbullying and the consulting firm, WiredTrust
Roozbeh Aliabadi, advisor and commentator on geopolitical risk and geoeconomics. Current partner at global affair practice at GGA in
New York City, former Senior Advisor to the Department of Strategic Initiatives, Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Iran
Mahnaz Afkhami, women's rights activist who served in the Cabinet of Iran from 1976 to 1978; executive director of the Washington-based
Foundation for Iranian Studies, and the founder and president of the Women's Learning Partnership (WLP)
Pantea Beigi, human rights advocate, known for her media appearances commenting on the human rights conditions in Iran in the wake of the
2009 Iranian presidential election protests. She has served as an
AmeriCorps member for the
PeaceJam foundation, notably working with Dr.
Shirin Ebadi in her efforts to address social and economic injustices of the youth in Iran
Abdullah Entezam, Iranian diplomat, Iranian ambassador to France (1927) and to West Germany, secretary of the Iranian embassy in the United States. Father of
Hume Horan
Rostam Giv, 3rd representative of Iranian Zoroastrians in Iranian parliament, senator of the Iranian Senate, and philanthropist to the Zoroastrian community in Iran, then United States, and the world. Immigrated to the U.S. in 1978.
Hrach Gregorian, political consultant, educator, and writer. His work has taken him internationally as a consultant on international
conflict management, and post-conflict peacebuilding
Shamsi Hekmat, women's rights activist who pioneered reforms in women's status in Iran. Founded the first
Iranian Jewish women's organization (Sazman Banovan Yahud i Iran) in 1947. After her migration to the U.S., she established the Iranian Jewish Women's Organization of Southern California s.
Alan Khazei, social entrepreneur; founder and CEO of "Be The Change, Inc", dedicated to building coalitions among
non-profit organizations and citizen . Co-founder and former CEO of
City Year, an
AmeriCorps national service program
John J. Nimrod, minority rights activist and
Illinois state senator of District 4 (1973–1983) of Iranian-Assyrian descent; notable for his promotion of
Assyrian causes and for the rights of other under-represented minority groups throughout the world, such as
Uyghurs and
Tibetans
Mohsen Sazegara, pro-democracy political activist and journalist. He held several offices in the government of
Mir-Hossein Mousavi. His reformist policies clashed with the
Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, eventually resulting in his arrest and later exile. He currently resides in the U.S.
Mehdi Shahbazi, political activist and businessman. He was known for protest against major
oil companies at the grounds of his
Shell Oil gas station franchises
^Gryn, Thomas; Gambino, Christine (October 2012).
"The Foreign Born From Asia: 2011"(PDF). American Community Survey Briefs, ACSBR/11-06. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
the original(PDF) on January 22, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
^Batalova, Jeanne (May 24, 2011).
"Asian Immigrants in the United States". Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved November 16, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau defines Asian regions as: ... Western Asia includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
^Cortellessa, Eric (October 23, 2016).
"Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". The Times Of Israel. Retrieved September 21, 2020. This derives from a 1915 court ruling in
Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
^"Remarks by Commerce Secretary Bryson, April 5, 2012", Foreign Policy Bulletin, 22 (3),
Cambridge University Press: 137, 2012, Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country.
^Lucena, Jorge (2022),
MEET MURAD ISLAMOV: THE FOUNDER AND CEO OF MAYA BAGEL EXPRESS, Flaunt, archived from
the original on 26 March 2022, retrieved 26 March 2022, Over 3 million Turkish Americans live in various states across the united states. They have had a significant impact on the united states' culture, achievements, and history.
^According to published accounts and several Coptic/US sources (including the US-Coptic Association), the Coptic Orthodox Church has between 700,000 and one million members in the United States (c. 2005–2007).
"Why CCU?". Coptic Credit Union. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
Although once considered
Asian Americans, the modern definition of "Asian American" now excludes people with West Asian backgrounds.[6]
History
One of the first large groups of immigration from the
Middle East to the
United States came by boat from the
Ottoman Empire in the late 1800s. Although U.S. officials referred to them as Turkish, most referred to themselves as Syrian, and it is estimated that 85 percent of these Ottoman immigrants came from modern Lebanon. Later, new categories were created for Syrians and Lebanese.[7]: 4
Another wave of immigration from the Middle East began in 1946, peaking after the 1960s. Since 1968, these immigrants have arrived from such countries as Iran, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Lebanon.[7]: 11
Although the
United States census has
recorded race and ethnicity since the first census in 1790, this information has been voluntary since the end of the
Civil War (
non-whites were
counted differently from 1787 to 1868 for the purpose of determining congressional representation).[37] As such, these statistics do not include those who did not volunteer this optional information, and so the census underestimates the total populations of each ethnicity actually present.[38]
Although tabulated, "religious responses" were reported as a single total and not differentiated, despite totaling 1,089,597 in 2000.[39]
Independent organizations provide improved estimates of the total populations of races and ethnicities in the U.S. using the raw data from the U.S. census and other surveys.
Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah, Lebanese American technology innovator.[45][46] He received 43 patents covering his work. Among the patents were reported innovations in television transmission.
Mohammad S. Obaidat (Jordanian), computer science/engineering academic and scholar
Charbel Farhat, Vivian Church Hoff Professor of Aircraft Structures; Director of the Army High Performance Computing Research Center; Chair of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University (Lebanese)
Thomas L. Saaty, Assyrian-Iraqi University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh
Ella Shohat, professor, author and activist (Iraqi-Jewish)
Saadi Simawe, translator, novelist and teacher (Iraqi)
Aziz Sancar, biochemist and molecular biologist specializing in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and circadian clock. Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 (Turkish)
Donny George Youkhanna, Iraqi archaeologist, anthropologist, author, curator, and scholar, and visiting professor at Stony Brook University in New York, internationally known as "the man who saved the Iraqi National Museum."
Newsha Ajami, hydrologist specializing in urban water policy and sustainable water management; professor and director of Urban Water Policy program at
Stanford University
Abbas Alizadeh, archeologist of ancient Iran; former senior research associate and director of the Iranian Prehistoric Project at the
University of Chicago
Hooshang Amirahmadi, academic and political analyst. Professor of the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at
Rutgers University
Nahid Angha,
Sufi scholar,. Co-director and co-founder of the
International Association of Sufism (IAS), founder of the International Sufi Women Organization, and executive editor of the journal Sufism: An Inquiry
Laleh Bakhtiar, author and translator of 25 books about Islam, many of which deal with
Sufism. She is best known for her 2007 translation of the
Qur'an, known as The Sublime Quran,
George Bournoutian, historian, professor of history at
Iona College, and author of over 30 books on the history of Armenia, Iran, and the Caucasus
Jennifer Tour Chayes, mathematical physicist and theoretical computer scientist, and world renowned leading expert on the modeling & analysis of dynamically growing graphs. Founder, Technical Fellow, & Managing Director of
Microsoft Research New England & Microsoft Research New York
Azita Emami, Andrew and Peggy Cherng professor of electrical engineering and medical engineering at
Caltech; Executive Officer of the Department of Electrical Engineering at
Caltech
Dara Entekhabi, Bacardi and Stockholm Water Foundations Professor in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences at
MIT. His main expertise is in the field of
hydrology.
Haleh Esfandiari, Middle East scholar and former director of the Middle East Program at the
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. She is an expert on contemporary Iranian intellectual currents and politics, as well as women's issues and democratic developments in the
Middle East. She was one of the four
Iranian Americans falsely convicted and detained by the Iranian government in May 2007.
Fereydoon Family, leading physicist in the field of nanotechnology and solid-state physics. He is the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Physics at
Emory University
Alexander L. George (born Alexander L. Givargis), behavioral scientist specialist in the psychological effects of nuclear crisis management, Graham H. Stuart professor emeritus of political science at
Stanford University
Kambiz GhaneaBassiri, professor of religion at
Reed College, and author of A History of Islam in America and Competing Visions of Islam in the United States.
Babak Hassibi, electrical engineer, the inaugural Mose and Lillian S. Bohn Professor of
Electrical Engineering. Specialist in communications, signal processing and control.
Farzaneh Milani, professor of Persian Literature & Women's Studies at the
University of Virginia, and the chair of the Department of Middle Eastern and South Asian Languages & Cultures.
Roy Mottahedeh, Gurney Professor of History, Emeritus at
Harvard University, specialist in pre-modern social and intellectual history of the Islamic Middle East. Former director of Harvard's Center for Middle Eastern Studies (1987–1990), and inaugural director of Harvard's Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Islamic Studies Program (2005–2011)
Hamid Mowlana, professor emeritus of international relations and founding director of the Division of International Communication at the
School of International Service at
American University.[61] In 2003, he was honored as a "Chehrehaye Mandegar" (Eternal One) by Iranian universities and academies.
Kathy Niakan, human developmental and stem cell biologist. In 2016, she became the first scientist in the world to gain regulatory approval to edit the genomes of human embryos for research.
Kaveh Pahlavan, professor of computer and electrical engineering, professor of computer science, and director of the Center for Wireless Information Network Studies (CWINS) at the
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Ali R. Rabi, scholar at the Center for International Development and Conflict Management at
University of Maryland, College Park; founding chair of the Middle Eastern Citizens Assembly; Initiated the International University of Iran in 2001.
Pardis Sabeti, computational geneticist, assistant professor, Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology,
Harvard University
Mahmoud Sadri, professor of
sociology at the Federation of
North Texas Area Universities. His major interests are in religious, cultural & theoretical sociology, reform Islam and interfaith dialogue.
Mehran Sahami, professor and the associate chair for education in the Computer Science department at
Stanford University. Robert and Ruth Halperin University Fellow in Undergraduate Education at Stanford.
Sam Sofer, scientist who specializes in biological processes and bioreactor design.
Saba Soomekh, professor of religious studies, women's studies, and Middle Eastern history at UCLA and
Loyola Marymount University. Author of books and articles on contemporary and historical
Persian Jewish culture
Vahid Tarokh, professor of electrical and computer engineering, Bass Connections Professor, a professor of mathematics (secondary), and computer science (secondary) at
Duke University
Ehsan Yarshater, founder and editor in chief of Encyclopaedia Iranica, first full-time professor at a U.S. university since World War II; Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies; director of the Center for Iranian Studies,
Columbia University;[70]
FM-2030, author, teacher,
transhumanist philosopher, futurist; author of Are You a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World (1989)
Abraham Kazen, U.S. Congressman (D-Texas) (1967–1985) (Lebanese ancestry)
George Deukmejian, 35th governor of California, 27th attorney general of California, member of the California State Senate (1967–1979) and State Assembly (1963–1967)
Jill Kelley, global advocate and American socialite[93] (Lebanese)
Darin LaHood, U.S. Congressman (R-Illinois) (born 2015), son of Ray Lahood
George J. Mitchell, U.S. Senator (D-Maine) (1980–1995) United States of America special envoy to the Middle East under the Obama administration, U.S. senator from
Maine, Senate Majority Leader (Lebanese mother)
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, President of Somaila (2017-) former prime minister of Somalia (Somali descent)
Ollie Mohamed, President pro tempore of the Mississippi State Senate (1992) (Lebanese ancestry)
Ralph Nader, politician and consumer advocate, author, lecturer, and attorney, candidate for US Presidency
Hady Amr, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Israeli-Palestinian Affairs and Press and Public Diplomacy (2021-), founding director of Brookings Doha Center (Lebanese father)
Parry Aftab, Internet privacy and security lawyer, considered one of the founders of
cyberlaw. Founder of the cybersafety organizations WiredSafety, StopCyberbullying and the consulting firm, WiredTrust
Roozbeh Aliabadi, advisor and commentator on geopolitical risk and geoeconomics. Current partner at global affair practice at GGA in
New York City, former Senior Advisor to the Department of Strategic Initiatives, Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Iran
Mahnaz Afkhami, women's rights activist who served in the Cabinet of Iran from 1976 to 1978; executive director of the Washington-based
Foundation for Iranian Studies, and the founder and president of the Women's Learning Partnership (WLP)
Pantea Beigi, human rights advocate, known for her media appearances commenting on the human rights conditions in Iran in the wake of the
2009 Iranian presidential election protests. She has served as an
AmeriCorps member for the
PeaceJam foundation, notably working with Dr.
Shirin Ebadi in her efforts to address social and economic injustices of the youth in Iran
Abdullah Entezam, Iranian diplomat, Iranian ambassador to France (1927) and to West Germany, secretary of the Iranian embassy in the United States. Father of
Hume Horan
Rostam Giv, 3rd representative of Iranian Zoroastrians in Iranian parliament, senator of the Iranian Senate, and philanthropist to the Zoroastrian community in Iran, then United States, and the world. Immigrated to the U.S. in 1978.
Hrach Gregorian, political consultant, educator, and writer. His work has taken him internationally as a consultant on international
conflict management, and post-conflict peacebuilding
Shamsi Hekmat, women's rights activist who pioneered reforms in women's status in Iran. Founded the first
Iranian Jewish women's organization (Sazman Banovan Yahud i Iran) in 1947. After her migration to the U.S., she established the Iranian Jewish Women's Organization of Southern California s.
Alan Khazei, social entrepreneur; founder and CEO of "Be The Change, Inc", dedicated to building coalitions among
non-profit organizations and citizen . Co-founder and former CEO of
City Year, an
AmeriCorps national service program
John J. Nimrod, minority rights activist and
Illinois state senator of District 4 (1973–1983) of Iranian-Assyrian descent; notable for his promotion of
Assyrian causes and for the rights of other under-represented minority groups throughout the world, such as
Uyghurs and
Tibetans
Mohsen Sazegara, pro-democracy political activist and journalist. He held several offices in the government of
Mir-Hossein Mousavi. His reformist policies clashed with the
Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, eventually resulting in his arrest and later exile. He currently resides in the U.S.
Mehdi Shahbazi, political activist and businessman. He was known for protest against major
oil companies at the grounds of his
Shell Oil gas station franchises
^Gryn, Thomas; Gambino, Christine (October 2012).
"The Foreign Born From Asia: 2011"(PDF). American Community Survey Briefs, ACSBR/11-06. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
the original(PDF) on January 22, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
^Batalova, Jeanne (May 24, 2011).
"Asian Immigrants in the United States". Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved November 16, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau defines Asian regions as: ... Western Asia includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
^Cortellessa, Eric (October 23, 2016).
"Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". The Times Of Israel. Retrieved September 21, 2020. This derives from a 1915 court ruling in
Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
^"Remarks by Commerce Secretary Bryson, April 5, 2012", Foreign Policy Bulletin, 22 (3),
Cambridge University Press: 137, 2012, Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country.
^Lucena, Jorge (2022),
MEET MURAD ISLAMOV: THE FOUNDER AND CEO OF MAYA BAGEL EXPRESS, Flaunt, archived from
the original on 26 March 2022, retrieved 26 March 2022, Over 3 million Turkish Americans live in various states across the united states. They have had a significant impact on the united states' culture, achievements, and history.
^According to published accounts and several Coptic/US sources (including the US-Coptic Association), the Coptic Orthodox Church has between 700,000 and one million members in the United States (c. 2005–2007).
"Why CCU?". Coptic Credit Union. Retrieved June 21, 2009.