The genus Girardia is endemic to the Americas, from Argentina to Canada, although most species occur in South America. The only two species known to occur naturally in North America, Girardia tigrina and Girardia dorotocephala, have been introduced in other continents and islands.[1]
Description
Species of Girardia are very similar to species of other genera of Dugesiidae and few
apomorphies that clearly define the genus are known.[1] One of the few exclusive characteristics is the presence of pigment granules in the outer pharyngeal wall.[2]
^
abSluys, Ronald; Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Ponce de León, Rodrigo (2005). "Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: Contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 40 (2): 155–180.
doi:
10.1080/01650520500070220.
ISSN0165-0521.
S2CID85111893.
^
abDe Vries, E. J.; Sluys, R. (1991). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Journal of Zoology. 223 (1): 103–116.
doi:
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x.
^Sheiman, I. M.; Kreshchenko, N. D.; Sedel'Nikov, Z. V.; Groznyi, A. V. (2004). "Morphogenesis in Planarians Dugesia tigrina". Russian Journal of Developmental Biology. 35 (4): 285–290.
doi:
10.1023/B:RUDO.0000036713.86633.c2.
PMID15487347.
S2CID37421242.
^Prados, J.; Alvarez, B.; Howarth, J.; Stewart, K.; Gibson, C. L.; Hutchinson, C. V.; Young, A. M. J.; Davidson, C. (2012). "Cue competition effects in the planarian". Animal Cognition. 16 (2): 177–186.
doi:
10.1007/s10071-012-0561-3.
PMID22976576.
S2CID18006796.
^
abHellmann, Lindsey; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2018). "Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics". Zootaxa. 4438 (3): 561–574.
doi:
10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.8.
ISSN1175-5334.
PMID30313136.
^
abcHellmann, Lindsey; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Rabelo, Lucas; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2020). "Enhancing the still scattered knowledge on the taxonomic diversity of freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) in caves from two Brazilian Biomes". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 57 (2): 1–16.
doi:
10.1080/01650521.2020.1829901.
ISSN0165-0521.
S2CID229476175.
^Benítez-Álvarez, L.; Leria, L.; Fernández, R.; Mateos, E.; El Ouanighi, Y.; Bennas, N.; El Alami, M.; Yacoubi-Khebiza, M.; Ayt Ougougdal, H.; Riutort, M. (2023). "Phylotranscriptomics interrogation uncovers a complex evolutionary history for the planarian genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in the Western Mediterranean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 178: 107649.
doi:
10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107649.
hdl:2445/193375.
ISSN1055-7903.
^
abMorais, Ana Laura; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Chagas-Júnior, Amazonas; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (July 2021). "Under threat: Two new troglobitic species of Girardia (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from sandstone and limestone caves in Brazil". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 293: 292–302.
doi:
10.1016/j.jcz.2021.06.015.
ISSN0044-5231.
^
abSouza, Stella; Morais, Ana Laura; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2016). "Two new species of freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) from South American caves". Zootaxa. 4092 (1): 107–121.
doi:
10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.6.
ISSN1175-5334.
PMID27394369.
^Álvarez-Presas, M.; Baguñà, J.; Riutort, M. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 555–568.
doi:
10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032.
PMID18359250.
The genus Girardia is endemic to the Americas, from Argentina to Canada, although most species occur in South America. The only two species known to occur naturally in North America, Girardia tigrina and Girardia dorotocephala, have been introduced in other continents and islands.[1]
Description
Species of Girardia are very similar to species of other genera of Dugesiidae and few
apomorphies that clearly define the genus are known.[1] One of the few exclusive characteristics is the presence of pigment granules in the outer pharyngeal wall.[2]
^
abSluys, Ronald; Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Ponce de León, Rodrigo (2005). "Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: Contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 40 (2): 155–180.
doi:
10.1080/01650520500070220.
ISSN0165-0521.
S2CID85111893.
^
abDe Vries, E. J.; Sluys, R. (1991). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Journal of Zoology. 223 (1): 103–116.
doi:
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x.
^Sheiman, I. M.; Kreshchenko, N. D.; Sedel'Nikov, Z. V.; Groznyi, A. V. (2004). "Morphogenesis in Planarians Dugesia tigrina". Russian Journal of Developmental Biology. 35 (4): 285–290.
doi:
10.1023/B:RUDO.0000036713.86633.c2.
PMID15487347.
S2CID37421242.
^Prados, J.; Alvarez, B.; Howarth, J.; Stewart, K.; Gibson, C. L.; Hutchinson, C. V.; Young, A. M. J.; Davidson, C. (2012). "Cue competition effects in the planarian". Animal Cognition. 16 (2): 177–186.
doi:
10.1007/s10071-012-0561-3.
PMID22976576.
S2CID18006796.
^
abHellmann, Lindsey; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2018). "Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics". Zootaxa. 4438 (3): 561–574.
doi:
10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.8.
ISSN1175-5334.
PMID30313136.
^
abcHellmann, Lindsey; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Rabelo, Lucas; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2020). "Enhancing the still scattered knowledge on the taxonomic diversity of freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) in caves from two Brazilian Biomes". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 57 (2): 1–16.
doi:
10.1080/01650521.2020.1829901.
ISSN0165-0521.
S2CID229476175.
^Benítez-Álvarez, L.; Leria, L.; Fernández, R.; Mateos, E.; El Ouanighi, Y.; Bennas, N.; El Alami, M.; Yacoubi-Khebiza, M.; Ayt Ougougdal, H.; Riutort, M. (2023). "Phylotranscriptomics interrogation uncovers a complex evolutionary history for the planarian genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in the Western Mediterranean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 178: 107649.
doi:
10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107649.
hdl:2445/193375.
ISSN1055-7903.
^
abMorais, Ana Laura; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Chagas-Júnior, Amazonas; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (July 2021). "Under threat: Two new troglobitic species of Girardia (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from sandstone and limestone caves in Brazil". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 293: 292–302.
doi:
10.1016/j.jcz.2021.06.015.
ISSN0044-5231.
^
abSouza, Stella; Morais, Ana Laura; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2016). "Two new species of freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) from South American caves". Zootaxa. 4092 (1): 107–121.
doi:
10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.6.
ISSN1175-5334.
PMID27394369.
^Álvarez-Presas, M.; Baguñà, J.; Riutort, M. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 555–568.
doi:
10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032.
PMID18359250.