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• Comment: Also, the wall of texts should not be in the list anyways, maybe place it in a new article or incorporate it in another. Toadette ^{( Let's talk together!)} 16:09, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

• Comment: Large wall of mostly uncited text. Toadette ^{( Let's talk together!)} 16:08, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

This is a list of the battles in the history of the Russo-Kazakh conflict

The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of the battles following this legend:

  Russian victory

  Russian defeat

  other outcome, such as truce or undetermined

Battle List

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1717	Capture of Novosheshminsk	Novosheshminsk	Northern military raids of Abulkhair	Tsardom of Russia	Bands of nomads	Defeat fire in the city [1]
1719	Siege of Yaitski town	Uralsk	Northern military raids of Abulkhair	Russian Empire	Kazakh and Karakalpak tribes	Victory
1720	Great raid on Kazan region	Kazan region	Northern military raids of Abulkhair	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat Very heavy civilian casualties
1720	Interception of the Kazakh detachment	Between the Samara and Maly Kinel rivers	Northern military raids of Abulkhair	Russian Empire Ural Cossack	Kazakh bands	Victory [2]
1722	Kazakh siege of a Russian detachment in the steppe	Kazakh steppe	Northern military raids of Abulkhair	Russian Empire Kalmyk	Kazakh troops	Inconclusive [3] The Kazakhs defeated the winter camp of the Cossacks Kazakhs were forced to retreat due to Kalmyk troops
1723	Ambush on Samara caravan	Unknown	Northern military raids of Abulkhair	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1723	Battle on the Shyngyrlau river	Shyngyrlau	Northern military raids of Abulkhair	Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat [4]
1740s	Battle on the Ural river	Ural river	Conflict with Abulkhair	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [5]
1743	Raid on Sorochinsk fortness	Sorochinsk	Armed conflict between Abulkhair and the Orenburg governor (1743-1747)	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [6]
1744	Raid on Yaitsky town	Yaitsky town	Armed conflict between Abulkhair and the Orenburg governor (1743-1747)	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1746	Raid on Volga area	Volga area	Armed conflict between Abulkhair and the Orenburg governor (1743-1747)	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat [7]
1747	Battle on the Yaik river	Yaik river	Armed conflict between Abulkhair and the Orenburg governor (1743-1747)	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [8]
1771	Great expedition	Kazakh steppe	Campaign against bandit in Steppe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory Russian troops robbed Kazakhs under Vali's control and freed Turkmen prisoners [9]
1772	First siege of Yarovoe	Yarivoe	Conflict in northern Kazakhstan	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1773	Second siege of Yarovoe	Yarovoe	Conflict in northern Kazakhstan	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1774	Third siege of Yarovoe	Yarovoe	Conflict in northern Kazakhstan	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1774	Battle of Kazan	Kazan	Pugachev's rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1773-1774	Siege of Orenburg [ ru]	Orenburg	Pugachev's rebellion	Russian Empire	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1774	Battle of Taticheva [ ru]	Near Orenburg	Pugachev's rebellion	Russian Empire	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1774	Siege of Yaitsk [ ru]	Uralsk	Pugachev's rebellion	Russian Empire	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1774	Kazakh invasion of the Novo-Ishim Line (1774)	Kazakh steppe	Pugachev's rebellion	Russian Empire	Kazakh tribes	Defeat Kazakhs destroyed almost the entire line of fortifications
1775	Caspian raids [ ru]	Caspian sea	Pugachev's rebellion	Russian Empire	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1775	Kazakh raid on Volga area	Volga region	Pugachev's Rebellion	Russian Empire	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1776	Kazakh raid in Iletskaya line	Kazakh steppe	Uprising of Sapura Matenkyzy [ ru]	Russian Empire	Kazakh tribes	Defeat [10]
1797-1798	Campaign against robbers	Kazakh steppe	Campaigns against bandits in the steppe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1807	Herzenbert Expedition	Kazakh steppe	Campaigns against bandits in the steppe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [11]
1809	Borodin's campaign against the Adai tribe	Caspian sea	Campaigns against bandits in the steppe	Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [12]
1825	Battle of Lake Shoshkakol	Lake Shoshkakol	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [13]
1825	Battle of Sonaly River	Sonaly River	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1825	Battle of Kok-Donbak	Kok-Donbak	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1826	Battle of Bogaly mounts	Bogaly mounts	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1827	Lukin's Expedition	Kazakh steppe	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory Heavy Kazakh casualties
1831	Battle of Argant heights	Kazakh steppe	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1832	Sarzhan raid on Karakalia	Karakalia	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1832	Battle of Kara-Agach	Kara-Agach	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1832	Simonov's raid on Karagach	Karagach	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [14]
1832	Action of June 22, 1832	Kazakh steppe	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1832	Battle of the Kara-Kengir river	Kara-Kengir river	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1832	Siege of Kara-Djar	Kara-Djar	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1832	Siege of Tort-Kulan	Tort-Kulan	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1833	Battle of Presnogorkovsky redoubt	Presnogorkovsky redoubt	Uprising of Kasumov's tribe	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat [15]
1837	Siege of Urda [ ru]	Urda, Bukey Horde	Uprising of Isetay [ ru]	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakhs of the Bukey Horde	Victory [16] Lifting the siege Beginning of the Battle of Tas-Tube
1837	Battle of Tas-Tube	Tas-Tube, Bukey Horde	Uprising of Isetay [ ru]	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakhs of the Bukey Horde	Victory [17]
1837	Ambush on Rytov caravan [ ru]	Near Aktau fortness	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat [18]
1837-1846	Raids on Siberian line [ ru]	Siberian line [ ru]	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory Successful raids at the beginning of the uprising In 1844, with the strengthening of fortifications on the line, government troops began to repel most of the raids, this forced kanesary retreat south [19]
1838	Siege of Akmolinsk (1838)	Astana	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat Kazakh recapture most lands in Kazakhstan
1838	Battle of Akbulak river [ ru]	Bukey Horde	Uprising of Isetay [ ru]	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh from Bukey Horde	Decisive Russian victory Isetai killed in battle [20] Uprising suppressed
1838	June raid on Aktau [ ru]	Aktau	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Inconclusive
1838	Expedition against Kasym Ablay	Uru-Turgay river	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [21]
1839	Attacks on Russian troops on the way to Khiva	Central asia	Khiva campaign 1839	Russian Empire Ural Cossack	Bands of Kazakh nomads	Defeat [22]
1839	Battle on the Emba river	Emba river	Campaigns against bandits in the steppe	Russian Empire Cossack	Adai	Victory [23]
1843-1844	Spring expedition in Kazakh steppe [ ru]	Kazakh steppe	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Defeat
1843	Defeat of Kanesara's brother by a Siberian Cossack detachment	Kazakh steppe	Kenesary's Rebellion	Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory [24]
1844	Raid on Kanesara's bet	Kazakh steppe	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory
1844	Raid on the village of Baykadam	Kazakh steppe	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory Kanesary began to lose influence in the steppe due to the fact that the Russians were destroying his allies
1844	Expedition of Bizyanov	Kazakh steppe	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Inconclusive Having suffered a little damage from the Cossacks, Kanesary departs
1845	Dunikovsky Expedition	Kazakh steppe	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Victory Dunikovsky catches up with Kanesara, but he temporarily retreats and lures Dunikovsky into an ambush
1845	Battle of the Tobol River	Tobol	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Decisive Russian Victory Dunikovsky defeats Kanesara and pursues him for 50 versts Decline of the Kanesara movement [25]
1846	Siege of Kamal [ ru]	Lake Balkhash	Kenesary's Rebellion	Russian Empire Cossack	Kazakh tribes	Inconclusive Kanesara leaves after breaking through the encirclement End of Kanesary rebellion in Russian part of Central Asia [26]

Conflict before 1731

At the beginning of 1715, a large detachment of Kazakhs led by Khan Abulkhair raided the Bashkir tribes located in the valley of the Cheremshan River in the territory of the Kazan province, during which he reached the Cossack village of Novosheshminsk and "burned out this suburb". The Bashkirs immediately made retaliatory incursions into the Kazakh villages, and then the Bashkir batyr Kart was sent from the territory of the Siberian Road to the nomads of the Younger Zhuz with a demand to the Kazakh rulers "to stop the Bashkir and Kyrgyz-Cossack quarrels and exchange their half-pennies." In the same year, there were raids by combined detachments of Kazakhs and Karakalpaks on Cossack wagons in the steppe, capturing people and transporting them to slave markets in Khiva. A wagon train from Syzran was raided: 20 Cossacks were killed and about 100 captured. These attacks led to increased security of the wagons. They began to be escorted by regular troops, but even this did not guarantee security. In 1716, a Kazakh-Karakalpak detachment defeated a grain wagon train traveling to Yaitsky Gorodok accompanied by a detachment of soldiers from Alekseevsk. In 1717, a detachment of 600 Kazakhs drove 300 horses away from the Yaitsky town, capturing seven Cossacks who were with the herd. Not limited to attacks on carts, in the same year the Kazakhs attempt to capture the Yaitsky town, which ended unsuccessfully. The twenty-five thousandth Kazakh-Karakalpak army besieged the town for several weeks, after which it retreated to the steppe ^{[27] [28]}

In 1731, Abulkhair accepted Russian citizenship as a result of negotiations ^[29]

Conflict after 1731

In 1743, Abulkhair raided the Sorochinsky fortress, where his son Kozha-Ahmed was staying, and tried to take him away by force, but the attempt failed. In order to avoid repeated similar actions, Russian officials transferred Al-Akhmed first to St. Petersburg, and then to the Tatar settlement near Kazan, where he lived until the summer of 1748.

After the unsuccessful raid, Abulkhair told the translators from the Orenburg commission who arrived at his headquarters that "I will starve you, like dogs, at home."

From 1743 to 1744, he organized a number of large-scale raids on border fortified points and settlements of the Yaitsk Cossacks, which ended with the "beating and captivity of several Circassians and Russian people", also made several incursions into the nomads of the Volga Kalmyks, plundered Russian and Central Asian caravans on the territory of their nomads, captured Russian residents and sent them to auls of subordinate foremen and batyrs.

In the period 1746 to 1747 Abulkhair made a number of daring raids on the Orenburg line and in the inner provinces of Russia.

On February 13, 1746, 2 large detachments of Kazakhs totaling up to 1,500 people under the leadership of Abulkhair, bypassed the fort posts of the Yaitskaya line below Guryev, crossing the ice to the right bank of the river near the city of Krasny Yar on the Zakamskaya border line, attacked and plundered the ulus of the Volga Kalmyks, driving large herds of horses into the steppes. In addition to this devastating attack on the Kalmyks, the Kazakhs also attacked Russian fishing camps, where they killed 75 Kalmyks, "robbed and then took 638 Russians and Kalmyks with them." Abulkhair hoped to use this attack as a forceful pressure on Governor Neplyuev to release his son Kozha-Akhmed and satisfy his main demand.

In January 1747, at the initiative of Abulkhair, a large detachment of Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz in the amount of 500 people, bypassing the Yaik fort posts, again crossed the ice through the Yaik past Guryev, and then across the steppe to the Volga and attacked Kalmyk ulus and settled agricultural villages, from which many cattle were driven away. On their way back, the Kazakhs were ambushed by the Yaitsk Cossacks. As a result of the fighting, the Kazakhs lost 50 people killed and retreated back to the steppe. ^[30]

Clashes in Northern Kazakhstan 1772-1773

First siege (1772)

Yarovoye was a city of the Kazakh Khanate in the northern territory, but was occupied by Russian troops. Abylai entered the city, offering Prince Ivan Krasnovsky the opportunity, namely, to transfer the city of Yarovoye by peaceful means, but I. Krasnovsky refused and was soon killed by Abylai's detachment. Kazakhs besieged the city and killed about 637 people.

Second siege (1773)

In 1773, a large Kazakh detachment approached Yarovoye, but they could not withstand the siege and retreated ^[31]

Third Siege (1774)

In 1774, Khan Ablay received a letter from a messenger stating that the Russians had placed about 3,000 soldiers between the Kazakh Khanate and the Russian Empire.

As soon as Abylai sent the messenger away, he rushed north to the border and captured Yarovoye with a third siege. After losing the second clash with the Russians, he decided to burn the city down as a response to the townspeople who worked with the Russians, meanwhile, an estimated 23% of the population survived the fire and migrated west to the urban part of the Russian Empire. Shortly after the siege, Abylai and his troops penetrated further into Russian lands. ^[32]

Kazakhs' participation in the Pugachev uprising

After the beginning of the Peasant War under the leadership of Yemelyan Pugachev, appeals of Pugachev appeared in the villages of the Younger and Middle Zhuzs, in which he calls on the Kazakhs to support him. Pugachev promised that he would free the peasants from oppression, provide them with land, pastures, fishing grounds, bread and salt. About the possibility of Kazakh participation in the uprising, he said: "This horde that roams here, it will be glad to see us and it will meet us and guide us." Indeed, soon Kazakh detachments appeared in Pugachev's army. Already in November 1773, 70 Kazakhs arrived from the Middle Zhuz to Pugachev, who brought with them three hundred horses, one hundred bulls and 3 thousand sheep. In the materials of Pugachev's interrogation, it is said: "These Kyrgyz (Kazakhs), of whom there were seventy people, remained with him and served during all the time of his villainy with him." In January 1774, the Pugachev detachment arrived in the Junior Zhuz to attract Kazakhs to the rebel army. The Kazakhs of several families responded to Pugachev's call, whose detachments later participated in many battles, including the long siege of Orenburg. After the defeat at Tatishcheva Fortress, Ufa and Yekaterinburg, Pugachev retreated to the mining and factory areas of the Urals, began to intensively attract Ural workers, Bashkirs and Kazakhs to his side. In the Middle Zhuz, he sent a Bashkir centurion with a request to send several thousand Kazakhs to his army. After discussing Pugachev's request, the foremen of the zhuz decided that they agreed, and would help in everything. Since then, Kazakh attacks on Russian military fortifications have become more frequent. If before the Pugachev uprising, on average, there were 30-40 attacks of Kazakhs on border lines per year, then in 1774, there were 240 of them. The Russian government demanded that the khans of the Younger and Middle Zhuzs resolutely stop providing assistance to Pugachev. This demand met the interests of the khans: they were against the peasant war, against the participation of the Kazakh people in it. Thus, the Orenburg governor informed Catherine II that Nuraly Khan, with his numerous sons and relatives, was loyal to the tsarist government, and at any time could provide military assistance in the fight against Pugachev. Sultan Vali (son of the khan of the Middle Zhuz Abylai) wrote about the same thing to the Tobolsk governor, stating that Abylai would not help Pugachev, and would remain loyal to the royal power ^[33]

Kazakh Invasion of Novo-Ishim line

In early April 1774 Yemelyan Pugachev entered into negotiations with Khan Abylai and asked: "So that they give him help in the conquest of these places and the victory of the Russian troops, and above all, he ordered them to verbally assure those Khan Ablai and the elders, then for that help he promises to give them all the Siberian nobles as subjects." After receiving several similar letters and assessing the situation, Khan decided to take advantage of the turmoil to his advantage. Having destroyed several fortifications of the Novo-Ishim line, he asked the "sovereign" permission to keep the prisoners taken, to which he received consent. This was the end of his participation in the uprising. The Russian authorities, outraged by the behavior of their subject, decided to protest. In response, Abylai's son, Sultan Vali, said that his father had long gone on another campaign against the Kyrgyz, therefore, he had nothing to do with any "evil deeds" and "villainous delusions". Other influential Kazakh rulers of the Middle Zhuz continued to maintain contact with Pugachev and carry out attacks on Russian detachments and settlements ^[34]

Caspian raid 1775

Kazakh clans that roamed along the Orenburg line operated not only in the area of the Urals, Volga and border fortifications, but also descended to the shores of the Caspian Sea, raiding sea gangs. On March 7, 1775, Pyotr Semyonov, who was in Kazakh captivity, reported that the Kazakhs, " having gathered up to three hundred people, went betweenAstrakhanandGuryev-gorodokstill on the gangs consisting of the Caspian Sea, with the intention of smashing and capturing Russian people, and in addition to these, they are also fromauls." The Cossack Zladnov, who was sent from the Sorochikov fortress to scout in Guryev-gorodok, learned that the Kazakhs of the Tabyn and Bersh families had defeated the fish gangs of the merchant Yershov, Rich kultuk and Kamennaya. At the head of one of the detachments in the number of 300 people was a Kazakh Chak-tash batyr. Confirmation of this is found in the report of the Orenburg Provincial Chancellery to Count Panin on March 18, 1775: "The Kirghiz people, whom the Khan complained about and asked for their taming, did not bother almost all winter at the Ural outposts to do dirty tricks by taking people and driving away cattle, and finally ventured, sneaking through the line, in a crowd to get to the seaside and Tamo destroy all the Astrakhan fishing gangs and seize the people with all their property" ^[35]

Uprising of 1776

In the autumn of 1775, after the capture of Yemelyan Pugachevand the suppression of his uprising, 22-year-old Sapura from the Tabyn family became the head of the Kazakhs, and the movement broke out with renewed vigor. She, with the support of Dusala Sultan, created the legend of the invisible man — Koktemir. On his behalf, Sapura assured the Kazakhs of the imminent appearance of the army of Peter III. They believed in her story, and soon Kazakh troops began to gather at Sapura's headquarters. In the spring of 1776, the Kazakhs began to attack the border lands of the Russian Empire. Most of their attacks were focused on the Bashkirs, who participated in punitive expeditions against Pugachev's army, as well as on border fortresses. Kazakhs burned fodder, food and captured prisoners. Frightened by the new echoes of the "Pugachev Uprising", the governments of Catherine II began to bribe the feudal elite of the Younger Zhuz. Thus, back in February 1776, Dusaly-Sultan, along with many other feudal lords, withdrew from the uprising. This split Koktemir's camp, and fearing further reprisals, the rebels moved deeper into the steppes. ^[36]

Liberation movement of Aryngazy Abulgaziev

The main goal of Aryngazy Abulgaziev's movement was to liberate Kazakh lands and restore the institution of khan's power. In April 1810, the sultans and tribal rulers of the Younger Zhuz elected him as their khan. Aryngazy Abulgaziev's movement aimed to create a strong centralized state by combining the Kazakh clans of the Younger and Middle Zhuzs. As a result of the Movement of Aryngazy Abulgaziev, the power of the official khan of Shirgazy, approved by the tsarist government, became nominal. Patronizing trade with Bukhara, Aryngazy achieved official recognition of him as khan by the Emir of Bukhara. Negotiations with the tsarist government to recognize him as Khan failed. In 1820, the rebels attacked the villages of Shirgazy. In 1821, Aryngazy was summoned to St. Petersburg. Aryngazy, who went there in the hope of establishing himself as the Khan of Aryngazy, was detained on the way and exiled to Kaluga. The tsarist administration sought to get rid of the influential and authoritative Genghisid and abolish the institution of khan's power.

The suppression of the uprising finally destroyed the khan's power in Kazakhstan and made it easier for Russians to Russify the region ^[37]

Uprising of Sarzhan

At the first stage of the uprising in 1825-1836, it was headed by Sarzhan Kasymov (the eldest son of the sultan), so punitive campaigns were directed to his villages. On February 12, 1825, the senior sultan of the district, Major Tursun Chingisov, informed the Omsk regional chief Bronevsky that Sarzhan and Yessengeldy's younger brother were attacking peaceful villages and caravans going from Semipalatinsk to Tashkent and asked for a detachment of Cossacks with 2 guns. Bronevsky confidently replied that it was like " war has been declared on the eagles from the flies that buzz over their ears, not knowing that from one wing they will disappear like dust." On September 22 Karkaraly order, for a diversionary maneuver from the Kokchetav order, the military sergeant Lukin also left with about a hundred Cossacks, the guard of the merchant caravan from Petropavlovsk to Kokand, led by cornet Bezyazykov, was instructed to conduct reconnaissance along the way, try to lure the rebels to the caravan and capture them. Ramazan Kasmasov, a Tatar who "had close ties with Sultan Sarzhan,"was supposed to assist the caravan-bashi of the Kostroma province. Sarzhan auls at that time were located 350 c. from Karkaralinsk, on the Chu River. After learning about Karbyshev's speech, he returned to the Bolshaya Nura River and began to go deep into the steppe, to his supporters, who called him " Patsha in the land of Kyrgyzstan “

There were three battles between punitive detachments and rebels. The first occurred near Lake Shoshkakol on November 5, where they were attacked by a group of 500 Kazakhs. Initially, 50 gunsmiths opened heavy fire on the Cossacks, and the Cossacks, in turn, fired two volleys of buckshot and one core from the gun, thereby scattering the attackers. On November 8, a second skirmish took place on the Sonaly River, where the Cossacks, taking advantage of the mountainous terrain, attacked the villages of Sarzhan itself. The defending Kazakhs repelled the attack of the Cossacks with strong fire. On this day, the Sultan of Kenesary took part in the battle, Karbyshev sent a platoon of Cossacks on horseback, led by cornet Nekrasov and uryadniki Rezantsev and Fateev, to capture him. Kenesary from a gun wounded one of them in the arm, he himself was wounded in five places, " but the speed of a fresh horse carried him away...". The Cossacks pursued him, led the Kazakhs into confusion. On the morning of November 9, punitive detachments discovered Sarzhan auls near the Kok-Donbak tract near the Adyr Mountains: "The Kirghiz met us with new fury and although their resistance was desperate against the Cossacks," Karbyshev reported. The Cossacks dispersed the Kazakhs and captured 2 thousand horses and 200 camels. The punishers took five subscriptions from the nomads of the Altaevskaya and Karpykovskaya volosts "on voluntary entry, by their own consent, under the administration of Russia...", a total of 698 auls, or 4188 kibitkas, were brought into "citizenship". In general, the Cossacks fired 5 shots with buckshot, 4 balls, 540 guns and pistols, killed civilians “probably” up to 200 and wounded “a considerable number”, captured 12 Sarzhan's accomplices, 20 pieces of flintlock, 4 sabres and 115 horses. In the summer of 1826, Sarzhan's squads attacked (or made a campaign) the Karkaraly order, Karbyshev came out against it with a hundred Cossacks and one gun and dispersed the rebels in the Bogaly mountains.

In 1827, 500 Kazakhs attacked the Cossack detachment of the constable Kudryavtsev and killed 9 Cossacks, to pursue them from the village of Semiyarskaya, the military sergeant Lukin with 500 Cossacks and two guns made a speech. In September, they overtook the villages of the rebels in Betpakdal, "the Cossacks passed this steppe with fire and sword all the way to the Chu River, covering it with the corpses of people and animals." The punishers spent two months in the steppe, drove away 1084 horses, 378 camels, 1083 bulls, 9,739 rams and burned the property of Kazakhs who fled for Chu.

To repel the attacks of the "treacherously changed Sultan Sarzhan", it was decided to strengthen military forces in the outer districts. In addition, the volost administrator of the Kuvandyk families, Sultan Konurkulja Kudaimendin, delivered news that in the spring of 1831 Kushbek left Tashkent with a 40-thousandth army to collect yasak from the Kazakhs under his jurisdiction and build the Korgan fortification in the Kara-agach ur. Cossack detachments were sent to the Kereevskaya and Uvakovskaya volosts to prevent ram trucks. On July 19, near the Arganaty mountains on the right side of Karaturgai, 12 Cossacks with uryadnik Paradyev had a skirmish with 400 tulenguts of Sultan Kasym, who were the first to open rifle fire, wounding one Cossack and killing three horses. The Cossacks in the mounted formation returned fire with rifles and pistols, killed several and dispersed the crowd, seizing a rifle, a spear and aibalta, and five horses. In the military detachment of Colonel Shubin, 50 Cossacks and 4 constables arrived, led by zauryad-cornet Budakov, to cover the villages of Kudaimendin, the captured "predators" were passed three times through the formation of 500 people.and then released "for fear of others", when they were re-captured, they were sent to hard labor in Nerchinsk. On October 21, the military detachment at Kudaimendin's headquarters was reinforced by the detachment of Centurion Chirikov. At the end of October, the military chancellery of the Siberian Army reported on the readiness for a foreign campaign from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th regiments of 500 Cossacks with two officers, 10 constables with a month's supply. With them, the commander of the horse-artillery brigade, Lieutenant Colonel Simanov, was supposed to perform with 4 guns “in full uniform and armament”" Esaul Leskov from the Kokchetav district was appointed commander of the combined detachment. Tension on the line reached a climax when Karbyshev, the commander of the Karkaraly military detachment, reported in early November that Sarzhan himself was spreading all the rumors about Kushbek's approach and that due to "the severity of the coming winter and the Famine Steppe crossing that I knew was the most difficult and serviceable in the whole army", there would be no invasion this year. The Chief of Staff of the Separate Siberian Corps, Major General Bronevsky, gave the order to all the troops to return to the line, leaving the guns until further notice. Shubin's detachment was ordered to be in a state of” military caution", to maintain order and silence. Centurion Chirikov informed Shubin that Sarzhan "did not have any actions in common with Kushbek", only spread rumors, had a winter camp in Jety-Konyr, his sarbazs were armed with Turks, guns, aibalts, shokpars, sabers and arrows." In 1832. in the Kara-agach district, on the road between Kara-utkule and Karkaraly, a detachment is established "in such a force that it can even capture Sultan Sarzhan and his accomplices...", additional reinforcements were also sent to the Akmola and Karkaraly districts. The detachment at Kara-agach included 6 chief officers, 30 constables and 300 Cossacks with two horse-artillery guns led by esaul Simanov. The commander of the Akmola detachment, Lieutenant Colonel Shubin, received two officers, 13 constables and 130 Cossacks with two guns. The Karkaraly detachment of Esaul Karbyshev included three officers, 18 constables and 182 Cossacks. As a result, the detachments in Karautkul, Kara-agach and Karkaralinsk consisted of 11 officers, 61 constables and 612 Cossacks with 3-and 6-pounder cannons and 12-pounder unicorns. Such an impressive force was gathered because rumors spread that Kokand troops were again marching with Sarzhan to draw loyal Kazakhs into the steppe and collect yasak from them. On March 1 (or March 14[2]), 1832, Sarzhan raided the auls of the Karkaraly district, former subjects of Russia, and took 1,600 horses and other property from them. ^[38]

On March 6, Centurion Potanin 2 with 40 Cossacks from the detachment of the chief of the military guard of the Akmola district Chirikov had a skirmish with the detachments of Sarzhan, who, near the Kara-agach ur, fortified himself in korgan from carts, bales, camels, and his cats, and posted mounted horsemen in appearance. The negotiations ended unsuccessfully and the rebels shouted " Ablay!"and" Sarjan!"with the support of rifle volleys and arrows, we moved towards the Cossacks. The skirmish lasted an hour, the Cossacks knocked down the crowd, which dispersed into three parts, Sarzhan and his brother Esengeldy disappeared into the hills. The Kazakhs lost 37 killed, the Cossacks wounded three, recaptured 13 guns, two bows and arrows, 10 sabers, two daggers, five pikes and 112 horses. In May, Kokand troops appeared on Sary-su, which built three korgans from the mazars of Alash Khan, Bolganan and Jochi Khan and began collecting taxes from the nomads of Konratovo parish. The chief of the Kokand people, Babakhodzha, sent a letter to the commander of the Karkaraly detachment, Karbyshev, whose meaning was to jointly rob the Kazakhs "we have enough of them, you are our own, and we are our own." In June-July, Yesaul Simanov was in Karagach, who came across Sarzhan villages on the night of June 15-16. Two platoons of Cossacks pursued him for 80 seconds, but due to fatigue they returned back. Sarzhan left 4 thousand horses, 300 camels, one hundred heads of cattle, from 30 to 40 thousand rams while fleeing. During the pursuit, the constable Kubrin with 5 Cossacks fought with Sarzhan, who was guarded by 27 horsemen. There was a skirmish, Karbyshev arrived with reinforcements to the Cossacks and the rebels fled. In the evening of June 22, at the confluence of the Kara-kengir River in Sary-su, 10 versts from the Kokand fortification, the Cossack detachment of the constable Reitarov was unexpectedly attacked by 40 sarbaz Esengeldy, one Cossack was wounded. The detachment was forced to dismount and shoot back, and soon “the Kirghiz people picked up their wounded with incredible speed and disappeared”" On the same day, the commander of the detachment Simanov attacked the Tashkent fortification in the Kara-zhar area, 189 shots were fired from two guns, the corner towers and the middle of the wall collapsed. Centurion Lobanov with 50 Cossacks made a diversionary maneuver, and 120 Cossacks under the command of Simanov, Karbyshev and cornet Popov in three columns along the river bank went to the assault. Seeing this, the commandant of Korgan, Saitamat-khoja, immediately surrendered. On July 1, Simanov also occupied the second fortification in the Tort-kulan area. Two constables and one Cossack were killed in the fighting, and the other was seriously wounded. Simanov reported to the commander of the Karaagach detachment, Lieutenant Colonel Lukin, that " the Kirghiz remain adamant and when the detachment appears, they are the first to use force of arms, shoot at the Cossacks with rifles and make detachments in gangs with the intention of harming the Russians.” At the end of September 1832, Yesaul Simanov marched from the Karaagach picket back to the Akmola fortification. Immediately Sarzhan appeared in the area with three hundred sarbazs, and the centurion Chirikov went in pursuit of him with 53 Cossacks.

The rebels, exhausting the detachment, left for the steppe, confusing their tracks. On the night of October 6, while camping at the Dzhaksy-kul River, Sarzhan attacked the punishers in order to steal horses, the Cossacks repelled the onslaught, but the darkness did not allow them to start the pursuit. Having made 485 versts of continuous marches from the Akmola order through Kulan-otpes, Sonaly River, Sulukol Lake, Ashi-su and Konek, completely exhausted their horses, the detachment returned on October 14. The commander of the Akmola detachment, Colonel Shubin, reported to Tobolsk that Sarzhan, despite losses and persecution, “animating himself with the Kyrgyz people from ancient times, does not discourage himself.

” Lieutenant Colonel Lukin, after analyzing the military operations against Sarzhan, reported to the Omsk regional chief De Saint Laurent about the tactics of the rebels. He noted a good reconnaissance of the movements of Cossack detachments, the ability to hide tracks and confuse the pursuit, from the overnight camp they disperse one by one in different directions and then unite in a remote area, all odvukon, went on hard and stony soils where horse tracks do not remain, always ahead of the pursuers by a day. Sarzhan himself always has " vigilant caution” and keeps five selected horses in constant readiness at the yurt. He came to the conclusion that “it is useless to send an expedition to it”: a small detachment will be destroyed, and a large one will be immediately discovered, so he offered to conduct a peace-loving policy and negotiations with it, “show every kindness and affectionate attention” in order to capture it. ^[39]

In the winter of 1832-1833, the Koyanchi-Tagayevskaya, Karson-Kirneevskaya, Taraklinsky and Jabailinsky volosts migrated from the Akmola district to Kasym. To return them “ " disperse the Sarzhan crowds” and capture him himself, a strong military detachment was formed under the command of the most experienced Cossack esaul Karbyshev, consisting of 11 officers, 38 constables, 376 Cossacks of the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 10th cavalry regiments, 50 soldiers of No. 7 Siberian Linear Battalion, two guns, auxiliary forces and transport, a total of over 450 people, with a supply of food for seven months, including two glasses of wine a week, each participant of the campaign only 60 cups. The gathering of troops was appointed in the Karkaraly order. The detachment was to gain a foothold in the Karaagach district and go only as far as the Hungry Steppe.

Karbyshev moved from Karkaralinsk on April 9 to the southwestern part of the steppe, towards the Aktau Mountains. It was known about Sarzhan that he wandered to Chu in the area of Kokmurun-toi near the Ulanbel-Karakyr ur. Sultan Kasim is located not far from him, for the capture of which the Tashkent kushbek sent 600 people. Karbyshev with a detachment from Aktau reached the southern borders of the Akmola and Karkaraly districts to Chu, lakes Balkhash and Alakul, passed a total of 1173 centuries. without losing a single person or a single horse, he returned 1133 yurts to their former places of nomadism. The detachment did not fight Sarzhan. Leaving Esaul Lyashin with 60 Cossacks on the border of two districts, Karbyshev returned to Karkaraly on July 17, and on July 18 sent hundreds home to the Koryakovsky and Semiyarsky outposts, the Semipalatinsk fortress. Sarzhan's tactics consisted in conducting an effective guerrilla struggle against punishers, attacking rear pickets and posts, capturing small detachments, suddenly stealing combat and pack horses, and constantly raiding the line. So, for example, on September 13, 1833, 50 tulenguts of Sultan Kushik Kasimov attacked 4 Cossacks of the Presnogorkovsky redoubt, killed one and seriously wounded two, taking a carbine, two guns and ammunition. On September 16, four horses were stolen from the Cossacks ' autumn fishing trip on the Yakshi-Yangystav Lake, and one Cossack was wounded in the chest in a fight. On the night of September 17, unknown ram drivers stole 4 horses from the Cossacks of the Mizgil picket, although the Cossacks “exchanged fire”. On the night of September 25, 11 horses were stolen from the Azat picket “it is not known where”, a detachment of 15 horse-armed Cossacks with a constable went to search. The military governor of Western Siberia, Velyaminov, strictly ordered the Omsk regional chief, Lieutenant-General De Saint Laurent, to investigate this case “in the strictest possible way and try in every possible way to open the perpetrators of such a villainous act...".

To ensure the safety of the route between Akmola and Bayan-Aul, Petropavlovsk and Karkaraly, it was decided to stretch a picket line between them and populate each with 4 Cossack families. Local Kazakhs began to resist, did not allow the Cossacks to use the forests and hayfields. The military ataman, Major General Gordeev, brought a complaint to Tobolsk to the commander of a Separate Siberian corps, demanding help “so as not to humiliate the spirit and glory of the military class of people against the people who have not yet shown anything to our government by merit or benefit...", noting that the Kazakhs make obstacles “out of self-interest or because of disregard for the order established in their homeland”" De Saint Laurent ordered the Cossacks to take the necessary amount for cutting down the combat forest and not to prevent them from doing so. Mobile Cossack detachments were created on the eastern and western wings of the Akmola district to prevent the migration of Kazakhs from the districts and penetration into the rear of groups of “barantovschikov” from the military guard of the Akmola district, and a permanent picket was opened in the Kara-agach district. From October 1, 1833 to April 1, 1834, Centurion Asanov was stationed there with 35 Cossacks of the 5th Siberian Regiment, protecting the borders of the district from the detachments of Kushik, Esengeldy and Sarzhan Kasymov, who wintered on Sary-su and Chu, in the Dzhezdy-Kengir and Jety-Konyr tracts. In May 1834, the khakim of Tashkent Lashkar-kushbegi with a detachment of 6 thousand people. and accompanied by Sultan Sarzhan, he invaded the Ulytau Mountains, from where he sent out appeals to the sultans, biys and elders of the Kokchetav outer district to rise up in a joint struggle against Russia. Upon learning of the invasion, a detachment was sent against him under the command of the Chief of the corps staff, Major General Bronevsky, consisting of 850 Cossacks.

In the spring of 1835, Sarzhan and Sartai Kasymovs were expected to invade the Akmola district with the troops of the Tashkent Kushbek, who threatened to " make his white beard black with the blood of Russians." Against the 8,000 Kokand army, the military governor of Western Siberia and the commander of a Separate Siberian Corps, Lieutenant-General Sulima, ordered the commander of the 23rd Infantry Division and the Omsk regional chief, Lieutenant-General De Saint Laurent, to place two horse regiments of 500 Cossacks, 8 guns and two infantry companies in the fortifications of Aktau and Ulytau. 200 Cossacks, a platoon of infantry with two guns; send an additional two guns to the Akmola military detachment, one gun each to Karkaralinsk and Kokchetav, and have a total of 12 guns in the forward fortifications. The Siberian linear Cossack Army allocated 22 officers, 108 constables and 1066 Cossacks, one horse-artillery company from all regiments. These forces, according to Tobolsk, are enough to withstand the " onslaught of uneducated tashskinskikh crowds”" Field fortifications were ordered to be arranged according to all the rules of fortification to protect against enemy cavalry. The commanders of the detachments were appointed: in Aktau - the commander of the 6th Siberian Cossack Regiment esaul Karbyshev, in Ulytau-the head of the Bayan-Aul military detachment esaul Potanin 2nd; in Karaagach-the military foreman Simanov. The Karkaraly foreign military detachment of Centurion Kuznetsov (500 Cossacks, company No. 7 of the Siberian Linear Battalion, 4 horse-artillery guns) was ordered to occupy Ortau by April 1, the Akmola order was reinforced by Company No. 2 of the Siberian Linear Battalion in addition to 200 Cossacks and company of horse-artillery No. 11 of the Siberian Army brigade. The 3rd Siberian Cavalry Regiment (esaul Algazin), the 4th (esaul Tolmachev) and the 5th (Lieutenant Colonel Ivanov) were put on alert.

After the death of De Saint-Loren in June, the general leadership of the operation was carried out by the Acting Omsk Regional Chief, Colonel Talyzin, and the Chief of Staff of the Separate Siberian Corps, Major General Galafyev. In July, 700 Kokand people, led by Kushbek's son, plundered the villages of Kipchak farmers in Sary-Kopa and went back to Tashkent. Sarzhan spent all this time in the lower reaches of the Sary-su at ur. Kyzyl-Jingil-Baigala for the purpose of stealing horses from Kara-agach. According to archival documents, he did not conduct any military operations together with the residents of Tashkent; on the contrary, on November 12, he looted a trade caravan heading from Tashkent to Semipalatinsk. After the retreat of the Uzbeks, the troops returned to the line. In Karaagach, the centurion Shakhmatov was left for the winter with 5 constables and 50 Cossacks of the 2nd Siberian Regiment to repel Sarzhan's raids. Thus, in 1835, the border authorities concentrated impressive forces against Sarzhan and Kokand residents, only the Ulytavsky foreign military detachment consisted of squadrons of three Siberian regiments, companies No. 2, 3 and 6 of the Siberian line battalions and one horse-artillery platoon, a total of 396 people, including Cossack squadrons included 288 Cossacks, uryadnikov and officers. ^[40]

In 1836 Lieutenant-General Prince P. D. Gorchakov was appointed Governor-General of Western Siberia and commander of a Separate Siberian corps, “an evil, arrogant, self-loving man”, as defined by G. N. Potanin, who took an uncompromising position in relation to the Kazakh uprising. In the same year, Sarzhan and Yessengeldy were killed by the Tashkent Kushbek. The movement was later headed by Kenesary Kassymov. The 10-year uprising of the Kazakh people against the Russian Empire and the Kokand Khanate began, and Kenesary by this time had already gained popularity among the people ^[41]

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