Tusk has been involved in
Polish politics since the late 1980s, having founded multiple political parties and held elected office almost continuously since 1991. He was one of the co-founders of the
free market–oriented
Liberal Democratic Congress party (KLD). He entered the
Sejm in 1991, but lost his seat in 1993. In 1994, the KLD merged with the
Democratic Union to form the
Freedom Union. In 1997, Tusk was elected to the
Senate, and became its
deputy marshal. In 2001, he co-founded another centre-right
liberal conservative party, the PO, and was again elected to the Sejm, becoming its
deputy marshal.[5]
During his absence in Polish politics, Tusks's Civic Platform would lose control of both the presidency and parliament to the rival
Law and Justice party in the
2015 Polish parliamentary election and
2015 Polish presidential election. Tusk served as President of the European Council until 2019; although initially remaining in
Brussels, he later returned to Polish politics in 2021. He became leader of the Civic Platform for a second time after the party had again lost to the PiS in
2019 and
2020. In the
2023 election, his
Civic Coalition won 157 seats in the Sejm to become the second-largest bloc in the chamber. The other opposition parties won enough seats between them to form a coalition majority with the Civic Coalition, ending eight years of government by the
Law and Justice party. Following Prime Minister
Mateusz Morawiecki's failure to secure a vote of confidence on 11 December, Tusk was elected by the Sejm to become Prime Minister for a third time.
His cabinet was sworn in on 13 December.[7]
Early life
Tusk was born in
Gdańsk in northern Poland.[8] He has
Polish,
German (maternal grandmother)[9] and
Kashubian (Donald Tusk describes himself as a Pole, Kashubian and European)[10][11] ancestry. His father, Donald Tusk senior (1929–1972), was a carpenter whilst his mother, Ewa (née Dawidowska) Tusk (1934–2009),[12][13] was a nurse.[8] His maternal
grandmother's language was
Danzig German.[14] His paternal grandfather,
Józef Tusk (1907–1987), was a railway official who around 1941–1942 was imprisoned at the
Neuengamme concentration camp; in 1944, as a former citizen of the
Free City of Danzig, he was forcibly conscripted by
German authorities into the
Wehrmacht. After four months, he deserted and joined the
Polish Armed Forces in the West.[15]
Tusk has described the city of his youth as "a typical frontier town" with "many borders ... between ethnicities." This, together with his Kashubian ethnic ancestry and multilingual family, meant that he grew up with an awareness that "nothing is simple in life or in history," which informed his adult political view that it is "best to be immune to every kind of orthodoxy, of ideology and most importantly, nationalism." He has described his young life under communism as "so hopeless" due to the boredom and monotony, with "no hope for anything to change." His young self was a "typical hooligan" who often got into fights – "we would roam the streets, you know, cruising for a bruising."[16]
Tusk credits his interest in politics to watching clashes between striking workers and
riot police when he was a teenager.[8] He enrolled at the
University of Gdańsk to study history, and graduated in 1980.[17] While studying, he was active in the
Student Committee of Solidarity, a group that opposed Poland's communist rule at the time.[17]
Early political career
Tusk was one of the founders of the
Liberal Democratic Congress (Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny KLD), which in the 1991 elections won 37 seats in the lower house of parliament.[17] The KLD later merged with the Democratic Union (UD) to become the Freedom Union (UW).[17] Tusk became deputy chairman of the new party, and was elected to the Senate in the next election in 1997.[17] In 2001, he co-founded
Civic Platform, and became deputy speaker in parliament after the party won seats in the year's election.[8]
In the shade of the upcoming expiration of President
Aleksander Kwaśniewski's second term and his inability to stand for a third term, Tusk and
Lech Kaczyński were the leading candidates for the presidential elections. Although both leading candidates came from the centre-right, and their two parties had planned to form a coalition government following the
parliamentary elections on 25 September, there were important differences between Tusk and Kaczyński. Tusk wanted to enforce a
separation of church and state, favoured rapid
European integration and supported a
free-market economy. Kaczyński was very
socially conservative, a
soft Eurosceptic, and supported
state intervention. Such differences led to the failure of
POPiS coalition talks in late October.
Jacek Protasiewicz headed his electoral campaign staff. Tusk's campaign motto was "President Tusk – A man with principles; We will be proud of Poland." In the election, Tusk received 36.6% of votes in the first round and then faced Kaczyński, who got 33.1% of votes in the first round.
In the second round, Tusk was defeated by Kaczyński.
One controversy during the election was the accusation that Tusk's grandfather,
Józef Tusk, had been a
Nazi collaborator during
WWII, having served in the German
Wehrmacht during the war. The controversy, according to the
BBC, "is believed to have influenced some voters negatively."[18]
Tusk and his Civic Platform party emerged victorious in the
2007 Polish parliamentary election, defeating incumbent Prime Minister
Jarosław Kaczyński's
Law and Justice party with about 42% of the vote to Law and Justice's 32%.[19] Tusk and his assembled cabinet were sworn in on 16 November, as he became the fourteenth prime minister of the Third Polish Republic.[20]
In the
2011 Polish parliamentary election, Civic Platform retained their Parliamentary majority, giving Tusk a second term as Prime Minister and making him Poland's first PM to win reelection since the fall of communism.[21] In September 2014, leaders of the
European Union voted unanimously by selecting Tusk as
Herman van Rompuy's successor for
President of the European Council, which gave Poland its first European leadership position since the
fall of the Berlin Wall. Tusk resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by Marshal of the Sejm
Ewa Kopacz.[22]
Domestic policy
During the 2007 parliamentary election campaign and initially when he entered office, Tusk promised to continue the
free market policies, streamline the bureaucracy, enact long-term stable governance, cut taxes to attract greater foreign business ventures, encourage Polish citizens living overseas to return to Poland, and privatise state-owned companies.[23] Later in office, Tusk changed his views on the role of taxation in the functioning of the state and his government never cut any taxes.[24] Instead, it raised
VAT from 22% to 23% in 2011,[25] increased the tax imposed on diesel oil, alcohol, tobacco and coal,[26][27] and eliminated many
tax exemptions.[28][29][30] The number of people employed in
public administration also grew considerably.[31][32] By 2012, the value of foreign investments in Poland had not matched the peak level attained in 2006–07, before Tusk entered office.[33] The number of Poles living abroad in 2013 was almost the same level as in 2007.[34]
The construction of a more adequate and larger
national road network in preparation for the
UEFA 2012 football championships was a stated priority for Tusk's government.[38] On 27 October 2009, Tusk declared that he wanted to partially ban gambling.[39] During the
2009 swine flu pandemic, Tusk defended his government's decision not to purchase
swine flu vaccine, citing the lack of testing by pharmaceutical companies and its unavailability to be purchased freely through the market. Tusk criticised other nations' responses to the pandemic. "The eagerness of some countries seems to be excessive and disproportionate to the real epidemiological situation," Tusk stated, referring to the pandemic's relatively low fatality rate.[40]
Tusk is moderately conservative on social issues. He is opposed to legalising abortion on demand, believing that current Polish legislation on abortion at that time (which allowed for legal abortion only when the pregnancy threatens the woman's life or health, when the fetus is seriously malformed, and when the pregnancy results from rape or incest) protected human life best.[41] Tusk has publicly stated that he opposes
euthanasia.[42]
In June 2022, Tusk changed his stance on abortion supporting a bill that would legalize abortion up to 12 weeks.[43]
Foreign policy
In foreign policy, Tusk sought to improve relations severely damaged during the previous
Kaczyński government, particularly with Germany and Russia. While he criticised the words of German politician
Erika Steinbach with regard to her opinion over the
expulsion of Germans from Poland following World War II, Tusk has stressed the need for warm relations with Berlin.[44] Tusk also advocated a more realistic relationship with Moscow, especially in regard to energy policy.[44] Under Tusk's premiership, Russian bans on Polish meat and agricultural products were lifted, while Poland reversed its official policy of disagreement on a European Union-Russian partnership agreement.[45]
During a speech delivered to the Sejm in the first weeks of his premiership, Tusk outlined a proposal to withdraw
military units from Iraq, stating that "we will conduct this operation keeping in mind that our commitment to our ally, the United States, has been lived up to and exceeded."[46] The last Polish military units completed their withdrawal in October 2008.[47]
In regard to U.S. plans of hosting
missile defense shield bases in the country, Tusk hinted skepticism toward the project, saying that their presence could potentially increase security risks from Russia, and rejected U.S. offers in early July 2008.[48] By August, however, Tusk relented, and supported the missile shield, declaring: "We have achieved the main goal. It means our countries, Poland and the United States will be more secure."[49] Following President
Barack Obama's decision to scrap and revise missile defense strategy, Tusk described the move as "a chance to strengthen Polish-US co-operation in defense..." He said: "I took this declaration from President Obama very seriously and with great satisfaction."[50]
Tusk announced that Polish soldiers would not take military action in Libya, although he voiced support for the
2011 military intervention in Libya and pledged to offer logistical support.[51][52]
Contrary to the condemnation of foreign governments and the leadership of the
European Union, Tusk supported Hungarian Prime Minister
Viktor Orbán in his efforts of implementing a new controversial
constitution. Tusk stated that the Hungarian constitution's democratic controversies were "exaggerated" and that Hungary had "a European level standard of democracy."[53] Tusk's support for the Hungarian government garnered a rare show of solidarity with the opposition Law and Justice, which also publicly displayed support for Orbán's efforts.[54]
In early 2012, Tusk announced his support for committing Poland to signing the international
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). In response, websites for the
Chancellery,
Sejm and
Presidency were hacked in mid-January.[55] Following
Anonymous's claim of responsibility for the web attack, Tusk remained undeterred by internet protests, authorising the Polish ambassador in Japan to sign the agreement, yet promised that final legislation in the Sejm would not go ahead without assurances regarding freedom to access the Internet.[56] Despite the government's guarantees, mass protests erupted in late January, with demonstrations held in
Warsaw,
Kraków,
Wrocław and
Kielce.[57][58] Further web attacks were reported on the website of Foreign Minister
Radek Sikorski.[59]
European policy
In continental policy, Tusk strongly supported greater political and economic integration within the
European Union, strongly backing the implementation of the
Lisbon Treaty, standing in stark contrast to President Lech Kaczyński's vehement opposition.[60] Tusk repeatedly stated his government's intention in bringing Poland into the
Eurozone. Originally wanting to introduce the euro by 2012, Tusk envisaged in 2009 a starting year of 2015 as "a realistic and not overly-ambitious goal."[61] However, during the
European sovereign debt crisis, Tusk and his government displayed less optimism in joining the monetary union under contemporary economic circumstances, leading to Finance Minister
Jan Vincent-Rostowski calling any move "unthinkable."[62] Despite not being a member of the
eurozone, Tusk pressed that Poland, along with the other non-eurozone states of the EU, should be included in future euro financial negotiations.[63]
While being a constituent member of the
Weimar Triangle with fellow states Germany and France, Tusk showed displeasure over German Chancellor
Angela Merkel's and French President
Nicolas Sarkozy's dominating roles in eurozone negotiations, remarking to Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera in January 2012 that "this should not translate into a lasting political monopoly: things cannot be left to only two capitals of Europe."[66]
Constitutional reform
After being elected Prime Minister, relations between Tusk and President Lech Kaczyński were often acrimonious due to different political ideologies and the constitutional role of the presidency. Using presidential veto powers, Kaczyński blocked legislation drafted by the Tusk government, including pension reform, agricultural and urban zoning plans, and restructuring state television.[67]
In his premiership, Tusk has proposed various reforms to the
Polish constitution. In 2009, Tusk proposed changes to the power of the
presidency, by abolishing the presidential veto. "The president should not have veto power. People make their decision in elections and then state institutions should not be in conflict," said Tusk.[68] Tusk again reiterated his desire for constitutional reform in February 2010, proposing that the presidential veto be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority rather than through a three-fifths vote. "Presidential veto could not effectively block the will of the majority in parliament, which won elections and formed the government," stated Tusk.[69] Further constitutional reforms proposed by Tusk include reducing the
Sejm from a membership of 460 to 300, "not only because of its savings, but also the excessive number of members' causes blurring certain plans and projects."[69] Similarly, Tusk proposed radical changes to the
Senate, preferring to abolish the
upper house altogether, yet due to constitutional concerns and demands from the junior coalition
Polish People's Party partner, Tusk proposed reducing the Senate from 100 to 49, while including former presidents to sit in the Senate for political experience and expertise in state matters.[69] Parliamentary immunity for all members of the Sejm and Senate would also be stripped, except for in special situations.[69] In addition, Tusk proposed that the prime minister's role in foreign policy decisions would be greatly expanded.[70] By decreasing the president's role in governance, executive power would further be concentrated in the prime minister, directly responsible to the
cabinet and Sejm, as well as avoiding confusion over Poland's representation at international or EU summits.[71] The opposition conservative Law and Justice party deeply criticised Tusk's constitutional reform proposals, opting in opposing legislation for the presidency to garner greater power over the prime minister.[72]
In an interview with the Financial Times in January 2010, Tusk was asked if he considered running again as Civic Platform's candidate for that year's
presidential election. Tusk replied that although the presidential election typically drew the most voters to the polls and remained Poland's most high-profiled race, the presidency had little political power outside of the veto, and preferred to remain as Prime Minister. While not formally excluding his candidacy, Tusk declared that "I would very much like to continue to work in the government and Civic Platform, because that seems to me to be the key element in ensuring success in the civilisational race in which we are engaged."[73] A day after the interview, Tusk formally announced his intention of staying as Prime Minister, allowing his party to choose another candidate (and eventual winner),
Bronisław Komorowski.[74]
On 31 January 2017, Tusk wrote an open letter to the 27 EU heads of state or government on the future of the EU before the
Malta summit.[84] In this letter, he stated the
Trump administration presented a threat to the EU on a par with a newly assertive China, an aggressive Russia and "wars, terror and anarchy in the Middle East and Africa."[85]
On 9 March 2017, Tusk was re-elected for a second term to run until 30 November 2019.[86] He received 27 of 28 votes; the one vote against him came from
Beata Szydło, the Prime Minister of Poland.[87] Tusk's actions in the wake of the
2010 plane crash that killed then-Polish President Lech Kaczyński provoked opposition from Poland's governing
right-wing party—critics said that Tusk's centrist government did not sufficiently investigate the cause of the crash.[86][88] Szydło refused to sign the EU statement issued at the end of the council's meeting in protest at Tusk's reelection, though other EU leaders spoke in favour of him; Prime Minister
Mark Rutte of the Netherlands called him "a very good president,"[88] and European Commission President
Jean-Claude Juncker and
German chancellor Angela Merkel both made statements supporting the vote.[86] Donald Tusk maintains there will be no winners from
Brexit and the two years following the triggering of Article 50 will be a time of damage limitation.[89]
In February 2018, Tusk urged Turkey "to avoid threats or actions against any EU member and instead commit to good neighbourly relations, peaceful dispute settlement and respect for territorial sovereignty."[90] Tusk also expressed concern over the
Turkish invasion of northern Syria in 2018.[91] In response to the death of Chinese
Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Liu Xiaobo, who died of organ failure while in government custody, Tusk and Jean-Claude Juncker said in a joint statement that they had learned of Liu's death "with deep sadness."[92]
On 6 February 2019, Tusk held talks with
Irish PremierLeo Varadkar in Brussels to discuss Britain's departure from the
European Union, stating that there was a "special place in Hell for those who promoted
Brexit without even a sketch of a plan how to carry it out safely."[93][94] Tusk opened his statement by saying there were 50 days to go until the UK's exit from the EU: "I know that still a very great number of people in the UK, and on the continent, as well as in Ireland, wish for a reversal of this decision. I have always been with you, with all my heart. But the facts are unmistakable. At the moment, the pro-Brexit stance of the UK Prime Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition, rules out this question. Today, there is no political force and no effective leadership for Remain. I say this without satisfaction, but you can't argue with the facts."[93]
On 24 August 2019 in
Biarritz for the
G7 Summit, Tusk addressed reporters regarding Brexit, stating "one thing I will not cooperate on is no deal." He also said he hoped that
Boris Johnson would not go down in history as "Mr No Deal."[95][96] In September 2019, Tusk said that the EU should open accession talks with both Albania and North Macedonia.[97]
Tusk condemned the
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. He reprimanded Turkish President
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan for threatening to send millions of Syrian refugees to Europe and denounced the Turkish operation in northern Syria as destabilizing the region, which he demanded to halt.[98]
Writing of his tenure as President of the European Council,
LSE political scientist
Sara Hagemann said "he set the tone for a liberal and progressive agenda at a time of significant threat from populist and pro-Russian voices in Europe."[99]
In July 2021, Donald Tusk returned to Warsaw, re-engaging actively in Polish politics as leader of
Civic Platform. As of May 2022, Tusk was among the leading choices among opposition figures for the potential future prime minister role, according to a public poll.[100] However, his overall net approval among the general population was reported as −24.4% in the same period.[101] During his campaign, Tusk advocated for enhanced
LGBT rights.[102]
2023 Polish parliamentary election
In the
2023 Polish parliamentary election, Tusk's
Civic Coalition finished as the second-largest bloc in the Sejm. Between them, Civic Coalition and two other opposition parties,
Third Way and
New Left, took 54% of the vote, winning enough seats to allow them to take power.[103] On 10 November, Civic Coalition, New Left, the Polish People's Party and
Poland 2050 formally signed an agreement to support Tusk as their candidate for Prime Minister. President
Andrzej Duda nominated PiS incumbent
Mateusz Morawiecki for another term as Prime Minister. However, Morawiecki fell short of the support needed to stay in office, as PiS and its allies were 40 seats short of a majority. With this in mind, Tusk publicly announced the agreement before the new Sejm convened to show he and the opposition stood ready to govern.[104]Morawiecki's cabinet was sworn in on 27 November, but was widely expected to lose a confidence vote.[105] Under the constitution, if Morawiecki did not win a confidence vote within two weeks of being sworn in, the Sejm had the right to designate its own nominee for Prime Minister, and Duda was required to appoint the person so designated. On paper, the four parties who signed the agreement had the votes to designate Tusk as the Sejm's candidate. Morawiecki's cabinet lost a vote of confidence in the Sejm on 11 December by 190 votes to 266.[106][107] The Sejm subsequently nominated Tusk as its candidate for Prime Minister, by 248 votes in favour and 201 against.[108] Tusk's cabinet was sworn in on 13 December.[109]
Domestic policy
Tusk's second time in office has been far less conciliatory than his first term. One of his first moves in office involved
dismissing the top executives from
Telewizja Polska (the nominally independent
public service broadcaster), which had been, for years, "a propaganda machine for the PiS government".[110] The move caused a sit-in from PiS supporters at the Telewizja Polska office, and in a spat between Tusk and President
Duda, ended with the liquidation of the channel following Duda vetoing funds for it in 2023. Stanley Bill, who serves as a professor of Polish Studies at the University of Cambridge, stated that his motive could have quite possibly been personal, due to the fact TVP had been demonizing him for years under the PiS government.[111][112]
Tusk also oversaw the arrests of both
Mariusz Kamiński and
Maciej Wąsik, who had both been on trial for exceeding authority since 2015.[113] President Duda had issued pardons to both of them, and they had continued to serve as ministers and members of the
Sejm as the trials proceeded. The pardons became embroiled in a legal battle due to the pardoning taking place before the final verdict for both. Ultimately, the
Supreme Court of Poland ruled that the pardons were not valid due to it occurring before sentencing. Both MPs ultimately took refuge in the
Presidential Palace in an attempt to have Duda shield them from conviction after it was ordered they be arrested and placed in
solitary confinement. Still, police entered the palace and arrested the two men. The episode highlighted growing tensions between the prime minister and the president.
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Foreign policy
On 22 January 2024, Tusk arrived in Kyiv, Ukraine on a working visit and met with Ukrainian President
Volodymyr Zelenskyy. He said that all those who chose neutrality in the
Russo-Ukrainian War and don't support Ukraine deserve "the darkest place in political hell." Tusk called for the West's "full mobilization."[114] Tusk has also worked to attempt to strengthen inter-European strength in the face of Russia, proclaiming that "There is no reason for the EU to be weaker than Russia". This comes after a string of comments former President and 2024 candidate
Donald Trump made saying that he would let Russia do "whatever the hell they want" to NATO countries who do not satisfy spending commitments.[115]
Personal life
Donald Tusk married Małgorzata Sochacka in 1978. They have two children: a son, Michał and a daughter, Katarzyna.[8]
Tusk belongs to the
Kashubian minority in Poland. In an interview with the Israeli newspaper Haaretz in December 2008, Tusk compared his own family history to the Jewish experience, describing the Kashubian minority as a people who, "like the Jews, are people who were born and live in border areas and were suspected by the
Nazis and by the
Communists of being disloyal."[116]
Tusk speaks four languages:
Polish,
Kashubian, German, and English.[117] In 2014, at the time he became President of the European Council, he was criticized for his poor English skills and lack of knowledge of French.[118] However, he underwent extensive language classes in advance of assuming the role of President,[119] and rapidly mastered English.[117] In January 2019, Tusk gave a seven-minute speech only in
Romanian at the
Romanian Athenaeum in
Bucharest at the ceremony that marked the beginning of Romania's
EU Council Presidency.[120][121] His delivery received loud applause.[122][123][124] On 12 December 2019, Tusk published his memoir Szczerze ("Honestly"), based on his five-year-term as President of the European Council, which became a bestseller in Poland. He assumed the office of the President of the
European People's Party on 1 December 2019, a day after leaving office as President of the European Council. On 1 June 2022 he stepped down from the position and was replaced by
Manfred Weber.[125]
Tusk's religious views became a matter of a debate during his presidential campaign in 2005. To avoid further speculation, just before the presidential elections Tusk requested a
Catholic marriage ceremony with his wife Małgorzata, whom he had married in a civil ceremony 27 years earlier.[126][127]
Honours and awards
The
Charlemagne Prize of the city of
Aachen was awarded to Tusk on 13 May 2010 for his merits in the further unification of Europe and for his role as a "patriot and great European." He dedicated the prize to the people killed in a
plane crash of a Polish Air Force Tu-154 in April 2010 including the Polish president Lech Kaczyński. The eulogy was given by German chancellor Angela Merkel.[128]
In May 2012, he received the
Walther-Rathenau-Preis "in recognition for his commitment to European integration during Poland's Presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of 2011 and for fostering Polish–German dialogue." In her speech German chancellor Merkel praised Tusk as "a farsighted European."[129] In the same year, he also received the
European Prize for Political Culture.[130] In December 2017, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the
University of Pécs, Hungary, in recognition of Tusk's "achievements as a Polish and European politician, which are strongly connected with Hungarian, regional and European history."[131] On 16 December 2018, Tusk was awarded an honorary doctorate at the
TU Dortmund University, Germany, "in recognition of his services to European politics and his contribution to the debate on European values."[132] In 2019, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the
University of Lviv, Ukraine, which he accepted on the fifth anniversary of the
Revolution of Dignity.[133]
^Foy, Henry (28 November 2014). "Lunch with the FT: Donald Tusk". The Financial Times Ltd.
Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
^"Polish state TVP Info channel off air as Tusk reforms kick in". BBC News. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. In recent years, TVP's main evening news broadcasts, and TVP Info, became a propaganda machine for the PiS government, and the new coalition, led by pro-EU Prime Minister Donald Tusk, had promised voters to turn state media into a platform for "reliable information"
Tusk has been involved in
Polish politics since the late 1980s, having founded multiple political parties and held elected office almost continuously since 1991. He was one of the co-founders of the
free market–oriented
Liberal Democratic Congress party (KLD). He entered the
Sejm in 1991, but lost his seat in 1993. In 1994, the KLD merged with the
Democratic Union to form the
Freedom Union. In 1997, Tusk was elected to the
Senate, and became its
deputy marshal. In 2001, he co-founded another centre-right
liberal conservative party, the PO, and was again elected to the Sejm, becoming its
deputy marshal.[5]
During his absence in Polish politics, Tusks's Civic Platform would lose control of both the presidency and parliament to the rival
Law and Justice party in the
2015 Polish parliamentary election and
2015 Polish presidential election. Tusk served as President of the European Council until 2019; although initially remaining in
Brussels, he later returned to Polish politics in 2021. He became leader of the Civic Platform for a second time after the party had again lost to the PiS in
2019 and
2020. In the
2023 election, his
Civic Coalition won 157 seats in the Sejm to become the second-largest bloc in the chamber. The other opposition parties won enough seats between them to form a coalition majority with the Civic Coalition, ending eight years of government by the
Law and Justice party. Following Prime Minister
Mateusz Morawiecki's failure to secure a vote of confidence on 11 December, Tusk was elected by the Sejm to become Prime Minister for a third time.
His cabinet was sworn in on 13 December.[7]
Early life
Tusk was born in
Gdańsk in northern Poland.[8] He has
Polish,
German (maternal grandmother)[9] and
Kashubian (Donald Tusk describes himself as a Pole, Kashubian and European)[10][11] ancestry. His father, Donald Tusk senior (1929–1972), was a carpenter whilst his mother, Ewa (née Dawidowska) Tusk (1934–2009),[12][13] was a nurse.[8] His maternal
grandmother's language was
Danzig German.[14] His paternal grandfather,
Józef Tusk (1907–1987), was a railway official who around 1941–1942 was imprisoned at the
Neuengamme concentration camp; in 1944, as a former citizen of the
Free City of Danzig, he was forcibly conscripted by
German authorities into the
Wehrmacht. After four months, he deserted and joined the
Polish Armed Forces in the West.[15]
Tusk has described the city of his youth as "a typical frontier town" with "many borders ... between ethnicities." This, together with his Kashubian ethnic ancestry and multilingual family, meant that he grew up with an awareness that "nothing is simple in life or in history," which informed his adult political view that it is "best to be immune to every kind of orthodoxy, of ideology and most importantly, nationalism." He has described his young life under communism as "so hopeless" due to the boredom and monotony, with "no hope for anything to change." His young self was a "typical hooligan" who often got into fights – "we would roam the streets, you know, cruising for a bruising."[16]
Tusk credits his interest in politics to watching clashes between striking workers and
riot police when he was a teenager.[8] He enrolled at the
University of Gdańsk to study history, and graduated in 1980.[17] While studying, he was active in the
Student Committee of Solidarity, a group that opposed Poland's communist rule at the time.[17]
Early political career
Tusk was one of the founders of the
Liberal Democratic Congress (Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny KLD), which in the 1991 elections won 37 seats in the lower house of parliament.[17] The KLD later merged with the Democratic Union (UD) to become the Freedom Union (UW).[17] Tusk became deputy chairman of the new party, and was elected to the Senate in the next election in 1997.[17] In 2001, he co-founded
Civic Platform, and became deputy speaker in parliament after the party won seats in the year's election.[8]
In the shade of the upcoming expiration of President
Aleksander Kwaśniewski's second term and his inability to stand for a third term, Tusk and
Lech Kaczyński were the leading candidates for the presidential elections. Although both leading candidates came from the centre-right, and their two parties had planned to form a coalition government following the
parliamentary elections on 25 September, there were important differences between Tusk and Kaczyński. Tusk wanted to enforce a
separation of church and state, favoured rapid
European integration and supported a
free-market economy. Kaczyński was very
socially conservative, a
soft Eurosceptic, and supported
state intervention. Such differences led to the failure of
POPiS coalition talks in late October.
Jacek Protasiewicz headed his electoral campaign staff. Tusk's campaign motto was "President Tusk – A man with principles; We will be proud of Poland." In the election, Tusk received 36.6% of votes in the first round and then faced Kaczyński, who got 33.1% of votes in the first round.
In the second round, Tusk was defeated by Kaczyński.
One controversy during the election was the accusation that Tusk's grandfather,
Józef Tusk, had been a
Nazi collaborator during
WWII, having served in the German
Wehrmacht during the war. The controversy, according to the
BBC, "is believed to have influenced some voters negatively."[18]
Tusk and his Civic Platform party emerged victorious in the
2007 Polish parliamentary election, defeating incumbent Prime Minister
Jarosław Kaczyński's
Law and Justice party with about 42% of the vote to Law and Justice's 32%.[19] Tusk and his assembled cabinet were sworn in on 16 November, as he became the fourteenth prime minister of the Third Polish Republic.[20]
In the
2011 Polish parliamentary election, Civic Platform retained their Parliamentary majority, giving Tusk a second term as Prime Minister and making him Poland's first PM to win reelection since the fall of communism.[21] In September 2014, leaders of the
European Union voted unanimously by selecting Tusk as
Herman van Rompuy's successor for
President of the European Council, which gave Poland its first European leadership position since the
fall of the Berlin Wall. Tusk resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by Marshal of the Sejm
Ewa Kopacz.[22]
Domestic policy
During the 2007 parliamentary election campaign and initially when he entered office, Tusk promised to continue the
free market policies, streamline the bureaucracy, enact long-term stable governance, cut taxes to attract greater foreign business ventures, encourage Polish citizens living overseas to return to Poland, and privatise state-owned companies.[23] Later in office, Tusk changed his views on the role of taxation in the functioning of the state and his government never cut any taxes.[24] Instead, it raised
VAT from 22% to 23% in 2011,[25] increased the tax imposed on diesel oil, alcohol, tobacco and coal,[26][27] and eliminated many
tax exemptions.[28][29][30] The number of people employed in
public administration also grew considerably.[31][32] By 2012, the value of foreign investments in Poland had not matched the peak level attained in 2006–07, before Tusk entered office.[33] The number of Poles living abroad in 2013 was almost the same level as in 2007.[34]
The construction of a more adequate and larger
national road network in preparation for the
UEFA 2012 football championships was a stated priority for Tusk's government.[38] On 27 October 2009, Tusk declared that he wanted to partially ban gambling.[39] During the
2009 swine flu pandemic, Tusk defended his government's decision not to purchase
swine flu vaccine, citing the lack of testing by pharmaceutical companies and its unavailability to be purchased freely through the market. Tusk criticised other nations' responses to the pandemic. "The eagerness of some countries seems to be excessive and disproportionate to the real epidemiological situation," Tusk stated, referring to the pandemic's relatively low fatality rate.[40]
Tusk is moderately conservative on social issues. He is opposed to legalising abortion on demand, believing that current Polish legislation on abortion at that time (which allowed for legal abortion only when the pregnancy threatens the woman's life or health, when the fetus is seriously malformed, and when the pregnancy results from rape or incest) protected human life best.[41] Tusk has publicly stated that he opposes
euthanasia.[42]
In June 2022, Tusk changed his stance on abortion supporting a bill that would legalize abortion up to 12 weeks.[43]
Foreign policy
In foreign policy, Tusk sought to improve relations severely damaged during the previous
Kaczyński government, particularly with Germany and Russia. While he criticised the words of German politician
Erika Steinbach with regard to her opinion over the
expulsion of Germans from Poland following World War II, Tusk has stressed the need for warm relations with Berlin.[44] Tusk also advocated a more realistic relationship with Moscow, especially in regard to energy policy.[44] Under Tusk's premiership, Russian bans on Polish meat and agricultural products were lifted, while Poland reversed its official policy of disagreement on a European Union-Russian partnership agreement.[45]
During a speech delivered to the Sejm in the first weeks of his premiership, Tusk outlined a proposal to withdraw
military units from Iraq, stating that "we will conduct this operation keeping in mind that our commitment to our ally, the United States, has been lived up to and exceeded."[46] The last Polish military units completed their withdrawal in October 2008.[47]
In regard to U.S. plans of hosting
missile defense shield bases in the country, Tusk hinted skepticism toward the project, saying that their presence could potentially increase security risks from Russia, and rejected U.S. offers in early July 2008.[48] By August, however, Tusk relented, and supported the missile shield, declaring: "We have achieved the main goal. It means our countries, Poland and the United States will be more secure."[49] Following President
Barack Obama's decision to scrap and revise missile defense strategy, Tusk described the move as "a chance to strengthen Polish-US co-operation in defense..." He said: "I took this declaration from President Obama very seriously and with great satisfaction."[50]
Tusk announced that Polish soldiers would not take military action in Libya, although he voiced support for the
2011 military intervention in Libya and pledged to offer logistical support.[51][52]
Contrary to the condemnation of foreign governments and the leadership of the
European Union, Tusk supported Hungarian Prime Minister
Viktor Orbán in his efforts of implementing a new controversial
constitution. Tusk stated that the Hungarian constitution's democratic controversies were "exaggerated" and that Hungary had "a European level standard of democracy."[53] Tusk's support for the Hungarian government garnered a rare show of solidarity with the opposition Law and Justice, which also publicly displayed support for Orbán's efforts.[54]
In early 2012, Tusk announced his support for committing Poland to signing the international
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). In response, websites for the
Chancellery,
Sejm and
Presidency were hacked in mid-January.[55] Following
Anonymous's claim of responsibility for the web attack, Tusk remained undeterred by internet protests, authorising the Polish ambassador in Japan to sign the agreement, yet promised that final legislation in the Sejm would not go ahead without assurances regarding freedom to access the Internet.[56] Despite the government's guarantees, mass protests erupted in late January, with demonstrations held in
Warsaw,
Kraków,
Wrocław and
Kielce.[57][58] Further web attacks were reported on the website of Foreign Minister
Radek Sikorski.[59]
European policy
In continental policy, Tusk strongly supported greater political and economic integration within the
European Union, strongly backing the implementation of the
Lisbon Treaty, standing in stark contrast to President Lech Kaczyński's vehement opposition.[60] Tusk repeatedly stated his government's intention in bringing Poland into the
Eurozone. Originally wanting to introduce the euro by 2012, Tusk envisaged in 2009 a starting year of 2015 as "a realistic and not overly-ambitious goal."[61] However, during the
European sovereign debt crisis, Tusk and his government displayed less optimism in joining the monetary union under contemporary economic circumstances, leading to Finance Minister
Jan Vincent-Rostowski calling any move "unthinkable."[62] Despite not being a member of the
eurozone, Tusk pressed that Poland, along with the other non-eurozone states of the EU, should be included in future euro financial negotiations.[63]
While being a constituent member of the
Weimar Triangle with fellow states Germany and France, Tusk showed displeasure over German Chancellor
Angela Merkel's and French President
Nicolas Sarkozy's dominating roles in eurozone negotiations, remarking to Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera in January 2012 that "this should not translate into a lasting political monopoly: things cannot be left to only two capitals of Europe."[66]
Constitutional reform
After being elected Prime Minister, relations between Tusk and President Lech Kaczyński were often acrimonious due to different political ideologies and the constitutional role of the presidency. Using presidential veto powers, Kaczyński blocked legislation drafted by the Tusk government, including pension reform, agricultural and urban zoning plans, and restructuring state television.[67]
In his premiership, Tusk has proposed various reforms to the
Polish constitution. In 2009, Tusk proposed changes to the power of the
presidency, by abolishing the presidential veto. "The president should not have veto power. People make their decision in elections and then state institutions should not be in conflict," said Tusk.[68] Tusk again reiterated his desire for constitutional reform in February 2010, proposing that the presidential veto be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority rather than through a three-fifths vote. "Presidential veto could not effectively block the will of the majority in parliament, which won elections and formed the government," stated Tusk.[69] Further constitutional reforms proposed by Tusk include reducing the
Sejm from a membership of 460 to 300, "not only because of its savings, but also the excessive number of members' causes blurring certain plans and projects."[69] Similarly, Tusk proposed radical changes to the
Senate, preferring to abolish the
upper house altogether, yet due to constitutional concerns and demands from the junior coalition
Polish People's Party partner, Tusk proposed reducing the Senate from 100 to 49, while including former presidents to sit in the Senate for political experience and expertise in state matters.[69] Parliamentary immunity for all members of the Sejm and Senate would also be stripped, except for in special situations.[69] In addition, Tusk proposed that the prime minister's role in foreign policy decisions would be greatly expanded.[70] By decreasing the president's role in governance, executive power would further be concentrated in the prime minister, directly responsible to the
cabinet and Sejm, as well as avoiding confusion over Poland's representation at international or EU summits.[71] The opposition conservative Law and Justice party deeply criticised Tusk's constitutional reform proposals, opting in opposing legislation for the presidency to garner greater power over the prime minister.[72]
In an interview with the Financial Times in January 2010, Tusk was asked if he considered running again as Civic Platform's candidate for that year's
presidential election. Tusk replied that although the presidential election typically drew the most voters to the polls and remained Poland's most high-profiled race, the presidency had little political power outside of the veto, and preferred to remain as Prime Minister. While not formally excluding his candidacy, Tusk declared that "I would very much like to continue to work in the government and Civic Platform, because that seems to me to be the key element in ensuring success in the civilisational race in which we are engaged."[73] A day after the interview, Tusk formally announced his intention of staying as Prime Minister, allowing his party to choose another candidate (and eventual winner),
Bronisław Komorowski.[74]
On 31 January 2017, Tusk wrote an open letter to the 27 EU heads of state or government on the future of the EU before the
Malta summit.[84] In this letter, he stated the
Trump administration presented a threat to the EU on a par with a newly assertive China, an aggressive Russia and "wars, terror and anarchy in the Middle East and Africa."[85]
On 9 March 2017, Tusk was re-elected for a second term to run until 30 November 2019.[86] He received 27 of 28 votes; the one vote against him came from
Beata Szydło, the Prime Minister of Poland.[87] Tusk's actions in the wake of the
2010 plane crash that killed then-Polish President Lech Kaczyński provoked opposition from Poland's governing
right-wing party—critics said that Tusk's centrist government did not sufficiently investigate the cause of the crash.[86][88] Szydło refused to sign the EU statement issued at the end of the council's meeting in protest at Tusk's reelection, though other EU leaders spoke in favour of him; Prime Minister
Mark Rutte of the Netherlands called him "a very good president,"[88] and European Commission President
Jean-Claude Juncker and
German chancellor Angela Merkel both made statements supporting the vote.[86] Donald Tusk maintains there will be no winners from
Brexit and the two years following the triggering of Article 50 will be a time of damage limitation.[89]
In February 2018, Tusk urged Turkey "to avoid threats or actions against any EU member and instead commit to good neighbourly relations, peaceful dispute settlement and respect for territorial sovereignty."[90] Tusk also expressed concern over the
Turkish invasion of northern Syria in 2018.[91] In response to the death of Chinese
Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Liu Xiaobo, who died of organ failure while in government custody, Tusk and Jean-Claude Juncker said in a joint statement that they had learned of Liu's death "with deep sadness."[92]
On 6 February 2019, Tusk held talks with
Irish PremierLeo Varadkar in Brussels to discuss Britain's departure from the
European Union, stating that there was a "special place in Hell for those who promoted
Brexit without even a sketch of a plan how to carry it out safely."[93][94] Tusk opened his statement by saying there were 50 days to go until the UK's exit from the EU: "I know that still a very great number of people in the UK, and on the continent, as well as in Ireland, wish for a reversal of this decision. I have always been with you, with all my heart. But the facts are unmistakable. At the moment, the pro-Brexit stance of the UK Prime Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition, rules out this question. Today, there is no political force and no effective leadership for Remain. I say this without satisfaction, but you can't argue with the facts."[93]
On 24 August 2019 in
Biarritz for the
G7 Summit, Tusk addressed reporters regarding Brexit, stating "one thing I will not cooperate on is no deal." He also said he hoped that
Boris Johnson would not go down in history as "Mr No Deal."[95][96] In September 2019, Tusk said that the EU should open accession talks with both Albania and North Macedonia.[97]
Tusk condemned the
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. He reprimanded Turkish President
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan for threatening to send millions of Syrian refugees to Europe and denounced the Turkish operation in northern Syria as destabilizing the region, which he demanded to halt.[98]
Writing of his tenure as President of the European Council,
LSE political scientist
Sara Hagemann said "he set the tone for a liberal and progressive agenda at a time of significant threat from populist and pro-Russian voices in Europe."[99]
In July 2021, Donald Tusk returned to Warsaw, re-engaging actively in Polish politics as leader of
Civic Platform. As of May 2022, Tusk was among the leading choices among opposition figures for the potential future prime minister role, according to a public poll.[100] However, his overall net approval among the general population was reported as −24.4% in the same period.[101] During his campaign, Tusk advocated for enhanced
LGBT rights.[102]
2023 Polish parliamentary election
In the
2023 Polish parliamentary election, Tusk's
Civic Coalition finished as the second-largest bloc in the Sejm. Between them, Civic Coalition and two other opposition parties,
Third Way and
New Left, took 54% of the vote, winning enough seats to allow them to take power.[103] On 10 November, Civic Coalition, New Left, the Polish People's Party and
Poland 2050 formally signed an agreement to support Tusk as their candidate for Prime Minister. President
Andrzej Duda nominated PiS incumbent
Mateusz Morawiecki for another term as Prime Minister. However, Morawiecki fell short of the support needed to stay in office, as PiS and its allies were 40 seats short of a majority. With this in mind, Tusk publicly announced the agreement before the new Sejm convened to show he and the opposition stood ready to govern.[104]Morawiecki's cabinet was sworn in on 27 November, but was widely expected to lose a confidence vote.[105] Under the constitution, if Morawiecki did not win a confidence vote within two weeks of being sworn in, the Sejm had the right to designate its own nominee for Prime Minister, and Duda was required to appoint the person so designated. On paper, the four parties who signed the agreement had the votes to designate Tusk as the Sejm's candidate. Morawiecki's cabinet lost a vote of confidence in the Sejm on 11 December by 190 votes to 266.[106][107] The Sejm subsequently nominated Tusk as its candidate for Prime Minister, by 248 votes in favour and 201 against.[108] Tusk's cabinet was sworn in on 13 December.[109]
Domestic policy
Tusk's second time in office has been far less conciliatory than his first term. One of his first moves in office involved
dismissing the top executives from
Telewizja Polska (the nominally independent
public service broadcaster), which had been, for years, "a propaganda machine for the PiS government".[110] The move caused a sit-in from PiS supporters at the Telewizja Polska office, and in a spat between Tusk and President
Duda, ended with the liquidation of the channel following Duda vetoing funds for it in 2023. Stanley Bill, who serves as a professor of Polish Studies at the University of Cambridge, stated that his motive could have quite possibly been personal, due to the fact TVP had been demonizing him for years under the PiS government.[111][112]
Tusk also oversaw the arrests of both
Mariusz Kamiński and
Maciej Wąsik, who had both been on trial for exceeding authority since 2015.[113] President Duda had issued pardons to both of them, and they had continued to serve as ministers and members of the
Sejm as the trials proceeded. The pardons became embroiled in a legal battle due to the pardoning taking place before the final verdict for both. Ultimately, the
Supreme Court of Poland ruled that the pardons were not valid due to it occurring before sentencing. Both MPs ultimately took refuge in the
Presidential Palace in an attempt to have Duda shield them from conviction after it was ordered they be arrested and placed in
solitary confinement. Still, police entered the palace and arrested the two men. The episode highlighted growing tensions between the prime minister and the president.
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Foreign policy
On 22 January 2024, Tusk arrived in Kyiv, Ukraine on a working visit and met with Ukrainian President
Volodymyr Zelenskyy. He said that all those who chose neutrality in the
Russo-Ukrainian War and don't support Ukraine deserve "the darkest place in political hell." Tusk called for the West's "full mobilization."[114] Tusk has also worked to attempt to strengthen inter-European strength in the face of Russia, proclaiming that "There is no reason for the EU to be weaker than Russia". This comes after a string of comments former President and 2024 candidate
Donald Trump made saying that he would let Russia do "whatever the hell they want" to NATO countries who do not satisfy spending commitments.[115]
Personal life
Donald Tusk married Małgorzata Sochacka in 1978. They have two children: a son, Michał and a daughter, Katarzyna.[8]
Tusk belongs to the
Kashubian minority in Poland. In an interview with the Israeli newspaper Haaretz in December 2008, Tusk compared his own family history to the Jewish experience, describing the Kashubian minority as a people who, "like the Jews, are people who were born and live in border areas and were suspected by the
Nazis and by the
Communists of being disloyal."[116]
Tusk speaks four languages:
Polish,
Kashubian, German, and English.[117] In 2014, at the time he became President of the European Council, he was criticized for his poor English skills and lack of knowledge of French.[118] However, he underwent extensive language classes in advance of assuming the role of President,[119] and rapidly mastered English.[117] In January 2019, Tusk gave a seven-minute speech only in
Romanian at the
Romanian Athenaeum in
Bucharest at the ceremony that marked the beginning of Romania's
EU Council Presidency.[120][121] His delivery received loud applause.[122][123][124] On 12 December 2019, Tusk published his memoir Szczerze ("Honestly"), based on his five-year-term as President of the European Council, which became a bestseller in Poland. He assumed the office of the President of the
European People's Party on 1 December 2019, a day after leaving office as President of the European Council. On 1 June 2022 he stepped down from the position and was replaced by
Manfred Weber.[125]
Tusk's religious views became a matter of a debate during his presidential campaign in 2005. To avoid further speculation, just before the presidential elections Tusk requested a
Catholic marriage ceremony with his wife Małgorzata, whom he had married in a civil ceremony 27 years earlier.[126][127]
Honours and awards
The
Charlemagne Prize of the city of
Aachen was awarded to Tusk on 13 May 2010 for his merits in the further unification of Europe and for his role as a "patriot and great European." He dedicated the prize to the people killed in a
plane crash of a Polish Air Force Tu-154 in April 2010 including the Polish president Lech Kaczyński. The eulogy was given by German chancellor Angela Merkel.[128]
In May 2012, he received the
Walther-Rathenau-Preis "in recognition for his commitment to European integration during Poland's Presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of 2011 and for fostering Polish–German dialogue." In her speech German chancellor Merkel praised Tusk as "a farsighted European."[129] In the same year, he also received the
European Prize for Political Culture.[130] In December 2017, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the
University of Pécs, Hungary, in recognition of Tusk's "achievements as a Polish and European politician, which are strongly connected with Hungarian, regional and European history."[131] On 16 December 2018, Tusk was awarded an honorary doctorate at the
TU Dortmund University, Germany, "in recognition of his services to European politics and his contribution to the debate on European values."[132] In 2019, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the
University of Lviv, Ukraine, which he accepted on the fifth anniversary of the
Revolution of Dignity.[133]
^Foy, Henry (28 November 2014). "Lunch with the FT: Donald Tusk". The Financial Times Ltd.
Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
^"Polish state TVP Info channel off air as Tusk reforms kick in". BBC News. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. In recent years, TVP's main evening news broadcasts, and TVP Info, became a propaganda machine for the PiS government, and the new coalition, led by pro-EU Prime Minister Donald Tusk, had promised voters to turn state media into a platform for "reliable information"