From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cha is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages. [1]: 549–551 

Mongolian language

Cha
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
a
e
i
o
u
ö
ü
(ē)
Mongolian consonants
n
ng
b
(p)
q/k
γ/g
m
l
s
š
t
d
č
ǰ
y
r
(w)
Foreign consonants
Letter [2]: 13, 17  [3]: 546  [4]: 212, 214 
č Transliteration [note 1]
ᠴ‍ Initial
‍ᠴ‍ Medial (syllable-initial)
Medial (syllable-final)
(‍ᠴ) Final [note 2]
C-V syllables [6]: 38 
ča, če či čo, ču čö čü Transliteration
ᠴᠠ ᠴᠢ [a] ᠴᠣ᠋ ᠴᠥ᠋ Alone
ᠴᠣ [b] ᠴᠦ [b]
ᠴᠠ‍ ᠴᠢ‍ ᠴᠣ‍ ᠴᠥ‍ Initial
‍ᠴᠠ‍ ‍ᠴᠢ‍ ‍ᠴᠣ‍ Medial
‍ᠴᠠ ‍ᠴᠢ ‍ᠴᠣ Final
  • Transcribes Chakhar / t͡ʃ/; [10] [11] Khalkha / t͡ʃʰ/, and / t͡sʰ/ (Mongolian Cyrillic ч, and ц, respectively). [10]: § 1.2  [12]: 2  Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter ч. [6] [5]
  • For Buryat, a derived letter with two dots on the right ; is used in places where č is pronounced as š. [13]
  • Derived from Old Uyghur (through early Mongolian) tsade ( 𐽽). [9]: 59  [3]: 539–540, 545–546  [14]: 111, 113  [15]: 35 
  • Produced with Q using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout. [16]
  • In the Mongolian Unicode block, č comes after d and before ǰ.

Clear Script

Xibe language

Manchu language

Notes

  1. ^ As in the second person singular pronoun ᠴᠢ či ( чи chi) 'thou' (singular 'you'). [8]: 174  [2]: 13, 85–86 
  2. ^ a b As in the strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) and concessive ᠴᠤ ču/čü ( ч ch) 'even, as for' particle, [8]: 203  [9]: 46  ᠴᠣ/ᠴᠣᠭᠤ čo/čoγu ( цоо tsoo) 'through and through, completely', [8]: 193, 195  or ᠴᠦ čü ( цүү tsüü) 'spike, bolt'. [8]: 209 
  1. ^ Scholarly transliteration. [5]
  2. ^ Not found in native Mongolian words.

References

  1. ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  2. ^ a b Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN  978-3-447-00684-2.
  3. ^ a b Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-507993-7.
  4. ^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-317-30598-9.
  5. ^ a b "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  6. ^ a b Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN  5-8463-0015-4.
  7. ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  8. ^ a b c d Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii  as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü. [7]
  9. ^ a b Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN  978-3-447-03298-8.
  10. ^ a b "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  11. ^ "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  12. ^ "Mongolian / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ Moŋġol" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2015-12-27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  13. ^ West, Andrew; Zhamsoev, Amgalan; Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2017-01-13). "L2/17-007: Proposal to encode one historical Mongolian letter for Buryat Mongolian" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  14. ^ Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-134-43012-3.
  15. ^ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-79690-7.
  16. ^ jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cha is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages. [1]: 549–551 

Mongolian language

Cha
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
a
e
i
o
u
ö
ü
(ē)
Mongolian consonants
n
ng
b
(p)
q/k
γ/g
m
l
s
š
t
d
č
ǰ
y
r
(w)
Foreign consonants
Letter [2]: 13, 17  [3]: 546  [4]: 212, 214 
č Transliteration [note 1]
ᠴ‍ Initial
‍ᠴ‍ Medial (syllable-initial)
Medial (syllable-final)
(‍ᠴ) Final [note 2]
C-V syllables [6]: 38 
ča, če či čo, ču čö čü Transliteration
ᠴᠠ ᠴᠢ [a] ᠴᠣ᠋ ᠴᠥ᠋ Alone
ᠴᠣ [b] ᠴᠦ [b]
ᠴᠠ‍ ᠴᠢ‍ ᠴᠣ‍ ᠴᠥ‍ Initial
‍ᠴᠠ‍ ‍ᠴᠢ‍ ‍ᠴᠣ‍ Medial
‍ᠴᠠ ‍ᠴᠢ ‍ᠴᠣ Final
  • Transcribes Chakhar / t͡ʃ/; [10] [11] Khalkha / t͡ʃʰ/, and / t͡sʰ/ (Mongolian Cyrillic ч, and ц, respectively). [10]: § 1.2  [12]: 2  Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter ч. [6] [5]
  • For Buryat, a derived letter with two dots on the right ; is used in places where č is pronounced as š. [13]
  • Derived from Old Uyghur (through early Mongolian) tsade ( 𐽽). [9]: 59  [3]: 539–540, 545–546  [14]: 111, 113  [15]: 35 
  • Produced with Q using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout. [16]
  • In the Mongolian Unicode block, č comes after d and before ǰ.

Clear Script

Xibe language

Manchu language

Notes

  1. ^ As in the second person singular pronoun ᠴᠢ či ( чи chi) 'thou' (singular 'you'). [8]: 174  [2]: 13, 85–86 
  2. ^ a b As in the strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) and concessive ᠴᠤ ču/čü ( ч ch) 'even, as for' particle, [8]: 203  [9]: 46  ᠴᠣ/ᠴᠣᠭᠤ čo/čoγu ( цоо tsoo) 'through and through, completely', [8]: 193, 195  or ᠴᠦ čü ( цүү tsüü) 'spike, bolt'. [8]: 209 
  1. ^ Scholarly transliteration. [5]
  2. ^ Not found in native Mongolian words.

References

  1. ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  2. ^ a b Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN  978-3-447-00684-2.
  3. ^ a b Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-507993-7.
  4. ^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-317-30598-9.
  5. ^ a b "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  6. ^ a b Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN  5-8463-0015-4.
  7. ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  8. ^ a b c d Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii  as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü. [7]
  9. ^ a b Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN  978-3-447-03298-8.
  10. ^ a b "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  11. ^ "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  12. ^ "Mongolian / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ Moŋġol" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2015-12-27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  13. ^ West, Andrew; Zhamsoev, Amgalan; Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2017-01-13). "L2/17-007: Proposal to encode one historical Mongolian letter for Buryat Mongolian" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  14. ^ Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-134-43012-3.
  15. ^ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-79690-7.
  16. ^ jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

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