This article has multiple issues. Please help
improve it or discuss these issues on the
talk page. (
Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
In linguistics, abessive ( abbreviated ABE or ABESS), caritive and privative ( abbreviated PRIV) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition without or by the suffix -less.
The name abessive is derived from abesse "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to Uralic languages. The name caritive is derived from Latin: carere "to lack", and is especially used in reference to Caucasian languages. The name privative is derived from Latin: privare "to deprive".
In the Somali language, the abessive case is marked by -laa or -la and dropping all but the first syllable on certain words. For example:
In Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with either -wirriwa or -wirraa.
In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by -tta for back vowels and -ttä for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example:
An equivalent construction exists using the word ilman and the partitive:
or, less commonly:
The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent ilman forms:
The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix -ma- / -mä-):
This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and ilman forms are combined:
There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.
Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by -ta in both the singular and the plural:
Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.
The nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix -ma- and the abessive marker -ta:
Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the Nimeta baar [1] (the nameless bar) and the Nimega baar [2] (the bar with a name).
The abessive marker for nouns in Skolt Sámi is -tää or -taa in both the singular and the plural:
The abessive-like non-finite verb form ( converb) is -ǩâni or -kani:
Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.
The abessive marker for nouns in Inari Sámi is -táá. The corresponding non-finite verb form is -hánnáá, -hinnáá or -hennáá.
The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a cranberry morpheme.
In Hungarian, the abessive case is marked by -talan for back vowels and -telen for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes -tlan or -tlen. For example:
There is also the postposition nélkül, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations. [3]
In Bashkir the suffix is -һыҙ/-һеҙ (-hïð/-hĭð).
The suffix -siz (variations: -sız, -suz, -süz) is used in Turkish.
Ex: evsiz (ev = house, houseless/homeless), barksız, görgüsüz (görgü = good manners, ill-bred), yurtsuz.
The same suffix is used in the Azerbaijani language.
In Chuvash the suffix is -сӑр.
In Kyrgyz the suffix is -сIз.[ citation needed]
In Mongolian, the privative suffix is -гүй (-güy). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to vowel harmony or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the comitative case, and the two form a pair of complementary case forms. [4]
This article has multiple issues. Please help
improve it or discuss these issues on the
talk page. (
Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
In linguistics, abessive ( abbreviated ABE or ABESS), caritive and privative ( abbreviated PRIV) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition without or by the suffix -less.
The name abessive is derived from abesse "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to Uralic languages. The name caritive is derived from Latin: carere "to lack", and is especially used in reference to Caucasian languages. The name privative is derived from Latin: privare "to deprive".
In the Somali language, the abessive case is marked by -laa or -la and dropping all but the first syllable on certain words. For example:
In Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with either -wirriwa or -wirraa.
In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by -tta for back vowels and -ttä for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example:
An equivalent construction exists using the word ilman and the partitive:
or, less commonly:
The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent ilman forms:
The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix -ma- / -mä-):
This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and ilman forms are combined:
There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.
Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by -ta in both the singular and the plural:
Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.
The nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix -ma- and the abessive marker -ta:
Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the Nimeta baar [1] (the nameless bar) and the Nimega baar [2] (the bar with a name).
The abessive marker for nouns in Skolt Sámi is -tää or -taa in both the singular and the plural:
The abessive-like non-finite verb form ( converb) is -ǩâni or -kani:
Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.
The abessive marker for nouns in Inari Sámi is -táá. The corresponding non-finite verb form is -hánnáá, -hinnáá or -hennáá.
The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a cranberry morpheme.
In Hungarian, the abessive case is marked by -talan for back vowels and -telen for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes -tlan or -tlen. For example:
There is also the postposition nélkül, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations. [3]
In Bashkir the suffix is -һыҙ/-һеҙ (-hïð/-hĭð).
The suffix -siz (variations: -sız, -suz, -süz) is used in Turkish.
Ex: evsiz (ev = house, houseless/homeless), barksız, görgüsüz (görgü = good manners, ill-bred), yurtsuz.
The same suffix is used in the Azerbaijani language.
In Chuvash the suffix is -сӑр.
In Kyrgyz the suffix is -сIз.[ citation needed]
In Mongolian, the privative suffix is -гүй (-güy). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to vowel harmony or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the comitative case, and the two form a pair of complementary case forms. [4]