In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column. In the medulla, this group is located caudally to the facial nucleus and ventral to
nucleus ambiguus.[1][2]
Function
The Bötzinger complex plays an important role in controlling breathing[3][4] and responding to hypoxia.[5][6] The Bötzinger complex consists primarily of glycinergic neurons[7] which inhibit respiratory activity. Of the respiratory cycle phases BötC generates post-inspiratory (Post-I) activity and augmenting expiratory (aug-e) activity.[8][9][10]
Name
The Bötzinger complex was named by UCLA Professor Jack Feldman in 1978, after a bottle of white wine named
Botzinger present at his table during a scientific meeting in Hirschhorn, Germany, that year.[11]
These neurons are intrinsic pacemakers.[25] Post-I neurons display an initial burst of activity followed by decrease in activity at the end of inspiration. Aug-E neurons begin firing during the E2 phase and end before the phrenic nerve burst.[19][26]
^
abOtake K, Sasaki H, Mannen H, Ezure K (1987). "Morphology of expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex: an HRP study in the cat". J Comp Neurol. 258 (4): 565–79.
doi:
10.1002/cne.902580407.
PMID3034989.
^Bongianni F, Corda M, Fontana GA, Pantaleo T (1991). "Reciprocal connections between rostral ventrolateral medulla and inspiration-related medullary areas in the cat". Brain Res. 565 (1): 171–4.
doi:
10.1016/0006-8993(91)91751-l.
PMID1773353.
^Hirooka Y, Polson JW, Potts PD, Dampney RA (1997). "Hypoxia-induced Fos expression in neurons projecting to the pressor region in the rostral ventrolateral medulla". Neuroscience. 80 (4): 1209–24.
doi:
10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00111-5.
PMID9284071.
^Nitsos I, Walker DW (1999). "The distribution of FOS-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon of fetal sheep in response to acute hypoxia in mid and late gestation". Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 114 (1): 9–26.
doi:
10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00010-3.
PMID10209238.
^
abJiang C, Lipski J (1990). "Extensive monosynaptic inhibition of ventral respiratory group neurons by augmenting neurons in the Bötzinger complex in the cat". Exp Brain Res. 81 (3): 639–48.
doi:
10.1007/bf02423514.
PMID2226695.
^
abcdOtake K, Sasaki H, Ezure K, Manabe M (1988). "Axonal projections from Bötzinger expiratory neurons to contralateral ventral and dorsal respiratory groups in the cat". Exp Brain Res. 72 (1): 167–77.
doi:
10.1007/bf00248512.
PMID3169184.
^Lipski J, Merrill EG (1980). "Electrophysiological demonstration of the projection from expiratory neurones in rostral medulla to contralateral dorsal respiratory group". Brain Res. 197 (2): 521–4.
doi:
10.1016/0006-8993(80)91140-3.
PMID7407571.
^Bryant TH, Yoshida S, de Castro D, Lipski J (1993). "Expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger Complex in the rat: a morphological study following intracellular labeling with biocytin". J Comp Neurol. 335 (2): 267–82.
doi:
10.1002/cne.903350210.
PMID8227518.
^Ezure K, Tanaka I, Saito Y (2003). "Brainstem and spinal projections of augmenting expiratory neurons in the rat". Neurosci Res. 45 (1): 41–51.
doi:
10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00197-9.
PMID12507723.
^Ruff F, Caubarrere I, Salem A, Dubois F, Duroux P (1975). "[Regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion during fluid overload in man]". Ann Anesthesiol Fr. 16 Spec No 2-3: 164–8.
PMID9861.
^Douse MA, Duffin J (1992). "Projections to Bötzinger expiratory neurons by dorsal and ventral respiratory group neurons". NeuroReport. 3 (5): 393–6.
doi:
10.1097/00001756-199205000-00004.
PMID1633274.
In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column. In the medulla, this group is located caudally to the facial nucleus and ventral to
nucleus ambiguus.[1][2]
Function
The Bötzinger complex plays an important role in controlling breathing[3][4] and responding to hypoxia.[5][6] The Bötzinger complex consists primarily of glycinergic neurons[7] which inhibit respiratory activity. Of the respiratory cycle phases BötC generates post-inspiratory (Post-I) activity and augmenting expiratory (aug-e) activity.[8][9][10]
Name
The Bötzinger complex was named by UCLA Professor Jack Feldman in 1978, after a bottle of white wine named
Botzinger present at his table during a scientific meeting in Hirschhorn, Germany, that year.[11]
These neurons are intrinsic pacemakers.[25] Post-I neurons display an initial burst of activity followed by decrease in activity at the end of inspiration. Aug-E neurons begin firing during the E2 phase and end before the phrenic nerve burst.[19][26]
^
abOtake K, Sasaki H, Mannen H, Ezure K (1987). "Morphology of expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex: an HRP study in the cat". J Comp Neurol. 258 (4): 565–79.
doi:
10.1002/cne.902580407.
PMID3034989.
^Bongianni F, Corda M, Fontana GA, Pantaleo T (1991). "Reciprocal connections between rostral ventrolateral medulla and inspiration-related medullary areas in the cat". Brain Res. 565 (1): 171–4.
doi:
10.1016/0006-8993(91)91751-l.
PMID1773353.
^Hirooka Y, Polson JW, Potts PD, Dampney RA (1997). "Hypoxia-induced Fos expression in neurons projecting to the pressor region in the rostral ventrolateral medulla". Neuroscience. 80 (4): 1209–24.
doi:
10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00111-5.
PMID9284071.
^Nitsos I, Walker DW (1999). "The distribution of FOS-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon of fetal sheep in response to acute hypoxia in mid and late gestation". Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 114 (1): 9–26.
doi:
10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00010-3.
PMID10209238.
^
abJiang C, Lipski J (1990). "Extensive monosynaptic inhibition of ventral respiratory group neurons by augmenting neurons in the Bötzinger complex in the cat". Exp Brain Res. 81 (3): 639–48.
doi:
10.1007/bf02423514.
PMID2226695.
^
abcdOtake K, Sasaki H, Ezure K, Manabe M (1988). "Axonal projections from Bötzinger expiratory neurons to contralateral ventral and dorsal respiratory groups in the cat". Exp Brain Res. 72 (1): 167–77.
doi:
10.1007/bf00248512.
PMID3169184.
^Lipski J, Merrill EG (1980). "Electrophysiological demonstration of the projection from expiratory neurones in rostral medulla to contralateral dorsal respiratory group". Brain Res. 197 (2): 521–4.
doi:
10.1016/0006-8993(80)91140-3.
PMID7407571.
^Bryant TH, Yoshida S, de Castro D, Lipski J (1993). "Expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger Complex in the rat: a morphological study following intracellular labeling with biocytin". J Comp Neurol. 335 (2): 267–82.
doi:
10.1002/cne.903350210.
PMID8227518.
^Ezure K, Tanaka I, Saito Y (2003). "Brainstem and spinal projections of augmenting expiratory neurons in the rat". Neurosci Res. 45 (1): 41–51.
doi:
10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00197-9.
PMID12507723.
^Ruff F, Caubarrere I, Salem A, Dubois F, Duroux P (1975). "[Regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion during fluid overload in man]". Ann Anesthesiol Fr. 16 Spec No 2-3: 164–8.
PMID9861.
^Douse MA, Duffin J (1992). "Projections to Bötzinger expiratory neurons by dorsal and ventral respiratory group neurons". NeuroReport. 3 (5): 393–6.
doi:
10.1097/00001756-199205000-00004.
PMID1633274.