The Byzantine outpost of
Cherson (
Crimea) rebels (with
Khazar assistance) against Emperor
Justinian II. He sends a fleet under the patrikios Stephen, which retakes the city and restores Byzantine control. The fleet, however, is struck by a
storm on its way back and loses many ships, while the Chersonites, again with the aid of the Khazars, rebel anew.[1]
An
Arab army is invited into
Ceuta by its governor,
Julian, who is an opponent of Roderick. He encourages them to invade the Iberian Peninsula.
Tariq ibn Ziyad is appointed governor of
Tangier (
Morocco), and establishes a
Moorish garrison of 1,700 men.
Beorhtfrith fights against the
Picts between Haefe and Caere[5] (assumed to be between the rivers
Avon and
Carron, which flow into the
Firth of Forth in
Scotland).
Philippicus incites the inhabitants of
Cherson to revolt, with the help of the
Khazars. Emperor
Justinian II sallies forth from
Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the
Crimea. Philippicus defeats the
Byzantine forces in northern
Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and Justinian is executed, ending the house of
Heraclius, that has ruled since
610.
December – Upon hearing the news of Justinian's death, Anastasia, Justinian's mother, escapes with Justinian's 6-year-old son
Tiberius to the
sanctuary at the
St. Mary's Church (
Constantinople). She is pursued by Philippicus'
henchmen, who drag the child from the
altar and murder him outside the church. It is unknown what became of Justinian's wife, Theodora.
Muhammad ibn Qasim captures the fortress city of
Multan after a long
siege, and raids with his forces the
Punjab region, with only light
Muslim casualties.[7]
February – King
Ansprand dies, and is succeeded by his son
Liutprand as ruler of the
Lombards. During his reign, Liutprand becomes the greatest of the
Lombard Kings. Coins and documents from his court at
Pavia confirm the impression of a strong and effective
monarch.[8]
Xuan Zong reestablishes control over the
Oxus and
Jaxartes valleys. During his reign he defeats the invading Arab armies, in a series of campaigns in
Fergana.[9]
June 3 – Emperor
Philippicus is
blinded, deposed, and sent into
exile by conspirators of the
Opsikion army in
Thrace, after a reign of 1 year and 6 months. He is succeeded by
Anastasios II, a bureaucrat and imperial secretary, who restores internal order and begins the reorganization of the
Byzantine army. He executes the
officers who have been directly involved in the
conspiracy against Philippicus.
Emperor
Xuan Zong liquidates the highly lucrative "Inexhaustible Treasury", which is run by a prominent Buddhist
monastery in Chang'an. This monastery collects vast amounts of money,
silk, and treasures through multitudes of rich people's repentances, left on the premises anonymously. Although the monastery is generous in donations, Xuan Zong issues a
decree abolishing their treasury, on the grounds that their banking practices were fraudulent, collects their riches, and distributes the wealth to various other
Buddhist monasteries,
Daoist abbeys, and to repair statues, halls, and bridges in the city.
In
Chang'an, for the annual
Lantern Festival of this year, recently abdicated emperor
Rui Zong erects an enormous
lantern wheel at a
city gate, with a recorded height of 200 ft. The frame is draped in
brocades and silk
gauze, adorned with
gold and
jade jewelry, and when its total of some 50,000
oil cups is lit, the radiance of it can be seen for miles.
Xuan Zong allots the money of 20 million copper
coins, and assigns about 1,000 craftsmen to construct a hall at a Buddhist monastery with tons of
painted portraits of himself, and of deities, ghosts, etc.
Xuan Zong wins a power struggle with his sister,
Princess Taiping. He executes a large number of her allies and forces her to commit
suicide.
By topic
Literature
During the
Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court"), the first
newspaper, hand printed on silk, is published (approximate date).
Duke
Eudes proclaims himself the independent prince of
Aquitaine (located north-east of the
Garonne River), thereby asserting legal as well as practical independence from the
Frankish Kingdom.[13]
Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad are summoned back to
Damascus by caliph
Al-Walid I. They are ordered to deliver all the
spoils of war. Musa complains and is stripped of his rank.
Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa, becomes governor of Al-Andalus (modern
Spain).
Emperor
Xuan Zong forbids all commercial
vendors and shops in the Chinese capital city of
Chang'an to copy and sell
Buddhistsutras, so that the emperor can give the
clergy of the Buddhist
monasteries the sole right to distribute written sutras to the
laity.
Summer – Xuan Zong makes his general
Xue Nede facto chancellor and commissions him, with a Chinese army (60,000 men), to attack the
Khitans (
Mongolia). Xue falls into a Khitan trap and the Tang forces are crushed, at an 80-90% casualty rate.
Empress
Genmei abdicates the throne after an 8-year reign, in which she has built a
replica of the
Chinese imperial palace at
Japan's new capital,
Nara. Genmei is succeeded by her daughter
Genshō.
Battle of Amblève: Charles Martel defeats his Neustrian and Frisian rivals near
Amel (modern-day
Belgium). His forces attack the army of Chilperic II and his allies, as they return triumphantly from Cologne. According to the Annals of Metz, Charles uses a
feigned retreat to destroy his foes while they are resting, and recovers much of the
ransom paid by Plectrude to Chilperic. He will remain undefeated until his death 25 years later.
September 1 – A Muslim
armada, consisting of 1,800 ships commanded by Admiral Suleiman, sails into the
Sea of Marmara and drops anchor below the sea walls of Constantinople, to supply their forces ashore. Leo III orders the
Byzantine fleet to sally forth from their protected
harbors with
Greek fire, setting alight the thickly-packed Muslim ships. Many vessels burst into flames, while others collide with each other before sinking.[24]
Fall –
Basil Onomagoulos, Byzantine official, declares himself rival emperor in
Sicily after the news arrives that Constantinople has fallen to an Arab
siege. Leo III dispatches a chartoularios named Paul, with imperial instructions for the Byzantine army on the island. Basil is arrested and executed; his head is sent to Leo, while the other rebels are
mutilated and
exiled.
Western Europe
March 21 –
Battle of Vincy:
Charles Martel invades
Neustria and defeats the forces of King
Chilperic II at
Vincy, near
Cambrai. He pursues him and his mayor of the palace
Ragenfrid to
Paris, before turning back to deal with his stepmother
Plectrude at
Cologne, to turn over half the wealth of his late father
Pepin of Herstal. Charles allows both Plectrude and his nephew
Theudoald (who at eleven was still a little child) to live (a gesture uncommon for the time), and obliges her to accept his sovereignty.
Charles Martel consolidates his power, proclaims
Clotaire IV king of
Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, and deposes
Rigobert, bishop of
Reims, replacing him with
Milo. He marches against
Radbod, king (or
duke) of the
Frisians, and pushes him back into his territory (later part of the
Netherlands). Charles sends the
Saxons back over the
Weser River, and secures the
Rhine border—in the name of Clotaire.
Caliph
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik dies after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin
Umar II. During his rule he grants
tax exemption, and tries to reorganize the
Umayyad finances.
Spring – A Muslim supply fleet of 760 ships under Sufyan arrives from
Egypt and
North Africa, concealing itself along the
Asiatic shore. The
Byzantines learn of the fleet's location from defecting
Christian Egyptian sailors. Emperor
Leo III sends the
Byzantine navy again; his
Greek fire ships destroy the enemy vessels in the
Sea of Marmara and seize their supplies on shore, denying the sieging army vital provisions.[26] On land the Byzantine troops ambush an advancing Arab army, and destroy it in the hills around
Sophon, south of
Nicomedia (modern
Turkey).[27][28][29][30] The Arab besiegers are still suffering from
hunger and pestilence.
August 15 –
Siege of Constantinople: A
Bulgar relief force attacks the
siege lines at
Constantinople, on the west side of the
Bosporus. Contemporary
chroniclers report that at least 22,000–32,000 Arabs are killed during the Bulgarian attacks. Caliph
Umar II is forced to lift the
siege after 13 months; the Muslim army attempts to withdraw back through
Anatolia, while the rest escapes by sea in the remaining vessels. The Arab fleet suffers further casualties to
storms, and an
eruption of the
volcano of
Thera.[31] According to Arab sources 150,000 Muslims perish during the campaign.[32]
King
Liutprand of the
Lombards builds a close
alliance with Charles Martel, and attacks the
Bavarian castles on the
River Adige, maintaining strategic control of the Alpine
passes in the Italian
Alps (approximate date).
Britain
King
Coenred of Northumbria dies after a 2-year reign. The throne is seized by
Osric, probably a younger brother, or half-brother, of the late king
Osred I.
^Alexander Berzin, Part I: The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), "The First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent". The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire Last accessed. September 11, 2007.
^John Cairns, "Road to Manzikert" (2012). Byzantine Warfare in an Age of Crisis and Recovery (Chapter 3), p. 70.
ISBN978-1-84884-215-1
^Guilland, Rodolphe (1959). "L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718)". Études byzantines (in French). Paris: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris: 122.
OCLC603552986.
^Mango, Cyril; Scott, Roger (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 546.
ISBN0-19-822568-7.
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 17).
ISBN978-184603-230-1
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 17).
ISBN978-184603-230-1
^Halbertsma, Herrius (1982). "Summary".
Frieslands Oudheid(PDF) (Thesis) (in Dutch). Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. pp. 791–798.
OCLC746889526. Archived from
the original(PDF) on October 1, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
The Byzantine outpost of
Cherson (
Crimea) rebels (with
Khazar assistance) against Emperor
Justinian II. He sends a fleet under the patrikios Stephen, which retakes the city and restores Byzantine control. The fleet, however, is struck by a
storm on its way back and loses many ships, while the Chersonites, again with the aid of the Khazars, rebel anew.[1]
An
Arab army is invited into
Ceuta by its governor,
Julian, who is an opponent of Roderick. He encourages them to invade the Iberian Peninsula.
Tariq ibn Ziyad is appointed governor of
Tangier (
Morocco), and establishes a
Moorish garrison of 1,700 men.
Beorhtfrith fights against the
Picts between Haefe and Caere[5] (assumed to be between the rivers
Avon and
Carron, which flow into the
Firth of Forth in
Scotland).
Philippicus incites the inhabitants of
Cherson to revolt, with the help of the
Khazars. Emperor
Justinian II sallies forth from
Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the
Crimea. Philippicus defeats the
Byzantine forces in northern
Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and Justinian is executed, ending the house of
Heraclius, that has ruled since
610.
December – Upon hearing the news of Justinian's death, Anastasia, Justinian's mother, escapes with Justinian's 6-year-old son
Tiberius to the
sanctuary at the
St. Mary's Church (
Constantinople). She is pursued by Philippicus'
henchmen, who drag the child from the
altar and murder him outside the church. It is unknown what became of Justinian's wife, Theodora.
Muhammad ibn Qasim captures the fortress city of
Multan after a long
siege, and raids with his forces the
Punjab region, with only light
Muslim casualties.[7]
February – King
Ansprand dies, and is succeeded by his son
Liutprand as ruler of the
Lombards. During his reign, Liutprand becomes the greatest of the
Lombard Kings. Coins and documents from his court at
Pavia confirm the impression of a strong and effective
monarch.[8]
Xuan Zong reestablishes control over the
Oxus and
Jaxartes valleys. During his reign he defeats the invading Arab armies, in a series of campaigns in
Fergana.[9]
June 3 – Emperor
Philippicus is
blinded, deposed, and sent into
exile by conspirators of the
Opsikion army in
Thrace, after a reign of 1 year and 6 months. He is succeeded by
Anastasios II, a bureaucrat and imperial secretary, who restores internal order and begins the reorganization of the
Byzantine army. He executes the
officers who have been directly involved in the
conspiracy against Philippicus.
Emperor
Xuan Zong liquidates the highly lucrative "Inexhaustible Treasury", which is run by a prominent Buddhist
monastery in Chang'an. This monastery collects vast amounts of money,
silk, and treasures through multitudes of rich people's repentances, left on the premises anonymously. Although the monastery is generous in donations, Xuan Zong issues a
decree abolishing their treasury, on the grounds that their banking practices were fraudulent, collects their riches, and distributes the wealth to various other
Buddhist monasteries,
Daoist abbeys, and to repair statues, halls, and bridges in the city.
In
Chang'an, for the annual
Lantern Festival of this year, recently abdicated emperor
Rui Zong erects an enormous
lantern wheel at a
city gate, with a recorded height of 200 ft. The frame is draped in
brocades and silk
gauze, adorned with
gold and
jade jewelry, and when its total of some 50,000
oil cups is lit, the radiance of it can be seen for miles.
Xuan Zong allots the money of 20 million copper
coins, and assigns about 1,000 craftsmen to construct a hall at a Buddhist monastery with tons of
painted portraits of himself, and of deities, ghosts, etc.
Xuan Zong wins a power struggle with his sister,
Princess Taiping. He executes a large number of her allies and forces her to commit
suicide.
By topic
Literature
During the
Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court"), the first
newspaper, hand printed on silk, is published (approximate date).
Duke
Eudes proclaims himself the independent prince of
Aquitaine (located north-east of the
Garonne River), thereby asserting legal as well as practical independence from the
Frankish Kingdom.[13]
Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad are summoned back to
Damascus by caliph
Al-Walid I. They are ordered to deliver all the
spoils of war. Musa complains and is stripped of his rank.
Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa, becomes governor of Al-Andalus (modern
Spain).
Emperor
Xuan Zong forbids all commercial
vendors and shops in the Chinese capital city of
Chang'an to copy and sell
Buddhistsutras, so that the emperor can give the
clergy of the Buddhist
monasteries the sole right to distribute written sutras to the
laity.
Summer – Xuan Zong makes his general
Xue Nede facto chancellor and commissions him, with a Chinese army (60,000 men), to attack the
Khitans (
Mongolia). Xue falls into a Khitan trap and the Tang forces are crushed, at an 80-90% casualty rate.
Empress
Genmei abdicates the throne after an 8-year reign, in which she has built a
replica of the
Chinese imperial palace at
Japan's new capital,
Nara. Genmei is succeeded by her daughter
Genshō.
Battle of Amblève: Charles Martel defeats his Neustrian and Frisian rivals near
Amel (modern-day
Belgium). His forces attack the army of Chilperic II and his allies, as they return triumphantly from Cologne. According to the Annals of Metz, Charles uses a
feigned retreat to destroy his foes while they are resting, and recovers much of the
ransom paid by Plectrude to Chilperic. He will remain undefeated until his death 25 years later.
September 1 – A Muslim
armada, consisting of 1,800 ships commanded by Admiral Suleiman, sails into the
Sea of Marmara and drops anchor below the sea walls of Constantinople, to supply their forces ashore. Leo III orders the
Byzantine fleet to sally forth from their protected
harbors with
Greek fire, setting alight the thickly-packed Muslim ships. Many vessels burst into flames, while others collide with each other before sinking.[24]
Fall –
Basil Onomagoulos, Byzantine official, declares himself rival emperor in
Sicily after the news arrives that Constantinople has fallen to an Arab
siege. Leo III dispatches a chartoularios named Paul, with imperial instructions for the Byzantine army on the island. Basil is arrested and executed; his head is sent to Leo, while the other rebels are
mutilated and
exiled.
Western Europe
March 21 –
Battle of Vincy:
Charles Martel invades
Neustria and defeats the forces of King
Chilperic II at
Vincy, near
Cambrai. He pursues him and his mayor of the palace
Ragenfrid to
Paris, before turning back to deal with his stepmother
Plectrude at
Cologne, to turn over half the wealth of his late father
Pepin of Herstal. Charles allows both Plectrude and his nephew
Theudoald (who at eleven was still a little child) to live (a gesture uncommon for the time), and obliges her to accept his sovereignty.
Charles Martel consolidates his power, proclaims
Clotaire IV king of
Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, and deposes
Rigobert, bishop of
Reims, replacing him with
Milo. He marches against
Radbod, king (or
duke) of the
Frisians, and pushes him back into his territory (later part of the
Netherlands). Charles sends the
Saxons back over the
Weser River, and secures the
Rhine border—in the name of Clotaire.
Caliph
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik dies after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin
Umar II. During his rule he grants
tax exemption, and tries to reorganize the
Umayyad finances.
Spring – A Muslim supply fleet of 760 ships under Sufyan arrives from
Egypt and
North Africa, concealing itself along the
Asiatic shore. The
Byzantines learn of the fleet's location from defecting
Christian Egyptian sailors. Emperor
Leo III sends the
Byzantine navy again; his
Greek fire ships destroy the enemy vessels in the
Sea of Marmara and seize their supplies on shore, denying the sieging army vital provisions.[26] On land the Byzantine troops ambush an advancing Arab army, and destroy it in the hills around
Sophon, south of
Nicomedia (modern
Turkey).[27][28][29][30] The Arab besiegers are still suffering from
hunger and pestilence.
August 15 –
Siege of Constantinople: A
Bulgar relief force attacks the
siege lines at
Constantinople, on the west side of the
Bosporus. Contemporary
chroniclers report that at least 22,000–32,000 Arabs are killed during the Bulgarian attacks. Caliph
Umar II is forced to lift the
siege after 13 months; the Muslim army attempts to withdraw back through
Anatolia, while the rest escapes by sea in the remaining vessels. The Arab fleet suffers further casualties to
storms, and an
eruption of the
volcano of
Thera.[31] According to Arab sources 150,000 Muslims perish during the campaign.[32]
King
Liutprand of the
Lombards builds a close
alliance with Charles Martel, and attacks the
Bavarian castles on the
River Adige, maintaining strategic control of the Alpine
passes in the Italian
Alps (approximate date).
Britain
King
Coenred of Northumbria dies after a 2-year reign. The throne is seized by
Osric, probably a younger brother, or half-brother, of the late king
Osred I.
^Alexander Berzin, Part I: The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), "The First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent". The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire Last accessed. September 11, 2007.
^John Cairns, "Road to Manzikert" (2012). Byzantine Warfare in an Age of Crisis and Recovery (Chapter 3), p. 70.
ISBN978-1-84884-215-1
^Guilland, Rodolphe (1959). "L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718)". Études byzantines (in French). Paris: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris: 122.
OCLC603552986.
^Mango, Cyril; Scott, Roger (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 546.
ISBN0-19-822568-7.
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 17).
ISBN978-184603-230-1
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 17).
ISBN978-184603-230-1
^Halbertsma, Herrius (1982). "Summary".
Frieslands Oudheid(PDF) (Thesis) (in Dutch). Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. pp. 791–798.
OCLC746889526. Archived from
the original(PDF) on October 1, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2010.