Heraclius issues a
decree that all Jews must become Christian; a
massacre follows around Jerusalem and in
Galilee (
Israel), some survivors fleeing to the
Daraa area.[2]
King
Suintila is overthrown after a 10-year reign by his son
Sisenand, with the aid of Dagobert I. The
Visigothic nobles offer him a 500-pound plate made of pure
gold. Sisenand becomes new king of the
Visigothic Kingdom and declares his father a
tyrant for his many
crimes.
Emperor
Tai Zong sends envoys to the
Xueyantuo, vassals of the
Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and
silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the
Sui to the
Tang dynasty from the northern frontier. The
embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to
China.
Tai Zong establishes a new
Daoistabbey, out of gratitude for Daoist priests who had apparently cured the
crown prince of an illness.
Part of
Samo's rebellion,
Alciocus leads 9,000 Bulgars from Pannonia to refuge with
Dagobert (who massacres them), then, with 700 survivors, settles with the
Wends, under the protection of Walluc.
Winter – Cadwallon is
besieged by King Osric at
York; he successfully breaks out of the city with all his forces, by surprise, and destroys Osric's army.[12]
Siege of Hira: The Muslim Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid attack the fortress city of Hira. After a brief fight the citizens surrender, and bring gifts to Khalid.[16]
Battle of Ein ut Tamr: The Muslim army attacks a Persian frontier post located south of Anbar. The Arab Christian
auxiliaries are overrun and surrender.
King
Dagobert I is forced by the Austrasian
nobles to put his 3-year-old son
Sigebert III on the throne, ceding royal power in
Austrasia. He frees himself from dependence on
Pepin of Landen, and extends his rule over the
Bretons (approximate date).
Battle of Heavenfield: Oswald, possibly accompanied by a force of
Scots (or
Picts), defeats and kills Cadwallon with a
Welsh army near
Hexham (northern England). He reunites
Deira with
Bernicia, and becomes king of Northumbria.
February 4 –
Battle of Dathin: Rashidun forces under
Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan defeat the Christian Arabs around
Gaza. The Muslim victory is celebrated by the local Jews, who have been a persecuted minority within the Byzantine Empire.[22]
Battle of al-Qaryatayn: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat the
Ghassanids at
Al-Qaryatayn, after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquers and
plunders the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.[24]
Battle of Marj Rahit: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeats the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts of
Damascus, to plunder the region.[25][page needed]
Battle of Bosra: Muslim forces under Khalid
besiege the Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison (12,000 men) at
Bosra. After a few days the fortress city surrenders; Khalid imposes a payment of
tribute on the inhabitants.
September 19 –
Siege of Damascus: Muslim Arabs under Khalid conquer Damascus as the first major city of the Byzantine Empire. Damascan refugees are given a guarantee of safety to retreat to Antioch.
Tai Zong orders the construction of the
Daming Palace in
Chang'an. He builds the summer palace for his retired father, Emperor
Gao Zu, as an act of
filial piety.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at
Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in
Syria. Heraclius leaves for
Constantinople with the words, 'Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy'.[30]
Rothari (formerly
duke of
Brescia) marries widowed Queen
Gundeberga, and succeeds
Arioald as king of the
Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
The city of
Basra (modern
Iraq) is founded on the
Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the
Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from
Arabia, India, and
Persia.
The
Muslims replace
Zoroastrianism with
Islam in
Mesopotamia (later
Iraq); they do not force their conquered subjects to embrace the Islamic faith, but they do require acceptance of the
Quran as the
doctrine of divine teaching, and will oblige their subjects to learn
Arabic (approximate date).
Emperor
Heraclius creates a
buffer zone (or
no man's land) in the heartland of
Asia Minor. In the mountainous terrain of
Anatolia, the Byzantine forces develop a system of defensive
guerrilla warfare. The strategy is known as ‘shadowing warfare’, as it avoids battle with major
Muslim invaders, and instead attacks
raiding parties on their return when they are laden with
booty, captured
livestock or prisoners.[37]
July 4 –
Heraklonas, age 12, son of Heraclius, obtains (through the influence of his mother
Martina) the title of Augustus. This brings him in rivalry with his elder half-brother
Constantine.
King
Oswald and his Northumbrian army
besiege and conquer
Edinburgh (
Scotland). His half-brother,
Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of
North Rheged ("Old North").
Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king (approximate date).
Umar I dismisses Khalid ibn al-Walid after the
conquest of Syria, owing to his ever-growing fame and influence. He wants the Muslims to know that victory comes from
God, not his general.
^Saint Quen of Rouen; trans. Jo Ann McNamara. "The life of Saint Eligius" (Vita Sanci Eligii)
^Tannous, Jack B. (2011).
"Athanasios I Gamolo". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts;
George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^Exegesis (Tafsir) of Quran by ibn Kathir for Chapter 66, verses 1–5 of Quran
Akram, Agha Ibrahim (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Rawalpindi: National Publishing House.
ISBN978-07101-0104-4.
Akram, Agha Ibrahim (2004). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns. Oxford University Press.
ISBN978-0-19-597714-1.
Heraclius issues a
decree that all Jews must become Christian; a
massacre follows around Jerusalem and in
Galilee (
Israel), some survivors fleeing to the
Daraa area.[2]
King
Suintila is overthrown after a 10-year reign by his son
Sisenand, with the aid of Dagobert I. The
Visigothic nobles offer him a 500-pound plate made of pure
gold. Sisenand becomes new king of the
Visigothic Kingdom and declares his father a
tyrant for his many
crimes.
Emperor
Tai Zong sends envoys to the
Xueyantuo, vassals of the
Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and
silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the
Sui to the
Tang dynasty from the northern frontier. The
embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to
China.
Tai Zong establishes a new
Daoistabbey, out of gratitude for Daoist priests who had apparently cured the
crown prince of an illness.
Part of
Samo's rebellion,
Alciocus leads 9,000 Bulgars from Pannonia to refuge with
Dagobert (who massacres them), then, with 700 survivors, settles with the
Wends, under the protection of Walluc.
Winter – Cadwallon is
besieged by King Osric at
York; he successfully breaks out of the city with all his forces, by surprise, and destroys Osric's army.[12]
Siege of Hira: The Muslim Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid attack the fortress city of Hira. After a brief fight the citizens surrender, and bring gifts to Khalid.[16]
Battle of Ein ut Tamr: The Muslim army attacks a Persian frontier post located south of Anbar. The Arab Christian
auxiliaries are overrun and surrender.
King
Dagobert I is forced by the Austrasian
nobles to put his 3-year-old son
Sigebert III on the throne, ceding royal power in
Austrasia. He frees himself from dependence on
Pepin of Landen, and extends his rule over the
Bretons (approximate date).
Battle of Heavenfield: Oswald, possibly accompanied by a force of
Scots (or
Picts), defeats and kills Cadwallon with a
Welsh army near
Hexham (northern England). He reunites
Deira with
Bernicia, and becomes king of Northumbria.
February 4 –
Battle of Dathin: Rashidun forces under
Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan defeat the Christian Arabs around
Gaza. The Muslim victory is celebrated by the local Jews, who have been a persecuted minority within the Byzantine Empire.[22]
Battle of al-Qaryatayn: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat the
Ghassanids at
Al-Qaryatayn, after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquers and
plunders the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.[24]
Battle of Marj Rahit: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeats the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts of
Damascus, to plunder the region.[25][page needed]
Battle of Bosra: Muslim forces under Khalid
besiege the Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison (12,000 men) at
Bosra. After a few days the fortress city surrenders; Khalid imposes a payment of
tribute on the inhabitants.
September 19 –
Siege of Damascus: Muslim Arabs under Khalid conquer Damascus as the first major city of the Byzantine Empire. Damascan refugees are given a guarantee of safety to retreat to Antioch.
Tai Zong orders the construction of the
Daming Palace in
Chang'an. He builds the summer palace for his retired father, Emperor
Gao Zu, as an act of
filial piety.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at
Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in
Syria. Heraclius leaves for
Constantinople with the words, 'Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy'.[30]
Rothari (formerly
duke of
Brescia) marries widowed Queen
Gundeberga, and succeeds
Arioald as king of the
Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
The city of
Basra (modern
Iraq) is founded on the
Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the
Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from
Arabia, India, and
Persia.
The
Muslims replace
Zoroastrianism with
Islam in
Mesopotamia (later
Iraq); they do not force their conquered subjects to embrace the Islamic faith, but they do require acceptance of the
Quran as the
doctrine of divine teaching, and will oblige their subjects to learn
Arabic (approximate date).
Emperor
Heraclius creates a
buffer zone (or
no man's land) in the heartland of
Asia Minor. In the mountainous terrain of
Anatolia, the Byzantine forces develop a system of defensive
guerrilla warfare. The strategy is known as ‘shadowing warfare’, as it avoids battle with major
Muslim invaders, and instead attacks
raiding parties on their return when they are laden with
booty, captured
livestock or prisoners.[37]
July 4 –
Heraklonas, age 12, son of Heraclius, obtains (through the influence of his mother
Martina) the title of Augustus. This brings him in rivalry with his elder half-brother
Constantine.
King
Oswald and his Northumbrian army
besiege and conquer
Edinburgh (
Scotland). His half-brother,
Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of
North Rheged ("Old North").
Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king (approximate date).
Umar I dismisses Khalid ibn al-Walid after the
conquest of Syria, owing to his ever-growing fame and influence. He wants the Muslims to know that victory comes from
God, not his general.
^Saint Quen of Rouen; trans. Jo Ann McNamara. "The life of Saint Eligius" (Vita Sanci Eligii)
^Tannous, Jack B. (2011).
"Athanasios I Gamolo". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts;
George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^Exegesis (Tafsir) of Quran by ibn Kathir for Chapter 66, verses 1–5 of Quran
Akram, Agha Ibrahim (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Rawalpindi: National Publishing House.
ISBN978-07101-0104-4.
Akram, Agha Ibrahim (2004). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns. Oxford University Press.
ISBN978-0-19-597714-1.