This article lists historical events that occurred between 401–500 in modern-day
Lebanon or regarding
its people.
Administration
Constantine's province of Augusta Libanensis was short-lived, but formed the basis of the re-division of Phoenice
c. 400 into the Phoenice I or Phoenice Paralia (
Greek: Φοινίκη Παραλία, "coastal Phoenice"), and Phoenice II or Phoenice Libanensis (Lebanese Phoenicia);(Φοινίκη Λιβανησία), with Tyre and Emesa as their respective capitals.[1] In the Notitia Dignitatum, written shortly after the division, Phoenice I is governed by a consularis, while Libanensis is governed by a praeses, with both provinces under the
Diocese of the East.[2] Only two governors of Phoenice were known from the reign of
Theodosius II (408–450) to that of
Justin I (518–527).[3]
Events
400s
Around the year 400,
Rabbula, the future
bishop of Edessa, attempts to have himself martyred by interrupting and disrupting the pagans of
Baalbek but he was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion.[4]
A village featuring a luxurious building with Roman thermal baths and two large winepresses is established in the modern region of
Zaarour,
c. 400.[5]
In 404 AD, towards the end of the reign of
Arcadius, numerous
Isaurian robbers gather in great numbers and ravage cities and villages as far as Phoenicia.[6]
John Chrysostom writes to
Maron around AD 405 expressing his great love and respect, and asking him to pray for him.[7]
Roman ruins of Berytus, in front of Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral in modern-day Beirut.
The school's exact location is uncertain, but it is thought to have lain just north of Nejmeh Square (pictured), next to the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral.
By the 5th century, the
law school of Berytus had established its leading position and repute among the Empire's law schools; its teachers were highly regarded and played a chief role in the development of legal learning in the East to the point that they were dubbed “ecumenical masters”.[10][11] From 425, the
law school of Constantinople becomes a rival center of law study.[12]
430s
Marcellinus, bishop of
Arqa, participates at the
Council of Ephesus in 431.[13][14][15] in which Cyrus, bishop of Tyre (?–431), is deposed as a supporter of
Nestorius.[16] and Berenicianus is ordained as his successor as the bishop of Tyre. (431–?)[16]
In the summer of 2017 a Greek inscription, five-metres long, naming Irenaeus as bishop of Tyre, was found west of the Sea of Galilee. Since the inscription provides the date of the church's completion as 445, it gives credence to a date as early as 444 CE for his ordination.[18]
Epiphanius, bishop of Arqa, takes part in a synod at
Antioch in 448.[13][14][15]
A council is held in Tyre, February, 449, to discuss and examine the nestorian beliefs of
Ibas,
Bishop of Edessa. This council had serious consequences at Chalcedon and especially at the
Council of the Three Chapters in 553.[19]
450s
in 450 AD Berytus obtains from
Theodosius II the title of
metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre.
Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, Porphyrius, a bishop from
Batroun,[20] and Thomas, the bishop of
Porphyreon (
Jieh),[21] participate in the
Council of Chalcedon, 451 AD, in which the Maronites reject
miaphysitisim and maintain full communion with the then united Orthodox Catholic Church.[22] It's also decided in the council to restore the jurisdiction of the six sees Berytus obtained, back to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis.[23] Thus, from 451 AD Berytus is an exempt metropolis which depends directly on the
Patriarch of Antioch.[24]
In 460 AD, the emperor
Leo I issues an edict that orders candidates for the bar of the Eastern
praetorian prefecture to produce certificates of proficiency from the law teachers who instruct them at one of the recognized law schools of the Empire. As a result, learning law at the law school of Berytus becomes highly desired.[27][28]
470s
John II Codonatus, archbishop of Tyre, becomes patriarch of Antioch (477).[29][30][31][32][33][34]
A mosaic from
Upper Galilee, then part of Phoenice Paralios (Maritima), is completed on 16 April 478 in the celebration of the visit of Longinus, the archbishop of Tyre and several other ecclesiastical figures on the first Sunday after
Easter.[35]
In 491/492, during the reign of
Anastasius I,
LakhmidArabs invade Phoenicia Libanensis, reaching as far as Emesa.[40]
Ecclesiastical administration
The ecclesiastical administration paralleled the political, but with some differences. When the province was divided
c. 400,
Damascus, rather than
Emesa, became the
metropolis of Phoenice II. Both provinces belonged to the
Patriarchate of Antioch, with Damascus initially outranking Tyre, whose position was also briefly challenged by the see of
Berytus
c. 450; after 480/1, however, the Metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.[37]
^
abVitalien Laurent, Le corpus des sceaux de l'empire Byzantin, vol. V/2, Paris, 1965, nº 1531.
^This episode, told by
Procopius in the Persian Wars, I.2.11-15, could be placed in 421, during the previous war against the Sassanids (Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu, Geoffrey Greatrex, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part 2, CRC Press, 2002,
ISBN0-203-99454-X, p. 259).
Cook, Arthur B. (1914). Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky. Cambridge.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
This article lists historical events that occurred between 401–500 in modern-day
Lebanon or regarding
its people.
Administration
Constantine's province of Augusta Libanensis was short-lived, but formed the basis of the re-division of Phoenice
c. 400 into the Phoenice I or Phoenice Paralia (
Greek: Φοινίκη Παραλία, "coastal Phoenice"), and Phoenice II or Phoenice Libanensis (Lebanese Phoenicia);(Φοινίκη Λιβανησία), with Tyre and Emesa as their respective capitals.[1] In the Notitia Dignitatum, written shortly after the division, Phoenice I is governed by a consularis, while Libanensis is governed by a praeses, with both provinces under the
Diocese of the East.[2] Only two governors of Phoenice were known from the reign of
Theodosius II (408–450) to that of
Justin I (518–527).[3]
Events
400s
Around the year 400,
Rabbula, the future
bishop of Edessa, attempts to have himself martyred by interrupting and disrupting the pagans of
Baalbek but he was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion.[4]
A village featuring a luxurious building with Roman thermal baths and two large winepresses is established in the modern region of
Zaarour,
c. 400.[5]
In 404 AD, towards the end of the reign of
Arcadius, numerous
Isaurian robbers gather in great numbers and ravage cities and villages as far as Phoenicia.[6]
John Chrysostom writes to
Maron around AD 405 expressing his great love and respect, and asking him to pray for him.[7]
Roman ruins of Berytus, in front of Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral in modern-day Beirut.
The school's exact location is uncertain, but it is thought to have lain just north of Nejmeh Square (pictured), next to the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral.
By the 5th century, the
law school of Berytus had established its leading position and repute among the Empire's law schools; its teachers were highly regarded and played a chief role in the development of legal learning in the East to the point that they were dubbed “ecumenical masters”.[10][11] From 425, the
law school of Constantinople becomes a rival center of law study.[12]
430s
Marcellinus, bishop of
Arqa, participates at the
Council of Ephesus in 431.[13][14][15] in which Cyrus, bishop of Tyre (?–431), is deposed as a supporter of
Nestorius.[16] and Berenicianus is ordained as his successor as the bishop of Tyre. (431–?)[16]
In the summer of 2017 a Greek inscription, five-metres long, naming Irenaeus as bishop of Tyre, was found west of the Sea of Galilee. Since the inscription provides the date of the church's completion as 445, it gives credence to a date as early as 444 CE for his ordination.[18]
Epiphanius, bishop of Arqa, takes part in a synod at
Antioch in 448.[13][14][15]
A council is held in Tyre, February, 449, to discuss and examine the nestorian beliefs of
Ibas,
Bishop of Edessa. This council had serious consequences at Chalcedon and especially at the
Council of the Three Chapters in 553.[19]
450s
in 450 AD Berytus obtains from
Theodosius II the title of
metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre.
Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, Porphyrius, a bishop from
Batroun,[20] and Thomas, the bishop of
Porphyreon (
Jieh),[21] participate in the
Council of Chalcedon, 451 AD, in which the Maronites reject
miaphysitisim and maintain full communion with the then united Orthodox Catholic Church.[22] It's also decided in the council to restore the jurisdiction of the six sees Berytus obtained, back to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis.[23] Thus, from 451 AD Berytus is an exempt metropolis which depends directly on the
Patriarch of Antioch.[24]
In 460 AD, the emperor
Leo I issues an edict that orders candidates for the bar of the Eastern
praetorian prefecture to produce certificates of proficiency from the law teachers who instruct them at one of the recognized law schools of the Empire. As a result, learning law at the law school of Berytus becomes highly desired.[27][28]
470s
John II Codonatus, archbishop of Tyre, becomes patriarch of Antioch (477).[29][30][31][32][33][34]
A mosaic from
Upper Galilee, then part of Phoenice Paralios (Maritima), is completed on 16 April 478 in the celebration of the visit of Longinus, the archbishop of Tyre and several other ecclesiastical figures on the first Sunday after
Easter.[35]
In 491/492, during the reign of
Anastasius I,
LakhmidArabs invade Phoenicia Libanensis, reaching as far as Emesa.[40]
Ecclesiastical administration
The ecclesiastical administration paralleled the political, but with some differences. When the province was divided
c. 400,
Damascus, rather than
Emesa, became the
metropolis of Phoenice II. Both provinces belonged to the
Patriarchate of Antioch, with Damascus initially outranking Tyre, whose position was also briefly challenged by the see of
Berytus
c. 450; after 480/1, however, the Metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.[37]
^
abVitalien Laurent, Le corpus des sceaux de l'empire Byzantin, vol. V/2, Paris, 1965, nº 1531.
^This episode, told by
Procopius in the Persian Wars, I.2.11-15, could be placed in 421, during the previous war against the Sassanids (Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu, Geoffrey Greatrex, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part 2, CRC Press, 2002,
ISBN0-203-99454-X, p. 259).
Cook, Arthur B. (1914). Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky. Cambridge.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)