Caesar makes the
Acta Diurna (Daily News), the world's first daily
newspaper, public. The Acta contains details of official decrees and appointments; births, deaths, and marriages. Even sport results—the outcome of the
gladiatorial contests and
chariot races at the capital.
Winter – Caesar leaves his legions in winter quarters among the
Sequani (located in modern-day
Burgundy) far to the north of the formal boundary of
Gallia Transalpina. He returns to
Gallia Cisalpina, carrying out judicial and administrative activities.[8]
Spring – Julius Caesar raises a further two legions (
Legio XIII and
Legio XIV), bringing his army in
Gaul to eight legions (at which strength it remains until
54 BC).
Caesar defeats a Belgic army near Bibrax (modern-day
Laon) in the territory of the
Remi. He moves northwards against the Belgic tribes, the
Nervii and the
Aduatuci.[9]
Clodia accuses her former lover
Marcus Caelius Rufus of trying to
poison her. The trial ends with the defendant acquitted thanks to the Pro Caelio speech of
Cicero. There is no more reference to the formerly well-known Clodia.
The three Roman politician-generals of the
First Triumvirate —
Caesar,
Pompey and
Crassus — meet at the
Luca Conference at the town of Luca (modern
Lucca, in
Tuscany), near
Pisa, where they renewed their fraying political alliance, and further cemented the three men's increasing consolidation of power in the
Roman Republic.
Autumn – Julius Caesar leads an attack on the
Morini and the
Menapii tribes of the
Belgae on the
North Sea. They withdraw into their forests, creating difficulties for Caesar's supply lines. The onset of bad weather forces him to pull back into
Gallia Belgica.[11]
Britain
This year, or possibly the following year, the king of the
Trinovantes called
Imanuentius, is overthrown and killed by his rival
Cassivellaunus. His son
Mandubracius flees to
Gaul and appeals to Julius Caesar for help.
Pompey's Theater, the first permanent (non-wooden) theatre in
Rome is built. Built of stone on the
Field of Mars, it included a temple to
Venus Victorious, a public courtyard, and a meeting hall or curia in the far end near the "Sacred Area".
Spring – Julius Caesar starts the season campaigning in
Illyricum (in the
Balkan region) against the
Pirustae, who have been raiding Roman territory.[12]
Summer – Julius Caesar defeats the
Usipetes and the
Tencteri, two Germanic tribes who have been driven across the
Rhine River by the
Suebi. He spreads
Roman law and order, and makes the whole country as far as the
Channel accessible to
trade.
May – Julius Caesar defeats a Germanic army then massacres the women and children, totalling 430,000 people, near the
Meuse and Rhine Rivers (now known as the city of
Kessel in the
Netherlands).
August 22 or
August 26 – Julius Caesar commands his first
invasions of Britain, likely a reconnaissance-in-force expedition, in response to the
Britons giving military aid to his Gallic enemies. Caesar retreats back to
Gaul when the majority of his force is prevented from landing by storms.
Summer – Siege of
Alesia: Julius Caesar spreads out his legions around the Oppidum and builds a string of fortifications surrounding the stronghold of Alesia.
September –
Battle of Alesia: Julius Caesar defeats the Gallic allies coming to aid Vercingetorix, led by his cousin Vercassivellanus. Vercingetorix surrenders on October 3, signalling the Roman conquest of Gaul. The final pacification of
Gaul is completed the following year.
Winter – Julius Caesar crosses
Mons Cevenna (central
Gaul) and sends his army through the passes covered with
snowdrifts to take the rebellious
Arverni by surprise.[14]
^LeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001). A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 129.
ISBN0-631-21858-0.
Caesar makes the
Acta Diurna (Daily News), the world's first daily
newspaper, public. The Acta contains details of official decrees and appointments; births, deaths, and marriages. Even sport results—the outcome of the
gladiatorial contests and
chariot races at the capital.
Winter – Caesar leaves his legions in winter quarters among the
Sequani (located in modern-day
Burgundy) far to the north of the formal boundary of
Gallia Transalpina. He returns to
Gallia Cisalpina, carrying out judicial and administrative activities.[8]
Spring – Julius Caesar raises a further two legions (
Legio XIII and
Legio XIV), bringing his army in
Gaul to eight legions (at which strength it remains until
54 BC).
Caesar defeats a Belgic army near Bibrax (modern-day
Laon) in the territory of the
Remi. He moves northwards against the Belgic tribes, the
Nervii and the
Aduatuci.[9]
Clodia accuses her former lover
Marcus Caelius Rufus of trying to
poison her. The trial ends with the defendant acquitted thanks to the Pro Caelio speech of
Cicero. There is no more reference to the formerly well-known Clodia.
The three Roman politician-generals of the
First Triumvirate —
Caesar,
Pompey and
Crassus — meet at the
Luca Conference at the town of Luca (modern
Lucca, in
Tuscany), near
Pisa, where they renewed their fraying political alliance, and further cemented the three men's increasing consolidation of power in the
Roman Republic.
Autumn – Julius Caesar leads an attack on the
Morini and the
Menapii tribes of the
Belgae on the
North Sea. They withdraw into their forests, creating difficulties for Caesar's supply lines. The onset of bad weather forces him to pull back into
Gallia Belgica.[11]
Britain
This year, or possibly the following year, the king of the
Trinovantes called
Imanuentius, is overthrown and killed by his rival
Cassivellaunus. His son
Mandubracius flees to
Gaul and appeals to Julius Caesar for help.
Pompey's Theater, the first permanent (non-wooden) theatre in
Rome is built. Built of stone on the
Field of Mars, it included a temple to
Venus Victorious, a public courtyard, and a meeting hall or curia in the far end near the "Sacred Area".
Spring – Julius Caesar starts the season campaigning in
Illyricum (in the
Balkan region) against the
Pirustae, who have been raiding Roman territory.[12]
Summer – Julius Caesar defeats the
Usipetes and the
Tencteri, two Germanic tribes who have been driven across the
Rhine River by the
Suebi. He spreads
Roman law and order, and makes the whole country as far as the
Channel accessible to
trade.
May – Julius Caesar defeats a Germanic army then massacres the women and children, totalling 430,000 people, near the
Meuse and Rhine Rivers (now known as the city of
Kessel in the
Netherlands).
August 22 or
August 26 – Julius Caesar commands his first
invasions of Britain, likely a reconnaissance-in-force expedition, in response to the
Britons giving military aid to his Gallic enemies. Caesar retreats back to
Gaul when the majority of his force is prevented from landing by storms.
Summer – Siege of
Alesia: Julius Caesar spreads out his legions around the Oppidum and builds a string of fortifications surrounding the stronghold of Alesia.
September –
Battle of Alesia: Julius Caesar defeats the Gallic allies coming to aid Vercingetorix, led by his cousin Vercassivellanus. Vercingetorix surrenders on October 3, signalling the Roman conquest of Gaul. The final pacification of
Gaul is completed the following year.
Winter – Julius Caesar crosses
Mons Cevenna (central
Gaul) and sends his army through the passes covered with
snowdrifts to take the rebellious
Arverni by surprise.[14]
^LeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001). A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 129.
ISBN0-631-21858-0.