Constantinople enforces a strict licensing system for
physicians.[1]
Religion
Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for
Christianity.
Pope Liberius repudiates the
Arian creed, and declares that the Council of
Arminium has no authority to issue decrees.
July 18 – Emperor
Julian arrives at
Antioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men), and stays there for nine months, to launch a campaign against the
Persian Empire. He secures the co-operation of King
Arsaces of
Armenia, who fights a bloody
guerrilla war against the Persians.
February 21 –
Athanasius returns to
Alexandria and convenes a
council, at which he appeals for unity among
Christians who differ in
terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in
Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.
October 22 – The temple of
Apollo at Daphne, outside Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire.
March 5 – Emperor
Julian departs from
Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the
Euphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin
Procopius to
Armenia.
June 16 – The
Roman army starts its retreat northward to
Corduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up the
Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffer several attacks from the
Persians.
June 26 –
Battle of Samarra: Julian is mortally wounded in a skirmish and dies from a wound received during the fighting near
Samarra (
Iraq).
Jovian, general of the Guard, succeeds him and is proclaimed
Emperor by the troops.
The
Council of Laodicea, which deals with constricting the conduct of church members, is held. The major
canon approved by this council is Canon 29, which prohibits resting on the
Sabbath (Saturday), restricting Christians to honoring the
Lord on
Sunday.
March 28 –
Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is appointed co-emperor (Augustus) in the palace of
Hebdomon (
Turkey). He rules the Eastern portion of the
Roman Empire, from the
Danube to the Persian border, and begins the first anti-
pagan persecutions.
Britain is forced to endure fierce barbarian raids.
Emperor
Valens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishop
Athanasius from his
see, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria.
Valens builds a
pontoon bridge across the
Danube, and drives the
Visigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing
Huns.
Winter – Emperor
Valentinian I appoints
Jovinus, his
Master of the Horse (Magister Equitum), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles, and pushes them out of
Gaul.
By topic
Art and Science
The Tabula Peutingeriana, a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time.
Winter – Valentinian I mobilises a massive army for his campaign against the Alamanni and the
Franks. He summons the Italian and Illyrian
legions for a spring offensive.
Asia
The first
Korean envoy arrives in
Japan, emissary of the government of
Kudara.
In the region of the constellation Perseus, a star not visible to the naked eye, and 1,533 light years distant from Earth, explodes in a
nova. The light from the star, now called
GK Persei, was first detected on Earth on
February 21, 1901.[8]
Spring – Emperor
Valentinian I and his 8-year-old son,
Gratian, cross the
Rhine with an army into Alamannic territory. He defeats the
Alemanni and burns food stores along the border. A temporary peace is signed with
Macrian, king of the
Bucinobantes, and Valentinian returns to his capital Augusta Treverorum (modern
Trier).
Winter – The barbarians are driven back to their homelands,
Hadrian's Wall is retaken and order returns to the
Roman diocese. Theodosius reorganises the abandoned forts and mounts punitive expeditions in
Hibernia (
Ireland).
Fritigern becomes king of the
Visigoths; amidst hostilities with his rival Athanaric, he asks Valens and the
Thracian field army to intervene. They end the civil war, and Fritigern converts to
Christianity.
Constantinople enforces a strict licensing system for
physicians.[1]
Religion
Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for
Christianity.
Pope Liberius repudiates the
Arian creed, and declares that the Council of
Arminium has no authority to issue decrees.
July 18 – Emperor
Julian arrives at
Antioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men), and stays there for nine months, to launch a campaign against the
Persian Empire. He secures the co-operation of King
Arsaces of
Armenia, who fights a bloody
guerrilla war against the Persians.
February 21 –
Athanasius returns to
Alexandria and convenes a
council, at which he appeals for unity among
Christians who differ in
terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in
Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.
October 22 – The temple of
Apollo at Daphne, outside Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire.
March 5 – Emperor
Julian departs from
Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the
Euphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin
Procopius to
Armenia.
June 16 – The
Roman army starts its retreat northward to
Corduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up the
Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffer several attacks from the
Persians.
June 26 –
Battle of Samarra: Julian is mortally wounded in a skirmish and dies from a wound received during the fighting near
Samarra (
Iraq).
Jovian, general of the Guard, succeeds him and is proclaimed
Emperor by the troops.
The
Council of Laodicea, which deals with constricting the conduct of church members, is held. The major
canon approved by this council is Canon 29, which prohibits resting on the
Sabbath (Saturday), restricting Christians to honoring the
Lord on
Sunday.
March 28 –
Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is appointed co-emperor (Augustus) in the palace of
Hebdomon (
Turkey). He rules the Eastern portion of the
Roman Empire, from the
Danube to the Persian border, and begins the first anti-
pagan persecutions.
Britain is forced to endure fierce barbarian raids.
Emperor
Valens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishop
Athanasius from his
see, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria.
Valens builds a
pontoon bridge across the
Danube, and drives the
Visigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing
Huns.
Winter – Emperor
Valentinian I appoints
Jovinus, his
Master of the Horse (Magister Equitum), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles, and pushes them out of
Gaul.
By topic
Art and Science
The Tabula Peutingeriana, a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time.
Winter – Valentinian I mobilises a massive army for his campaign against the Alamanni and the
Franks. He summons the Italian and Illyrian
legions for a spring offensive.
Asia
The first
Korean envoy arrives in
Japan, emissary of the government of
Kudara.
In the region of the constellation Perseus, a star not visible to the naked eye, and 1,533 light years distant from Earth, explodes in a
nova. The light from the star, now called
GK Persei, was first detected on Earth on
February 21, 1901.[8]
Spring – Emperor
Valentinian I and his 8-year-old son,
Gratian, cross the
Rhine with an army into Alamannic territory. He defeats the
Alemanni and burns food stores along the border. A temporary peace is signed with
Macrian, king of the
Bucinobantes, and Valentinian returns to his capital Augusta Treverorum (modern
Trier).
Winter – The barbarians are driven back to their homelands,
Hadrian's Wall is retaken and order returns to the
Roman diocese. Theodosius reorganises the abandoned forts and mounts punitive expeditions in
Hibernia (
Ireland).
Fritigern becomes king of the
Visigoths; amidst hostilities with his rival Athanaric, he asks Valens and the
Thracian field army to intervene. They end the civil war, and Fritigern converts to
Christianity.