Boston mobster
Philip Buccola flees the country to escape indictment for
tax evasion. Before leaving the U.S., he turns over his criminal operations to mobster
Raymond Patriarca, Sr. Patriarca would eventually transform this confederation of Italian street gangs into the
Patriarca crime family.
February 28 –
Abraham Davidian is shot to death in
Fresno, California while waiting to testify in a major West Coast narcotics investigation.
May 26 – The Senate Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce (later to be known as the
Kefauver Committee) opens hearings in
Miami, Florida. Committee hearings would continue in major cities throughout the country until August 17, 1951.
June 5 –
James Lumia, Florida organized crime figure, is gunned down on a street corner. The hit is believed to be ordered by
Santo Trafficante, Sr.
July 5 – The bandit and separatist
Salvatore Giuliano is killed in
Castelvetrano, Sicily. According to police,
carabinieri captain Antonio Perenze shot and killed Guilano as he was resisting arrest. However,
Gaspare Pisciotta, Giuliano's lieutenant, would later claim that he killed Giuliano on orders from
Mario Scelba, then Italian Minister of the Interior. Pisciotta would say that police promised him a
pardon and a reward if he killed Giuliano.
September 25 – William Drury, a former acting police captain in Chicago, and
Marvin Bas, attorney for the Republican nominee for Cook County Sheriff, are shot to death at separate locations in Chicago. Police believe the two men were murdered due to information they provided the Kefauver Committee on organized crime activities in Chicago.
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Paul Ricca and
Louis Campagna would be held for questioning in the murder, but due to lack of evidence are never formally charged.[1]
April 19 – Shortly after the disappearance of
Vincent Mangano (who, according to underworld lore, was murdered and buried in the concrete foundation of a housing project owned by Anastasia), New York mobster
Philip Mangano is found dead in a marsh near
Jamaica Bay. Former Mangano lieutenant
Albert Anastasia, backed by
Frank Costello, takes over the family after Mangano's murder. Although Anastasia,
Joe Adonis and
Frank Costello are questioned in connection with the incident, no charges are filed. Before their deaths, the Mangano brothers had controlled the New York waterfront for nearly two decades since the murders of
Alfred Mineo and
Steve Ferrigno in 1930 during the
Castellammarese War.
August 6 –
Tony Brancato and
Tony Trombino, known as the "Two Tony's", are found shot to death in the front seat of an abandoned car in
Los Angeles. Both Brancato and Trombino had been identified robbing a syndicate-controlled
Nevada hotel.
October 20 – The
Revenue Act of 1951 is officially signed into law, which would becoming effective November 1, establishing wagering excise and occupational taxes. Although later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1968, the statute forced many leading bookmakers to move their respective gambling operations out of the United States for several years.
March 9 – A
Brooklyn shoe salesman by the name of
Arnold Schuster is killed, his death ordered
Albert Anastasia for his role in the capture of bank robber
Willie "The Actor" Sutton.[3] Schuster's murder would bring unwanted attention and public scrutiny on organized crime.
March 18 –
Joseph Vallone, former head of the Milwaukee crime family, dies. His successor
Sam Ferrara, who had controlled the organization since Vallone's retirement in 1949, is forced by the
Chicago Outfit to step down around November or December after a request by members of the criminal organization and replaced by
John Alioto.
April 27 – Over 80 organized crime figures are observed attending a party, reportedly in celebration of
Raymond L.S. Patriarca's appointment as head the New England crime family, having succeeded
Philip Buccola, who had fled to Italy following a tax evasion investigation.[citation needed]
August 15 –
Frank Costello is convicted of contempt of court, after walking out during his testimony before the
Kefauver Committee, and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.[4]
May 2 –
Meyer Lansky is convicted of illegal gambling, after pleading guilty to five of the total twenty one charges,[5] and serves three months in a New York prison. He is additionally fined $2,500 and, after his release, receives three years
probation.
June 19 –
Stephen Franse, a police informant, is murdered by Genovese crime family hitman
Joe Valachi.
July 16 – Shortly after his release from prison, Joe Adonis is faced with perjury charges.
October 29 – New York mobster
Frank Costello is released from prison, following his arrest for contempt of court during the Kefauver Committee the previous year.
December 9 -
Dominick Petrilli, sneaking into the United States shortly after being deported, is killed by rival gunman. Petrilli had brought
Joe Valachi, later a government informant, into the
Genovese crime family.[6]
February 9 – In
Sicily, the bandit
Gaspare Pisciotta dies in his cell from
strychnine poisoning while on trial. Pisciotta had claimed that he killed his companion and separatist
Salvatore Giuliano on orders from
Mario Scelba, then Italian Minister of the Interior.
March 25 –
Joe Adonis is convicted of perjury and sentenced to two years in a federal penitentiary. Facing a deportation order from 1954, Adonis offers to leave the country voluntarily while the verdict is under appeal as an alternative to jail time.
March 27 –
Johnny Dio is convicted on charges of evading New York state income taxes, and sentenced to 60 days in prison.[7]
April 11 – The Rome daily newspaper
Avanti! publishes a photograph of a candy factory in
Palermo under the headline "Textiles and Sweets on the Drug Route." The factory was reportedly set up by
Calogero Vizzini and Italian-American gangster
Lucky Luciano in 1949. In the evening after the story is published, the factory closes and the laboratory's chemists are reportedly smuggled out of the country. Police suspected that the factory was a cover for heroin trafficking.[8]
July 10 –
Calogero Vizzini the
Mafia boss of
Villalba in
Sicily, dies. Vizzini was considered to be one of the most influential Mafia bosses of Sicily after World War II. Thousands of peasants dressed in black, politicians, and priests would take part in his funeral. Attendees would include Mussomeli boss
Giuseppe Genco Russo and the powerful boss Don
Francesco Paolo Bontade from Palermo (the father of future Mafia boss
Stefano Bontade) – who was one of the pallbearers. An elegy for Vizzini would be pinned to the church door. It read: "Humble with the humble. Great with the great. He showed with words and deeds that his Mafia was not criminal. It stood for respect for the law, defence of all rights, greatness of character: it was love."
In 1955, the bosses of the Acquasanta Mafia clan,
Gaetano Galatolo and Nicola D’Alessandro were killed in a dispute over the
protection rackets when the
Palermo fruit and vegetable wholesale market moved from the Zisa area to Acquasanta, disturbing the delicate power balances within Cosa Nostra. The killer of Galatolo was never identified, but
Michele Cavataio was suspected. Cavataio became the new boss of the clan and had to agree to split the profits of the wholesale market racket with the
Greco Mafia clan of
Ciaculli, who traditionally controlled fruit and vegetable supply to Palermo wholesale market.
March 31 –
Stefano Bedami, New Jersey Family Boss is stabbed to death in a Newark, New Jersey restaurant.
November 4 -
Willie Bioff, a former pimp, labor racketeer and
Chicago Outfit associate who had testified against his fellow conspirators in the extortion of Hollywood movie studios in the 1930s and early 1940s, is killed when a bomb planted on his pickup truck explodes outside his home in
Phoenix, Arizona. Bioff, who had been living under an assumed name, had recently begun working at the Outfit-controlled
Riviera Casino in
Las Vegas, which tipped off the Outfit mobsters as to his whereabouts.[9]
January 3 – Unable to convince federal officials of his citizenship, Joe Adonis agrees to comply with his deportation to
Italy in agreement to drop the perjury charges. With the departure of Adonis, the struggle of the
Frank Costello–
Albert Anastasia faction to gain control over the
Luciano crime family from
Vito Genovese grows even more desperate.
April 5 – After journalist
Victor Riesel is assaulted and blinded with acid, mobster
Johnny Dio is charged with the attack. However police are forced to drop the charges when witnesses against him disappeared or retracted their statements.[10] Despite this, Riesel would continue his crusade against organized crime though radio and newspaper reports.
June 17 –
Frank Scalise, Anastasia Family
underboss, is killed by
Jimmy Squilante, on Anastasia's orders, after selling La Cosa Nostra memberships for $50,000 and screwing up a heroin deal. Anastasia lieutenant Carlo Gambino is named underboss.
September 19 – Joseph Scalise is killed by James Squillante (Albert Anastasia's nephew) and disposed of by Squilante's garbage hauling interests after a welcome home party for threatening to avenge his brother, Frank Scalise's murder.
October 12–16 –
Grand Hotel des Palmes Mafia meeting. American gangster
Joseph Bonanno attends a series of meetings between some high-level Sicilian and American
mafiosi in the Grand Hotel des Palmes (Albergo delle Palme) in
Palermo,
Sicily. The Sicilian Mafia decides to compose its first
Sicilian Mafia Commission and elects
Salvatore Greco as its first "secretary". According to some, one of the main topics on the agenda was the organisation of the
heroin trade on an international basis. The
FBI believed it was this meeting that established the
Bonanno Crime Family in the heroin trade.
October 25 –
Albert Anastasia is murdered in a
New York barbershop on the orders of
Vito Genovese and Lt.
Carlo Gambino (the decision was supported by
Tommy Lucchese,
Meyer Lansky and Tampa Boss Santo Trafficante Jr.). The Genovese-Gambino-Lucchese alliance wanted to make Gambino Boss of Anastasia's Family, the Lansky-Trafficante alliance was angered by Anastasia muscling into the Havana, Cuba casino rackets.
November 10 – A meeting is held in
Livingston, New Jersey, possibly in connection to the Apalachin Conference.
November 14 – Over sixty organized crime figures including Vito Genovese, Carlo Gambino, Paul Castellano, Joseph Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Joseph Magliocco and
John Montana are arrested at the home of
Joseph Barbara, Sr. during the
Apalachin Conference. Following this incident, federal authorities are forced to admit the possibility of the existence of organized crime.
Somewhere in 1958 the Sicilian Mafia composed its first
Sicilian Mafia Commission. It was formed among Mafia families in the
province of Palermo, which had the highest concentration of
cosche (Mafia families), approximately 46.
Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco was appointed as its first segretario (secretary) or rappresentante regionale, essentially a "primus interpares" – the first among equals. Initially, the secretary had very little power. His task was simply to organize the meetings.[12]
As a result of the
Apalachin Conference, the FBI is forced to acknowledge the existence of organized crime and begins compiling a detailed report on the
Mafia, known as, "
La Cosa Nostra".
January 1 – Syndicate casinos are seized by
Fidel Castro government after Cuban dictator
Fulgencio Batista flees the country following the
Cuban Revolution. Suffering a major financial setback, Meyer Lansky returns to
Miami, Florida and begins looking into the possible relocation of syndicate casinos in the
Bahamas and Caribbean.
February 26 – New Jersey mobster
Abner Zwillman is found dead in his home after apparently
hanging himself with a plastic clothesline. An investigated ruled suicide as the cause of death as Zwillman was facing federal investigation into his coin-operated machine business and tax evasion.
June 9 – During his appearance for questioning before the
McClellan Committee, Chicago mobster
Sam Giancana refuses to answer the questions while repeatedly citing the
Fifth Amendment, often punctuating his responses with a terse chuckle, to which a clearly frustrated chief counsel
Robert F. Kennedy retorts, "I thought only little girls giggled, Mr. Giancana."[14]
September 25 – After being called away from a
Lexington Avenue restaurant,
Anthony Carfano and his companion,
Janice Drake are found dead in an abandoned car in
Queens. A police investigation ruled both had been shot in the back of the head, possibly by a gunman hidden in the back seat.
^"Willie Bioff Killed by Dynamite Bomb," The Chicago Tribune, November 5, 1955.
^Raskin, A.H. "Thug Hurls Acid on Labor Writer." New York Times. April 6, 1956; "Riesel Loses Sight From Burns of Acid." New York Times. May 5, 1956; Frankel, Max. "Johnny Dio and 4 Others Held As Masterminds in Riesel Attack." New York Times. August 29, 1956; Ranzal, Edward. "Jury Indicts Dio in Riesel Attack." New York Times. September 8, 1956; Ranzal, Edward. "Dio Directed Attack On Riesel, Trial Told." New York Times. November 28, 1956; Becker, Bill. "Key Dio Witness Refuses to Talk." New York Times. May 21, 1957; Ranzal, Edward. "Dio Case Dropped From Court Docket." New York Times. May 28, 1957; "Judge Continues Diio's Indictment." New York Times. September 24, 1957.
^"Dio and Two Found Guilty of Plot to Seal Labor Peace." New York Times. July 26, 1957; Roth, Jack. "Dio and 2 Others in Conspiracy Sentenced to 2-Year Jail Terms." New York Times. September 6, 1957.
Boston mobster
Philip Buccola flees the country to escape indictment for
tax evasion. Before leaving the U.S., he turns over his criminal operations to mobster
Raymond Patriarca, Sr. Patriarca would eventually transform this confederation of Italian street gangs into the
Patriarca crime family.
February 28 –
Abraham Davidian is shot to death in
Fresno, California while waiting to testify in a major West Coast narcotics investigation.
May 26 – The Senate Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce (later to be known as the
Kefauver Committee) opens hearings in
Miami, Florida. Committee hearings would continue in major cities throughout the country until August 17, 1951.
June 5 –
James Lumia, Florida organized crime figure, is gunned down on a street corner. The hit is believed to be ordered by
Santo Trafficante, Sr.
July 5 – The bandit and separatist
Salvatore Giuliano is killed in
Castelvetrano, Sicily. According to police,
carabinieri captain Antonio Perenze shot and killed Guilano as he was resisting arrest. However,
Gaspare Pisciotta, Giuliano's lieutenant, would later claim that he killed Giuliano on orders from
Mario Scelba, then Italian Minister of the Interior. Pisciotta would say that police promised him a
pardon and a reward if he killed Giuliano.
September 25 – William Drury, a former acting police captain in Chicago, and
Marvin Bas, attorney for the Republican nominee for Cook County Sheriff, are shot to death at separate locations in Chicago. Police believe the two men were murdered due to information they provided the Kefauver Committee on organized crime activities in Chicago.
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Paul Ricca and
Louis Campagna would be held for questioning in the murder, but due to lack of evidence are never formally charged.[1]
April 19 – Shortly after the disappearance of
Vincent Mangano (who, according to underworld lore, was murdered and buried in the concrete foundation of a housing project owned by Anastasia), New York mobster
Philip Mangano is found dead in a marsh near
Jamaica Bay. Former Mangano lieutenant
Albert Anastasia, backed by
Frank Costello, takes over the family after Mangano's murder. Although Anastasia,
Joe Adonis and
Frank Costello are questioned in connection with the incident, no charges are filed. Before their deaths, the Mangano brothers had controlled the New York waterfront for nearly two decades since the murders of
Alfred Mineo and
Steve Ferrigno in 1930 during the
Castellammarese War.
August 6 –
Tony Brancato and
Tony Trombino, known as the "Two Tony's", are found shot to death in the front seat of an abandoned car in
Los Angeles. Both Brancato and Trombino had been identified robbing a syndicate-controlled
Nevada hotel.
October 20 – The
Revenue Act of 1951 is officially signed into law, which would becoming effective November 1, establishing wagering excise and occupational taxes. Although later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1968, the statute forced many leading bookmakers to move their respective gambling operations out of the United States for several years.
March 9 – A
Brooklyn shoe salesman by the name of
Arnold Schuster is killed, his death ordered
Albert Anastasia for his role in the capture of bank robber
Willie "The Actor" Sutton.[3] Schuster's murder would bring unwanted attention and public scrutiny on organized crime.
March 18 –
Joseph Vallone, former head of the Milwaukee crime family, dies. His successor
Sam Ferrara, who had controlled the organization since Vallone's retirement in 1949, is forced by the
Chicago Outfit to step down around November or December after a request by members of the criminal organization and replaced by
John Alioto.
April 27 – Over 80 organized crime figures are observed attending a party, reportedly in celebration of
Raymond L.S. Patriarca's appointment as head the New England crime family, having succeeded
Philip Buccola, who had fled to Italy following a tax evasion investigation.[citation needed]
August 15 –
Frank Costello is convicted of contempt of court, after walking out during his testimony before the
Kefauver Committee, and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.[4]
May 2 –
Meyer Lansky is convicted of illegal gambling, after pleading guilty to five of the total twenty one charges,[5] and serves three months in a New York prison. He is additionally fined $2,500 and, after his release, receives three years
probation.
June 19 –
Stephen Franse, a police informant, is murdered by Genovese crime family hitman
Joe Valachi.
July 16 – Shortly after his release from prison, Joe Adonis is faced with perjury charges.
October 29 – New York mobster
Frank Costello is released from prison, following his arrest for contempt of court during the Kefauver Committee the previous year.
December 9 -
Dominick Petrilli, sneaking into the United States shortly after being deported, is killed by rival gunman. Petrilli had brought
Joe Valachi, later a government informant, into the
Genovese crime family.[6]
February 9 – In
Sicily, the bandit
Gaspare Pisciotta dies in his cell from
strychnine poisoning while on trial. Pisciotta had claimed that he killed his companion and separatist
Salvatore Giuliano on orders from
Mario Scelba, then Italian Minister of the Interior.
March 25 –
Joe Adonis is convicted of perjury and sentenced to two years in a federal penitentiary. Facing a deportation order from 1954, Adonis offers to leave the country voluntarily while the verdict is under appeal as an alternative to jail time.
March 27 –
Johnny Dio is convicted on charges of evading New York state income taxes, and sentenced to 60 days in prison.[7]
April 11 – The Rome daily newspaper
Avanti! publishes a photograph of a candy factory in
Palermo under the headline "Textiles and Sweets on the Drug Route." The factory was reportedly set up by
Calogero Vizzini and Italian-American gangster
Lucky Luciano in 1949. In the evening after the story is published, the factory closes and the laboratory's chemists are reportedly smuggled out of the country. Police suspected that the factory was a cover for heroin trafficking.[8]
July 10 –
Calogero Vizzini the
Mafia boss of
Villalba in
Sicily, dies. Vizzini was considered to be one of the most influential Mafia bosses of Sicily after World War II. Thousands of peasants dressed in black, politicians, and priests would take part in his funeral. Attendees would include Mussomeli boss
Giuseppe Genco Russo and the powerful boss Don
Francesco Paolo Bontade from Palermo (the father of future Mafia boss
Stefano Bontade) – who was one of the pallbearers. An elegy for Vizzini would be pinned to the church door. It read: "Humble with the humble. Great with the great. He showed with words and deeds that his Mafia was not criminal. It stood for respect for the law, defence of all rights, greatness of character: it was love."
In 1955, the bosses of the Acquasanta Mafia clan,
Gaetano Galatolo and Nicola D’Alessandro were killed in a dispute over the
protection rackets when the
Palermo fruit and vegetable wholesale market moved from the Zisa area to Acquasanta, disturbing the delicate power balances within Cosa Nostra. The killer of Galatolo was never identified, but
Michele Cavataio was suspected. Cavataio became the new boss of the clan and had to agree to split the profits of the wholesale market racket with the
Greco Mafia clan of
Ciaculli, who traditionally controlled fruit and vegetable supply to Palermo wholesale market.
March 31 –
Stefano Bedami, New Jersey Family Boss is stabbed to death in a Newark, New Jersey restaurant.
November 4 -
Willie Bioff, a former pimp, labor racketeer and
Chicago Outfit associate who had testified against his fellow conspirators in the extortion of Hollywood movie studios in the 1930s and early 1940s, is killed when a bomb planted on his pickup truck explodes outside his home in
Phoenix, Arizona. Bioff, who had been living under an assumed name, had recently begun working at the Outfit-controlled
Riviera Casino in
Las Vegas, which tipped off the Outfit mobsters as to his whereabouts.[9]
January 3 – Unable to convince federal officials of his citizenship, Joe Adonis agrees to comply with his deportation to
Italy in agreement to drop the perjury charges. With the departure of Adonis, the struggle of the
Frank Costello–
Albert Anastasia faction to gain control over the
Luciano crime family from
Vito Genovese grows even more desperate.
April 5 – After journalist
Victor Riesel is assaulted and blinded with acid, mobster
Johnny Dio is charged with the attack. However police are forced to drop the charges when witnesses against him disappeared or retracted their statements.[10] Despite this, Riesel would continue his crusade against organized crime though radio and newspaper reports.
June 17 –
Frank Scalise, Anastasia Family
underboss, is killed by
Jimmy Squilante, on Anastasia's orders, after selling La Cosa Nostra memberships for $50,000 and screwing up a heroin deal. Anastasia lieutenant Carlo Gambino is named underboss.
September 19 – Joseph Scalise is killed by James Squillante (Albert Anastasia's nephew) and disposed of by Squilante's garbage hauling interests after a welcome home party for threatening to avenge his brother, Frank Scalise's murder.
October 12–16 –
Grand Hotel des Palmes Mafia meeting. American gangster
Joseph Bonanno attends a series of meetings between some high-level Sicilian and American
mafiosi in the Grand Hotel des Palmes (Albergo delle Palme) in
Palermo,
Sicily. The Sicilian Mafia decides to compose its first
Sicilian Mafia Commission and elects
Salvatore Greco as its first "secretary". According to some, one of the main topics on the agenda was the organisation of the
heroin trade on an international basis. The
FBI believed it was this meeting that established the
Bonanno Crime Family in the heroin trade.
October 25 –
Albert Anastasia is murdered in a
New York barbershop on the orders of
Vito Genovese and Lt.
Carlo Gambino (the decision was supported by
Tommy Lucchese,
Meyer Lansky and Tampa Boss Santo Trafficante Jr.). The Genovese-Gambino-Lucchese alliance wanted to make Gambino Boss of Anastasia's Family, the Lansky-Trafficante alliance was angered by Anastasia muscling into the Havana, Cuba casino rackets.
November 10 – A meeting is held in
Livingston, New Jersey, possibly in connection to the Apalachin Conference.
November 14 – Over sixty organized crime figures including Vito Genovese, Carlo Gambino, Paul Castellano, Joseph Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Joseph Magliocco and
John Montana are arrested at the home of
Joseph Barbara, Sr. during the
Apalachin Conference. Following this incident, federal authorities are forced to admit the possibility of the existence of organized crime.
Somewhere in 1958 the Sicilian Mafia composed its first
Sicilian Mafia Commission. It was formed among Mafia families in the
province of Palermo, which had the highest concentration of
cosche (Mafia families), approximately 46.
Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco was appointed as its first segretario (secretary) or rappresentante regionale, essentially a "primus interpares" – the first among equals. Initially, the secretary had very little power. His task was simply to organize the meetings.[12]
As a result of the
Apalachin Conference, the FBI is forced to acknowledge the existence of organized crime and begins compiling a detailed report on the
Mafia, known as, "
La Cosa Nostra".
January 1 – Syndicate casinos are seized by
Fidel Castro government after Cuban dictator
Fulgencio Batista flees the country following the
Cuban Revolution. Suffering a major financial setback, Meyer Lansky returns to
Miami, Florida and begins looking into the possible relocation of syndicate casinos in the
Bahamas and Caribbean.
February 26 – New Jersey mobster
Abner Zwillman is found dead in his home after apparently
hanging himself with a plastic clothesline. An investigated ruled suicide as the cause of death as Zwillman was facing federal investigation into his coin-operated machine business and tax evasion.
June 9 – During his appearance for questioning before the
McClellan Committee, Chicago mobster
Sam Giancana refuses to answer the questions while repeatedly citing the
Fifth Amendment, often punctuating his responses with a terse chuckle, to which a clearly frustrated chief counsel
Robert F. Kennedy retorts, "I thought only little girls giggled, Mr. Giancana."[14]
September 25 – After being called away from a
Lexington Avenue restaurant,
Anthony Carfano and his companion,
Janice Drake are found dead in an abandoned car in
Queens. A police investigation ruled both had been shot in the back of the head, possibly by a gunman hidden in the back seat.
^"Willie Bioff Killed by Dynamite Bomb," The Chicago Tribune, November 5, 1955.
^Raskin, A.H. "Thug Hurls Acid on Labor Writer." New York Times. April 6, 1956; "Riesel Loses Sight From Burns of Acid." New York Times. May 5, 1956; Frankel, Max. "Johnny Dio and 4 Others Held As Masterminds in Riesel Attack." New York Times. August 29, 1956; Ranzal, Edward. "Jury Indicts Dio in Riesel Attack." New York Times. September 8, 1956; Ranzal, Edward. "Dio Directed Attack On Riesel, Trial Told." New York Times. November 28, 1956; Becker, Bill. "Key Dio Witness Refuses to Talk." New York Times. May 21, 1957; Ranzal, Edward. "Dio Case Dropped From Court Docket." New York Times. May 28, 1957; "Judge Continues Diio's Indictment." New York Times. September 24, 1957.
^"Dio and Two Found Guilty of Plot to Seal Labor Peace." New York Times. July 26, 1957; Roth, Jack. "Dio and 2 Others in Conspiracy Sentenced to 2-Year Jail Terms." New York Times. September 6, 1957.