Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1870.

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• In Athens, Greece, the site of Kallimarmaron Stadium is excavated (later rebuilt to host the first modern olympics in 1896).
• In France, of the Grottes prehistoriques de Soyons (caves), the Trou du Mouton (Sheep's hole), Trou Roland, la Madeleine, and Trou du Renard (fox hole) are excavated by Lepic and De Lubac.

• Spring – Torslunda plates discovered in Öland.
• First discoveries of the Polada culture.

• National Archaeological Museum (Florence) inaugurated.

• Abraham de la Pryme (1671–1704) – The diary of Abraham de la Pryme, the Yorkshire antiquary. Publications of the Surtees Society, volume 54. Durham: Andrews and Company. ^[1]

• Antonios Keramopoulos, Greek archaeologist (d. 1960)

• January 24 – John Howard Marsden, English archaeologist (b. 1803)

• Ancient Egypt / Egyptology