Churachandpur
Lamka | |
|---|---|
  Churachandpur Location in Manipur, India  Churachandpur Churachandpur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 24°20′46″N 93°42′00″E / 24.346°N 93.70°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Manipur |
| District | Churachandpur |
| Named for | Churachand Singh, the Maharaja of Manipur Kingdom |
| Population (2022)
[1] | |
| • Total | 120,000 |
| Language(s) | |
| • Official | Meitei [a] [2] |
| • Regional | Paite and Thadou languages ( Kuki-Chin group) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 ( IST) |
| PIN | 795128
[3] |
| Telephone code | 03874 [4] |
| Vehicle registration | MN 02 |
|
| |
Churachandpur ( IPA: /tʃʊRVːˌtʃaːnɗpʊr/), locally known as Lamka, [5] is the second largest town in the Indian state of Manipur and the district headquarters of the Churachandpur District. [5] [1] The name "Churachandpur" was transferred from the earlier headquarters of the district at Songpi to the present location, [b] and honours Churachand Singh, former maharaja of the Manipur princely state. The local people reject the name as a colonial imposition and use the native name "Lamka". [5]
Churachandpur is not a statutory town and does not have a municipality. It is governed by the Autonomous District Council of the Churachandpur district.
Geography
The Churachandpur town is in the valley of Khuga River (called "Lamka plain"), [6] which flows north from the border with Chin Hills (Myanmar) towards the Imphal Valley. The town is at the intersection of two roads: the Tedim Road, which runs from the Manipur state capital Imphal to Tedim in the Chin State of Myanmar, and the Tipaimukh road that goes to Tipaimukh in the southwest and continues on to Mizoram. The junction of the two roads is called "Lamka" in Kuki-Chiin languages. At present, the northern portion of the Tedim Road and the Tipaimukh Road make up the National Highway 2, connecting the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. In addition to these roads, the road to Sugnu via the Tuineng valley also leaves from the Churachandpur town.
Churachandpur is a sprawling urban agglomeration, said to be the second largest town in Manipur. [5] However it is not a statutory town and does not have a municipality. The region is divided into multiple villages and towns, under the supervision of the Autonomous District Council of the Churachandpur District. [1] Notable among the towns are Hiangtam Lamka, west of Tedim Road, Zenhang Lamka, east of Tedim Road, and Rengkai to the southeast.
History
Songpi
The name "Chura Chandpur" was originally given to the village of Songpi ( 24°20′04″N 93°39′09″E / 24.3344°N 93.6525°E) on the road to Tipaimukh (present day NH2) around the year 1920. The name was coined in honour of Churachand Singh, the reigning maharaja of the Manipur princely state at that time. The Khuga river valley, the present site of Churachandpur was forested and mostly uninhabited at that time. [7]
During the Kuki Rebellion of 1917-1919, the chief of Songpi, Semthong Haokip, refrained from taking part in the rebellion and was regarded as a "friendly" chief by the British. [8] [9] Songpi was also at a strategic height overlooking the valley leading to the Thangjing Hill, and used as the location of an Assam Rifles post. [10] After the rebellion, the British Raj decided to set up four subdivisions for the hill areas, one of which, the South-West Subdivision, was headquartered at Songpi. [c] B. C. Gasper was appointed as the subvidivisional officer. In 1921, Gasper organised a feast to welcome back the labour corps workers that returned from World War I, to which Maharaja Churachand Singh was invited. It was decided on that occasion to give the name "Churachandpur" to the Songpi village. [5] [12] In due course, the subdivision headquartered here also came to be known as the "Churachandpur Subdivision". [11] [13] In 1930, the Sub-Divisional Officers (S.D.O.'s) were withdrawn due to dearth of staff and the subdivision was administered directly from Imphal. The Songpi/Churachandpur office fell into disuse. [14] [d]
Lamka
The Khuga River Valley, the location of the present-day Churachandpur Town, was forested and mostly uninhabited at the time of the Kuki Rebellion. However, it was used for grazing mithuns (also called metna), of which the chief of Ukha, was the largest owner in the area. [16] Prior to the Kuki Rebellion, the British had also allowed some number of Nepali ex-servicemen to settle in the valley and use it for grazing cattle. [17] The destruction caused by the cattle to the crops of the Kuki people in the surrounding areas was considered a significant grievance causing antipathy towards the British administration. [18] The Nepalis were however loyal to the British, paid regular taxes, and also supplied ghee to the British troops. [19] One of the first events of the Kuki Rebellion was to raid the Nepali graziers of the Khuga Valley on 28 December 2017, whcih was carried out by Thadous and Zous jointly. [17]
Also during the rebellion, the British constructed a road to Hiangtam in the southern part of the subdivision, which branched off the Tipaimukh road at a location that came to be called "Lamka". ("Lamka" means junction in Kuki-Chin languages.) The original location was called "Hiangtam Lamka" and became the site of a new village. [5] [e] Another village called "Zenhang Lamka" was established to the east of the Hiangtam Road and the two villages together were referred to as "Lamka". [5] Eventually the whole plain in the Khuga River valley acquired the name "Lamka plain". [6]
During the World War II, the British constructed a motorable "Tedim Road" between Imphal and Tedim, extending the former Hiangtam Road. Seven decisive battles were fought along this road between the British 17 Indian Division and the Japanese 33 Division. The Japanese reached the Lamka area on 8 April 1944, and four battles were fought to the north of it, within Manipur, including one at Torbung. [20] Eventually the Japanese were defeated at Imphal and withdrew from Manipur with heavy losses. [20]
Independent period
In 1947, on the eve of Indian independence, the British reinstated the administrative powers of the Maharaja of Manipur, who promulgated a constitution establishing a legislative assembly and a ministry. The new administration decided to form circles for local administration, designating two of them as Churachandpur Circle and Thanlon Circle respectively. Finding that the old offices at Songpi had been reused for other purposes, in 1949, the Manipur administration decided to construct a new town of "Churachandpur" to serve as the headquarters. The town was referred to as "New Churachandpur" for a few years. [21] After Manipur's merger with India, the subdivision structure was reinstated, including a Churachandpur Subdivision based at New Churachandpur. [22] In 1969, the subdivision was converted into a district, first under the name "Manipur South" and later in 1983, as the "Churachandpur district". [23]
The Churachandpur town, which was the third biggest town in Manipur in 1971, was "denotified" in 1988 upon the recommendation of the Hill Areas Committee, and its area was placed under the Churachandpur Autonomous District Council. The 1991 census listed it as a Census Town in 1991, but the practice has since been discontinued. The whole area is considered "rural" for administrative purposes despite having clear urban characteristics. [24] The 2011 census lists three census towns in the region, viz., Rengkai, Zenhang Lamka, and Hill Town (Hiangtam Lamka). [25]
The local people are said to have always used the name "Lamka" for the town in preference to "Churachandpur". [26] With the rise of ethnic tensions during the 2023 Manipur violence, the Kuki-Zo people have increasingly spurned the name "Churachandpur". [5]
Demographics
The population of the Churachandpur Town is approximately 120,000 people. [1] The majority of the population consists of Kuki-Zo people, with the dominant segment being the Paite tribe. The Paite language is considered the lingua franca of the town. [27]
The town also contains 18 villages (neighbourhoods) with Meitei populations, totalling approximately 8,350 people. Almost all the Meitei were internally displaced during the 2023–2024 Manipur violence. [28]
See also
Notes
- ^ Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) is the official language of Manipur.
- ^ It was referred to as "New Churachandpur" during the 1950s and 1960s.
- ^ A "sub-division" in the British system was a smaller unit of administration than a district, but often larger than native units of administration such as tehsil or taluka, which were styled "circles". The whole of Manipur was a single district under the British Raj. Four sub-divisions for hill regions were created in 1919. Other than Churachandpur, there was a North-West Sub-division headquartered at Tamenglong, a North-East Sub-division headquartered at Ukhrul, and a fourth sub-division headquartered at Imphal that covered the remaining areas (extreme north and the south-east). [11]
- ^ While two other subdivision offices, at Ukhrul and Tamenglong, were reopened due to disturbances, Churachandpur remained closed. [15]
- ^ "Lamka" means "crossroads" in the Kuki languages. "Hiangtam Lamka" was the village at the intersection of the Tipaimukh road and the Hiangtam road (now called "Tedim Road"). [5]
References
- ^ a b c d Guite, Paojakhup (12 July 2022). "Churachandpur (Lamka) Town: The Unplanned Growth of Urbanisation and its Civic Management Systems". Imphal Times.
- ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47TV report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ India Post. "Pincode search - Churachandpur". Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
- ^ Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. "STD Codes for cities in Manipur". Retrieved 28 July 2008.[ permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sukrit Baruah (10 July 2023), "Amid ongoing violence, why there is an open challenge to the name of Manipur's Churachandpur", The Indian Express
- ^
a
b
Pau, Pum Khan (2019),
Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance, Taylor & Francis, p. xii,
ISBN
9781000507454,
From a remote hill village in the Indo-Burma border, my grandparents moved to the plain of Lamka (Lamka zaang) in Churachandpur District of Manipur chiefly in search of better livelihood and opportunity for the education of their children.
- ^ Survey of India mapsheet 83-H (Burma and India), 1944 (Surveyed 1922–24).
- ^ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), p. 55.
- ^ Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis (2019), p. 115.
- ^ Shakespear, Colonel L. W. (1929), History of the Assam Rifles, London: Macmillan And Co, pp. 203–204, 235 – via archive.org
- ^ a b Singh, K. M. (1991), History of the Christian Missions in Manipur and Neighbouring States, Mittal Publications, p. 161, ISBN 81-7099-285-0 – via archive.org
- ^ T. Dongzakai Gangte, A brief history of Churachandpur, Churachandpur District magazine, 2008. (via Zogam.com, 22 July 2009).
- ^ Chishti, Political Development in Manipur (1979), p. 45.
- ^ Ibochou Singh & British administration in Manipur (1985), pp. 158–159.
- ^ Ibochou Singh & British administration in Manipur (1985), pp. 159–160.
- ^ Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War (2019), p. 177.
- ^ a b Zou, Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War (2019), p. 160.
- ^ Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War (2019), p. 176.
- ^ Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War (2019), pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b Pau, Pum Khan (2012), "Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis", Strategic Analysis, 36 (5): 776–786, doi: 10.1080/09700161.2012.712387
-
^
The Manipur State Gazette, No. 103, Imphal: Government of Manipur, by order of H. H. The Maharaja, 8 June 1949 – via archive.org,
The Hon'ble Speaker to read out the Report on New Churachandpur Town as submitted by 3 Special Commissioners deputed by the Assembly.
- ^ Manipur Gazette, Imphal: Government of Manipur, 1950, No. 21, January 25, 1950, pp. 1–3 – via archive.org
- ^ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2011), p. 38.
- ^ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2001), p. 6.
- ^ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2011), p. 34.
- ^ Paromita Das; Charu Joshi; G. P. Pandey, eds. (2017), Problems and Perspectives of the Relationship between the Media and Human Rights, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 120, note 11, ISBN 9781443878326
- ^ Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur (2018), p. 334.
- ^ ‘We were running for our lives’, Imphal Free Press, 15 September 2023.
Bibliography
- Churachandpur District Census Handbook (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, 2001
- Churachandpur District Census Handbook (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, 2011
- Chishti, S. M. A. W. (1979).
Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University – via core.ac.uk.
- Chishti, S. M. A. W. (2005), Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949, Gyan Publishing House, ISBN 978-81-7835-424-8
- Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip, eds. (2019),
The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I, Routledge,
ISBN
978-1-138-50704-3
- Guite, Jangkhomang (2019), "'Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet': The general course of the Anglo-Kuki War", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 37–, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Haokip, Thongkholal (2019), "Breaking the Spirit of the Kukis: Launching the 'largest series of military operations' in the northeastern frontier of India", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 93–, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Ningmuanching (2019), "'As Men of One Country': Rethinking the history of the Anglo-Kuki War", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 168–197, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Zou, David Vumlallian (2019), "Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 168–197, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Guite, M. Pauminsang; Vualzong, Langthianmung (2018), "Community Resilience Building and the Role of Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur in Manipur", in Amita Singh; Milap Punia; Nivedita P. Haran; Thiyam Bharat Singh (eds.), Development and Disaster Management: A Study of the Northeastern States of India, Springer, pp. 331–348, ISBN 9789811084850
- Ibochou Singh, Khwairakpam (1985). British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 (PhD thesis). Gauhati University – via Shodhganga.
Further reading
- Vualzong, Ginza (29 March 2015). "The Story Behind Songpi, Churachandpur and Lamka". www.zogam.com. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- Gangte, Thangzam (undated) Churachandpur Chanchin (An Account of Churachandpur)
- Ginsum, H (undated) Lamka Vangkhua (Lamka Town).
- Kamkhenthang, Dr. H (1995) "Lamka Town vis-a-vis Churachandpur", Shan (daily), 21 December.
- Kamkhenthang (1998) "Lamka (Churachandpur)" in B.D. Ray, A.K. Neog & H.K. Mazhari (eds.) Urban Development in North-East India : Potentiality and Problems, New Delhi: Vedams Books.
- Manipur State Archives, Imphal: Manipur State Durbar 1907–1947 – Papers related to the Court of the President of Manipur State Durbar, Hill Misc. Case No. 28 of 1945–46, Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka; also Misc Case No. 504 of 1934 Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka.
Churachandpur
Lamka | |
|---|---|
Churachandpur Location in Manipur, India Churachandpur Churachandpur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 24°20′46″N 93°42′00″E / 24.346°N 93.70°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Manipur |
| District | Churachandpur |
| Named for | Churachand Singh, the Maharaja of Manipur Kingdom |
| Population (2022)
[1] | |
| • Total | 120,000 |
| Language(s) | |
| • Official | Meitei [a] [2] |
| • Regional | Paite and Thadou languages ( Kuki-Chin group) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 ( IST) |
| PIN | 795128
[3] |
| Telephone code | 03874 [4] |
| Vehicle registration | MN 02 |
|
| |
Churachandpur ( IPA: /tʃʊRVːˌtʃaːnɗpʊr/), locally known as Lamka, [5] is the second largest town in the Indian state of Manipur and the district headquarters of the Churachandpur District. [5] [1] The name "Churachandpur" was transferred from the earlier headquarters of the district at Songpi to the present location, [b] and honours Churachand Singh, former maharaja of the Manipur princely state. The local people reject the name as a colonial imposition and use the native name "Lamka". [5]
Churachandpur is not a statutory town and does not have a municipality. It is governed by the Autonomous District Council of the Churachandpur district.
Geography
The Churachandpur town is in the valley of Khuga River (called "Lamka plain"), [6] which flows north from the border with Chin Hills (Myanmar) towards the Imphal Valley. The town is at the intersection of two roads: the Tedim Road, which runs from the Manipur state capital Imphal to Tedim in the Chin State of Myanmar, and the Tipaimukh road that goes to Tipaimukh in the southwest and continues on to Mizoram. The junction of the two roads is called "Lamka" in Kuki-Chiin languages. At present, the northern portion of the Tedim Road and the Tipaimukh Road make up the National Highway 2, connecting the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. In addition to these roads, the road to Sugnu via the Tuineng valley also leaves from the Churachandpur town.
Churachandpur is a sprawling urban agglomeration, said to be the second largest town in Manipur. [5] However it is not a statutory town and does not have a municipality. The region is divided into multiple villages and towns, under the supervision of the Autonomous District Council of the Churachandpur District. [1] Notable among the towns are Hiangtam Lamka, west of Tedim Road, Zenhang Lamka, east of Tedim Road, and Rengkai to the southeast.
History
Songpi
The name "Chura Chandpur" was originally given to the village of Songpi ( 24°20′04″N 93°39′09″E / 24.3344°N 93.6525°E) on the road to Tipaimukh (present day NH2) around the year 1920. The name was coined in honour of Churachand Singh, the reigning maharaja of the Manipur princely state at that time. The Khuga river valley, the present site of Churachandpur was forested and mostly uninhabited at that time. [7]
During the Kuki Rebellion of 1917-1919, the chief of Songpi, Semthong Haokip, refrained from taking part in the rebellion and was regarded as a "friendly" chief by the British. [8] [9] Songpi was also at a strategic height overlooking the valley leading to the Thangjing Hill, and used as the location of an Assam Rifles post. [10] After the rebellion, the British Raj decided to set up four subdivisions for the hill areas, one of which, the South-West Subdivision, was headquartered at Songpi. [c] B. C. Gasper was appointed as the subvidivisional officer. In 1921, Gasper organised a feast to welcome back the labour corps workers that returned from World War I, to which Maharaja Churachand Singh was invited. It was decided on that occasion to give the name "Churachandpur" to the Songpi village. [5] [12] In due course, the subdivision headquartered here also came to be known as the "Churachandpur Subdivision". [11] [13] In 1930, the Sub-Divisional Officers (S.D.O.'s) were withdrawn due to dearth of staff and the subdivision was administered directly from Imphal. The Songpi/Churachandpur office fell into disuse. [14] [d]
Lamka
The Khuga River Valley, the location of the present-day Churachandpur Town, was forested and mostly uninhabited at the time of the Kuki Rebellion. However, it was used for grazing mithuns (also called metna), of which the chief of Ukha, was the largest owner in the area. [16] Prior to the Kuki Rebellion, the British had also allowed some number of Nepali ex-servicemen to settle in the valley and use it for grazing cattle. [17] The destruction caused by the cattle to the crops of the Kuki people in the surrounding areas was considered a significant grievance causing antipathy towards the British administration. [18] The Nepalis were however loyal to the British, paid regular taxes, and also supplied ghee to the British troops. [19] One of the first events of the Kuki Rebellion was to raid the Nepali graziers of the Khuga Valley on 28 December 2017, whcih was carried out by Thadous and Zous jointly. [17]
Also during the rebellion, the British constructed a road to Hiangtam in the southern part of the subdivision, which branched off the Tipaimukh road at a location that came to be called "Lamka". ("Lamka" means junction in Kuki-Chin languages.) The original location was called "Hiangtam Lamka" and became the site of a new village. [5] [e] Another village called "Zenhang Lamka" was established to the east of the Hiangtam Road and the two villages together were referred to as "Lamka". [5] Eventually the whole plain in the Khuga River valley acquired the name "Lamka plain". [6]
During the World War II, the British constructed a motorable "Tedim Road" between Imphal and Tedim, extending the former Hiangtam Road. Seven decisive battles were fought along this road between the British 17 Indian Division and the Japanese 33 Division. The Japanese reached the Lamka area on 8 April 1944, and four battles were fought to the north of it, within Manipur, including one at Torbung. [20] Eventually the Japanese were defeated at Imphal and withdrew from Manipur with heavy losses. [20]
Independent period
In 1947, on the eve of Indian independence, the British reinstated the administrative powers of the Maharaja of Manipur, who promulgated a constitution establishing a legislative assembly and a ministry. The new administration decided to form circles for local administration, designating two of them as Churachandpur Circle and Thanlon Circle respectively. Finding that the old offices at Songpi had been reused for other purposes, in 1949, the Manipur administration decided to construct a new town of "Churachandpur" to serve as the headquarters. The town was referred to as "New Churachandpur" for a few years. [21] After Manipur's merger with India, the subdivision structure was reinstated, including a Churachandpur Subdivision based at New Churachandpur. [22] In 1969, the subdivision was converted into a district, first under the name "Manipur South" and later in 1983, as the "Churachandpur district". [23]
The Churachandpur town, which was the third biggest town in Manipur in 1971, was "denotified" in 1988 upon the recommendation of the Hill Areas Committee, and its area was placed under the Churachandpur Autonomous District Council. The 1991 census listed it as a Census Town in 1991, but the practice has since been discontinued. The whole area is considered "rural" for administrative purposes despite having clear urban characteristics. [24] The 2011 census lists three census towns in the region, viz., Rengkai, Zenhang Lamka, and Hill Town (Hiangtam Lamka). [25]
The local people are said to have always used the name "Lamka" for the town in preference to "Churachandpur". [26] With the rise of ethnic tensions during the 2023 Manipur violence, the Kuki-Zo people have increasingly spurned the name "Churachandpur". [5]
Demographics
The population of the Churachandpur Town is approximately 120,000 people. [1] The majority of the population consists of Kuki-Zo people, with the dominant segment being the Paite tribe. The Paite language is considered the lingua franca of the town. [27]
The town also contains 18 villages (neighbourhoods) with Meitei populations, totalling approximately 8,350 people. Almost all the Meitei were internally displaced during the 2023–2024 Manipur violence. [28]
See also
Notes
- ^ Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) is the official language of Manipur.
- ^ It was referred to as "New Churachandpur" during the 1950s and 1960s.
- ^ A "sub-division" in the British system was a smaller unit of administration than a district, but often larger than native units of administration such as tehsil or taluka, which were styled "circles". The whole of Manipur was a single district under the British Raj. Four sub-divisions for hill regions were created in 1919. Other than Churachandpur, there was a North-West Sub-division headquartered at Tamenglong, a North-East Sub-division headquartered at Ukhrul, and a fourth sub-division headquartered at Imphal that covered the remaining areas (extreme north and the south-east). [11]
- ^ While two other subdivision offices, at Ukhrul and Tamenglong, were reopened due to disturbances, Churachandpur remained closed. [15]
- ^ "Lamka" means "crossroads" in the Kuki languages. "Hiangtam Lamka" was the village at the intersection of the Tipaimukh road and the Hiangtam road (now called "Tedim Road"). [5]
References
- ^ a b c d Guite, Paojakhup (12 July 2022). "Churachandpur (Lamka) Town: The Unplanned Growth of Urbanisation and its Civic Management Systems". Imphal Times.
- ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47TV report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ India Post. "Pincode search - Churachandpur". Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
- ^ Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. "STD Codes for cities in Manipur". Retrieved 28 July 2008.[ permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sukrit Baruah (10 July 2023), "Amid ongoing violence, why there is an open challenge to the name of Manipur's Churachandpur", The Indian Express
- ^
a
b
Pau, Pum Khan (2019),
Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance, Taylor & Francis, p. xii,
ISBN
9781000507454,
From a remote hill village in the Indo-Burma border, my grandparents moved to the plain of Lamka (Lamka zaang) in Churachandpur District of Manipur chiefly in search of better livelihood and opportunity for the education of their children.
- ^ Survey of India mapsheet 83-H (Burma and India), 1944 (Surveyed 1922–24).
- ^ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), p. 55.
- ^ Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis (2019), p. 115.
- ^ Shakespear, Colonel L. W. (1929), History of the Assam Rifles, London: Macmillan And Co, pp. 203–204, 235 – via archive.org
- ^ a b Singh, K. M. (1991), History of the Christian Missions in Manipur and Neighbouring States, Mittal Publications, p. 161, ISBN 81-7099-285-0 – via archive.org
- ^ T. Dongzakai Gangte, A brief history of Churachandpur, Churachandpur District magazine, 2008. (via Zogam.com, 22 July 2009).
- ^ Chishti, Political Development in Manipur (1979), p. 45.
- ^ Ibochou Singh & British administration in Manipur (1985), pp. 158–159.
- ^ Ibochou Singh & British administration in Manipur (1985), pp. 159–160.
- ^ Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War (2019), p. 177.
- ^ a b Zou, Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War (2019), p. 160.
- ^ Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War (2019), p. 176.
- ^ Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War (2019), pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b Pau, Pum Khan (2012), "Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis", Strategic Analysis, 36 (5): 776–786, doi: 10.1080/09700161.2012.712387
-
^
The Manipur State Gazette, No. 103, Imphal: Government of Manipur, by order of H. H. The Maharaja, 8 June 1949 – via archive.org,
The Hon'ble Speaker to read out the Report on New Churachandpur Town as submitted by 3 Special Commissioners deputed by the Assembly.
- ^ Manipur Gazette, Imphal: Government of Manipur, 1950, No. 21, January 25, 1950, pp. 1–3 – via archive.org
- ^ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2011), p. 38.
- ^ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2001), p. 6.
- ^ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2011), p. 34.
- ^ Paromita Das; Charu Joshi; G. P. Pandey, eds. (2017), Problems and Perspectives of the Relationship between the Media and Human Rights, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 120, note 11, ISBN 9781443878326
- ^ Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur (2018), p. 334.
- ^ ‘We were running for our lives’, Imphal Free Press, 15 September 2023.
Bibliography
- Churachandpur District Census Handbook (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, 2001
- Churachandpur District Census Handbook (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, 2011
- Chishti, S. M. A. W. (1979).
Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University – via core.ac.uk.
- Chishti, S. M. A. W. (2005), Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949, Gyan Publishing House, ISBN 978-81-7835-424-8
- Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip, eds. (2019),
The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I, Routledge,
ISBN
978-1-138-50704-3
- Guite, Jangkhomang (2019), "'Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet': The general course of the Anglo-Kuki War", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 37–, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Haokip, Thongkholal (2019), "Breaking the Spirit of the Kukis: Launching the 'largest series of military operations' in the northeastern frontier of India", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 93–, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Ningmuanching (2019), "'As Men of One Country': Rethinking the history of the Anglo-Kuki War", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 168–197, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Zou, David Vumlallian (2019), "Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War", in Jangkhomang Guite; Thongkholal Haokip (eds.), The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, pp. 168–197, ISBN 978-1-138-50704-3
- Guite, M. Pauminsang; Vualzong, Langthianmung (2018), "Community Resilience Building and the Role of Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur in Manipur", in Amita Singh; Milap Punia; Nivedita P. Haran; Thiyam Bharat Singh (eds.), Development and Disaster Management: A Study of the Northeastern States of India, Springer, pp. 331–348, ISBN 9789811084850
- Ibochou Singh, Khwairakpam (1985). British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 (PhD thesis). Gauhati University – via Shodhganga.
Further reading
- Vualzong, Ginza (29 March 2015). "The Story Behind Songpi, Churachandpur and Lamka". www.zogam.com. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- Gangte, Thangzam (undated) Churachandpur Chanchin (An Account of Churachandpur)
- Ginsum, H (undated) Lamka Vangkhua (Lamka Town).
- Kamkhenthang, Dr. H (1995) "Lamka Town vis-a-vis Churachandpur", Shan (daily), 21 December.
- Kamkhenthang (1998) "Lamka (Churachandpur)" in B.D. Ray, A.K. Neog & H.K. Mazhari (eds.) Urban Development in North-East India : Potentiality and Problems, New Delhi: Vedams Books.
- Manipur State Archives, Imphal: Manipur State Durbar 1907–1947 – Papers related to the Court of the President of Manipur State Durbar, Hill Misc. Case No. 28 of 1945–46, Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka; also Misc Case No. 504 of 1934 Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka.