Zaur or Zaurovo[a] was an
Ingush village that existed in the 18th–19th centuries on the right bank of the
Terek River and in the
Tarskoye Valley.
According to most sources, the fortress
Vladikavkaz was founded on its territory in 1784, while according to other sources, Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.
The Ingush village Zaurovo and the fortress Vladikavkaz on Johann Vogt's map (1784).
Etymology
The
Ingush name of the village, Zovr-Kov, translates as "the yard/settlement of Zaur".[1] According to
Russian historian
Pyotr Butkov [
ru], the village was known by the
Armenians as Zura, by the
Byzantines as Tzur, and by
Arab writers as Suariag and Saul.[2]
Kisty-Ingoschofski (Ingush) on
Jacob von Staehlin [
de]'s map in 1771, over a decade prior to the establishment of the fortress Vladikavkaz on the right bank of the
Terek river.Деревни Унгушевскïе (Ingush villages) on Trescot's map in 1783, the year before Vladikavkaz was founded.
Based on the analysis of maps of 19th century, historian and caucasologist
Nataliya Volkova [
ru] concluded that the village was founded in the period of 1730s to 1760s,[6] the same time that Ingush migrations to the right bank of
Terek River accured.[7]
Reportedly, the village was built by Zaur, a representative from either the
Malsagov branch of the Thargimkhoy clan (teip) or the Dolgiyev branch of the Thumkhoy clan.[8]
Later history
Burnashev [
ru]'s map (1784) illustrates the Ingush village Zaur (Заур) just below the newly built fortress Vladikavkaz.
The
Russian authorities felt the need to establish reliable communication routes with the territory of
Georgia. Hence why, on May of 1784,[9] 4
versts away from the village of Zaur, the
Vladikavkaz Fortress [
ru] was founded. At that time, there were 30 households in the village.[6]
The Ingush, who had their villages often attacked by
Kabardian and
Kumyk well-armed and numerous squads, needed the help of the Vladikavkaz's Garrison troops. At the first call for help, the Ingush also appeared under the walls of the fortress. Getta, the foreman of Zaur, was among the Ingush as attested by the Vladikavkaz's commandant's reports and other documents. Getta owned the single Ingush tower of the village.[10]
The village was an important center of the Ingush and served as one of the meeting places for the
Mekhk-Qel [
ru] (
lit. 'Country's court').[11]
^Гюльденштедт 2002, pp. 45, 204, 221: "Нижний Чим, по имеющимся измерениям полковника фон Ливена, находится от Моздока на юг через Кургокин кабак 31 верста 320 саженей) и Заур-кабак 51 верста 220 саженей (...) то мы еще сегодня поехали обратно к селу Заур, которого мы достигли через 1½ часа. (...) Низкие осетинские горы перед селами Заур, Барукма, Флумирсина и Кубатер."
^Штедер 2010, p. 171: "Наконец я оставил ингушей, пошел по Кумбелею на запад под горами трех рек, текущих в узких берегах, и через 7 верст пришел в деревню Зауров. Она лежит на более высоком правом берегу Терека, в 2 верстах под предгорьями. Старшина Гетта, родственник моего хозяина Сайку, считается здесь самым знатным; он принял меня наилучшим образом. У него только одна башня и дом из камня, другие постройки деревянные, а двор обнесен забором."
^Klaproth 1814, pp.
368-
369: "On the 24th of December we continued our route along the right bank of the
Terek. We left
Vladikavkaz with a far smaller escort than had attended us thither, being accompanied by no more than 30
Cossacks and 12
Jägers. After proceeding four
versts we had the
Ingush village of Saukqua, now called by the Russians Ssaurowa, on our left. It is seated on the steep bank of the Terek, about two versts from the first range of the
Caucasus. No part of this village is to be seen from the valley, except a lofty conical tower built of very white calcareous stone. I rode up the hill to it, in order to examine it more closely. It had no door at the bottom, but a large oblong aperture at the height of about 12 feet, to which it was impossible to ascend without a ladder."
Благовѣщенскій, Н., ed. (1878).
Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области: Вып. 1 [Collection of information about the Terek region] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Тип. Терскаго Областнаго Правленія. pp. 1–381, I–V.
Броневскій, С. М. (1823). "Кисты (глава третья)" [Kists (chapter three)].
Новѣйшія географическія и историческія извѣстія о Кавказѣ (часть вторая) [The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus (part two)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Типографія С. Селивановскаго. pp. 151–186.
Бутков, П. Г. (1869).
Матеріалы для новой истории, съ 1722 по 1803 годъ [Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803] (in Russian). Vol. 2. СПб.: Типографія Императорской Академіи Наукъ. pp. 1–602.
Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). Kodzoev, N. D.; et al. (eds.).
История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.).
Rostov-Na-Donu: Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp. 1–600.
ISBN978-5-98864-056-1.
Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.).
История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600.
ISBN978-5-98864-056-1.
Kostoev, B. U. (1989-09-09). Kostoev, B. U. (ed.). О социально-политическом положении ингушского народа : доклад Костоева Беслана Усмановича [On the socio-political situation of the Ingush people: report by Beslan Usmanovich Kostoev].
Второй съезд ингушского народа (in Russian).
Grozny: Kniga. pp. 9–39.
ISBN5-7666-0396-7(Material of the conference compiled by Beslan Kostoev & Magomed-Rashid Pliev){{
cite conference}}: CS1 maint: postscript (
link)
Раисов, И. (1897). Новѣйшій иллюстрированный путеводитель по Крыму и Кавказу на 1897/8 г. [The latest illustrated guide to the Crimea and the Caucasus for 1897/8] (in Russian) (Р. Рашковекой и А. Евгеньева ed.). Одесса: Типографія Исаковичъ и Бейленсонъ.
Союз горцев Кавказа в ЧСР (1924).
"О Галгаях" [About the Galgai]. Кавказский горец [Caucasian highlander] (in Russian) (1). Прага: Издание Союза горцев Кавказа в ЧСР: 3–79.
Терскій областной статистическій комитет (1895). Вертепов, Г. А. (ed.).
Терскій календарь. Вып. 5 [Tersky Calendar] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго областнаго правленія. pp. 1–426.
"Владикавказъ" [Vladikavkaz]. Терскія вѣдомости (in Russian). No. 71. Владикавказъ. 31 March 1911.
Штедер (2010) [1781]. "Дневник путешествия в 1781 году от пограничной крепости Моздок во внутренние области Кавказа" [Diary of a journey in 1781 from the border fortress of Mozdok to the interior regions of the Caucasus].
Кавказ: Европейские дневники XIII—XVIII веков [Caucasus: European Diaries of the 13th-18th Centuries] (in Russian). Translated by Аталиков, В. Нальчик: Изд-во М. и В. Котляровых. pp. 155–171.
Zaur or Zaurovo[a] was an
Ingush village that existed in the 18th–19th centuries on the right bank of the
Terek River and in the
Tarskoye Valley.
According to most sources, the fortress
Vladikavkaz was founded on its territory in 1784, while according to other sources, Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.
The Ingush village Zaurovo and the fortress Vladikavkaz on Johann Vogt's map (1784).
Etymology
The
Ingush name of the village, Zovr-Kov, translates as "the yard/settlement of Zaur".[1] According to
Russian historian
Pyotr Butkov [
ru], the village was known by the
Armenians as Zura, by the
Byzantines as Tzur, and by
Arab writers as Suariag and Saul.[2]
Kisty-Ingoschofski (Ingush) on
Jacob von Staehlin [
de]'s map in 1771, over a decade prior to the establishment of the fortress Vladikavkaz on the right bank of the
Terek river.Деревни Унгушевскïе (Ingush villages) on Trescot's map in 1783, the year before Vladikavkaz was founded.
Based on the analysis of maps of 19th century, historian and caucasologist
Nataliya Volkova [
ru] concluded that the village was founded in the period of 1730s to 1760s,[6] the same time that Ingush migrations to the right bank of
Terek River accured.[7]
Reportedly, the village was built by Zaur, a representative from either the
Malsagov branch of the Thargimkhoy clan (teip) or the Dolgiyev branch of the Thumkhoy clan.[8]
Later history
Burnashev [
ru]'s map (1784) illustrates the Ingush village Zaur (Заур) just below the newly built fortress Vladikavkaz.
The
Russian authorities felt the need to establish reliable communication routes with the territory of
Georgia. Hence why, on May of 1784,[9] 4
versts away from the village of Zaur, the
Vladikavkaz Fortress [
ru] was founded. At that time, there were 30 households in the village.[6]
The Ingush, who had their villages often attacked by
Kabardian and
Kumyk well-armed and numerous squads, needed the help of the Vladikavkaz's Garrison troops. At the first call for help, the Ingush also appeared under the walls of the fortress. Getta, the foreman of Zaur, was among the Ingush as attested by the Vladikavkaz's commandant's reports and other documents. Getta owned the single Ingush tower of the village.[10]
The village was an important center of the Ingush and served as one of the meeting places for the
Mekhk-Qel [
ru] (
lit. 'Country's court').[11]
^Гюльденштедт 2002, pp. 45, 204, 221: "Нижний Чим, по имеющимся измерениям полковника фон Ливена, находится от Моздока на юг через Кургокин кабак 31 верста 320 саженей) и Заур-кабак 51 верста 220 саженей (...) то мы еще сегодня поехали обратно к селу Заур, которого мы достигли через 1½ часа. (...) Низкие осетинские горы перед селами Заур, Барукма, Флумирсина и Кубатер."
^Штедер 2010, p. 171: "Наконец я оставил ингушей, пошел по Кумбелею на запад под горами трех рек, текущих в узких берегах, и через 7 верст пришел в деревню Зауров. Она лежит на более высоком правом берегу Терека, в 2 верстах под предгорьями. Старшина Гетта, родственник моего хозяина Сайку, считается здесь самым знатным; он принял меня наилучшим образом. У него только одна башня и дом из камня, другие постройки деревянные, а двор обнесен забором."
^Klaproth 1814, pp.
368-
369: "On the 24th of December we continued our route along the right bank of the
Terek. We left
Vladikavkaz with a far smaller escort than had attended us thither, being accompanied by no more than 30
Cossacks and 12
Jägers. After proceeding four
versts we had the
Ingush village of Saukqua, now called by the Russians Ssaurowa, on our left. It is seated on the steep bank of the Terek, about two versts from the first range of the
Caucasus. No part of this village is to be seen from the valley, except a lofty conical tower built of very white calcareous stone. I rode up the hill to it, in order to examine it more closely. It had no door at the bottom, but a large oblong aperture at the height of about 12 feet, to which it was impossible to ascend without a ladder."
Благовѣщенскій, Н., ed. (1878).
Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области: Вып. 1 [Collection of information about the Terek region] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Тип. Терскаго Областнаго Правленія. pp. 1–381, I–V.
Броневскій, С. М. (1823). "Кисты (глава третья)" [Kists (chapter three)].
Новѣйшія географическія и историческія извѣстія о Кавказѣ (часть вторая) [The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus (part two)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Типографія С. Селивановскаго. pp. 151–186.
Бутков, П. Г. (1869).
Матеріалы для новой истории, съ 1722 по 1803 годъ [Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803] (in Russian). Vol. 2. СПб.: Типографія Императорской Академіи Наукъ. pp. 1–602.
Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). Kodzoev, N. D.; et al. (eds.).
История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.).
Rostov-Na-Donu: Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp. 1–600.
ISBN978-5-98864-056-1.
Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.).
История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600.
ISBN978-5-98864-056-1.
Kostoev, B. U. (1989-09-09). Kostoev, B. U. (ed.). О социально-политическом положении ингушского народа : доклад Костоева Беслана Усмановича [On the socio-political situation of the Ingush people: report by Beslan Usmanovich Kostoev].
Второй съезд ингушского народа (in Russian).
Grozny: Kniga. pp. 9–39.
ISBN5-7666-0396-7(Material of the conference compiled by Beslan Kostoev & Magomed-Rashid Pliev){{
cite conference}}: CS1 maint: postscript (
link)
Раисов, И. (1897). Новѣйшій иллюстрированный путеводитель по Крыму и Кавказу на 1897/8 г. [The latest illustrated guide to the Crimea and the Caucasus for 1897/8] (in Russian) (Р. Рашковекой и А. Евгеньева ed.). Одесса: Типографія Исаковичъ и Бейленсонъ.
Союз горцев Кавказа в ЧСР (1924).
"О Галгаях" [About the Galgai]. Кавказский горец [Caucasian highlander] (in Russian) (1). Прага: Издание Союза горцев Кавказа в ЧСР: 3–79.
Терскій областной статистическій комитет (1895). Вертепов, Г. А. (ed.).
Терскій календарь. Вып. 5 [Tersky Calendar] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго областнаго правленія. pp. 1–426.
"Владикавказъ" [Vladikavkaz]. Терскія вѣдомости (in Russian). No. 71. Владикавказъ. 31 March 1911.
Штедер (2010) [1781]. "Дневник путешествия в 1781 году от пограничной крепости Моздок во внутренние области Кавказа" [Diary of a journey in 1781 from the border fortress of Mozdok to the interior regions of the Caucasus].
Кавказ: Европейские дневники XIII—XVIII веков [Caucasus: European Diaries of the 13th-18th Centuries] (in Russian). Translated by Аталиков, В. Нальчик: Изд-во М. и В. Котляровых. pp. 155–171.