| Xylaria hypoxylon | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Xylariaceae |
| Genus: | Xylaria |
| Species: | X. hypoxylon
|
| Binomial name | |
| Xylaria hypoxylon | |
| Synonyms | |
 | |
|---|---|
 | No distinct cap |
 | Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
| Lacks a stipe |
 | Spore print is black to white |
 | Edibility is inedible |
Xylaria hypoxylon is a species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, such as the candlestick fungus, the candlesnuff fungus, carbon antlers, [1] or the stag's horn fungus. [2] The fruit bodies, characterized by erect, elongated black branches with whitened tips, typically grow in clusters on decaying hardwood. The fungus can cause a root rot in hawthorn and gooseberry plants. [3]
Taxonomy
Xylaria hypoxylon was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1745, [4] and then later mentioned by him in his Species Plantarum II. [5]
The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words hypo meaning "below", and xylon, meaning "wood".
Description
Fruit bodies ( ascocarps) are cylindrical or flattened with dimensions of 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄8–3+1⁄8 in) tall × 2–8 mm thick. [1] The erect ascocarps are often twisted or bent, and typically sparsely branched, often in a shape resembling a stag's antlers. Specimens found earlier in the season, in spring, may be covered completely in asexual spores ( conidia), which manifests itself as a white to grayish powdery deposit. Later in the season, mature ascocarps are charcoal-black, and have minute pimple-like bumps called perithecia on the surface. These are minute rounded spore bearing structures with tiny holes, or ostioles, for the release of sexual spores ( ascospores). The perithecia are embedded in the flesh of the ascocarp, the stroma, which is tough, elastic, and white. Within the perithecia, the asci are 100 × 8 μm. [6]
Ascospores are kidney-shaped, black, and smooth, with dimensions of 10–14 × 4–6 μm. [7] The asexual spores ( mitospores) are ellipsoid in shape, smooth, and hyaline. [8]
Edibility
Although not poisonous, the small size and tough texture of this fungus deter consumption. It is considered inedible by some guides. [9]
Similar species
Many species of the genus resemble X. hypoxylon, [10] including Xylaria polymorpha, which is thicker and not as branched.
Chemical compounds
A variety of chemical compounds with in vitro properties have been identified in this fungus. The compounds xylarial A and B both have moderate cytotoxic activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2. [11] The pyrone derivative compounds named xylarone and 8,9-dehydroxylarone also have cytotoxic activity. [12] Several cytochalasins, compounds that bind to actin in muscle tissue, have been found in the fungus. [13] X. hypoxylon also contains a carbohydrate-binding protein, a lectin, with a unique sugar specificity, and which has potent anti-tumor effects in various tumor cell lines. [14]
See also
References
- ^ a b Sundberg W, Bessette A (1987). Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (Macmillan Field Guides). New York: Collier Books. p. 10. ISBN 0-02-063690-3.
- ^ "Xylaria hypoxylon". Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ Horst RK, Westcott C (2001). Westcott's plant disease handbook. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 533. ISBN 0-7923-8663-9.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1745). Flora svecica [suecica] exhibens plantas per regnum Sueciae crescentes. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Salvii.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rites cognitus ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. II. Stockholm: Salvii.
- ^ "Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference". Retrieved 2009-01-27.
- ^ "Xylaria hypoxylon". California Fungi. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ "Xylaria hypoxylon (próchnilec ga3êzisty) (Candlesnuff Fungus)". Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 380–381. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Gu W, Ding H. (2008). "Two new tetralone derivatives from the culture of Xylaria hypoxylon AT-028." Chinese Chemical Letters 19(11): 1323–26.
- ^ Schüffler A, Sterner O, Anke H (2007). "Cytotoxic alpha-pyrones from Xylaria hypoxylon". Z. Naturforsch. C. 62 (3–4): 169–72. doi: 10.1515/znc-2007-3-403. PMID 17542480. S2CID 34792432.
- ^ Espada A, Rivera Sagredo A, de la Fuente JM, Hueso Rodriguez JA, Elson SW. (1997). "New cytochalasins from the fungus Xylaria hypoxylon." Tetrahedron 53(18): 6485–92.
- ^ Liu Q, Wang H, Ng TB (2006). "First report of a xylose-specific lectin with potent hemagglutinating, antiproliferative and anti-mitogenic activities from a wild ascomycete mushroom". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1760 (12): 1914–9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.010. PMID 16952421.
External links
- Fungi on Wood Description and photos
| Xylaria hypoxylon | |
|---|---|
|
| |
|
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Xylariaceae |
| Genus: | Xylaria |
| Species: | X. hypoxylon
|
| Binomial name | |
| Xylaria hypoxylon | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
|---|---|
| No distinct cap |
| Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
| Lacks a stipe |
| Spore print is black to white |
| Edibility is inedible |
Xylaria hypoxylon is a species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, such as the candlestick fungus, the candlesnuff fungus, carbon antlers, [1] or the stag's horn fungus. [2] The fruit bodies, characterized by erect, elongated black branches with whitened tips, typically grow in clusters on decaying hardwood. The fungus can cause a root rot in hawthorn and gooseberry plants. [3]
Taxonomy
Xylaria hypoxylon was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1745, [4] and then later mentioned by him in his Species Plantarum II. [5]
The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words hypo meaning "below", and xylon, meaning "wood".
Description
Fruit bodies ( ascocarps) are cylindrical or flattened with dimensions of 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄8–3+1⁄8 in) tall × 2–8 mm thick. [1] The erect ascocarps are often twisted or bent, and typically sparsely branched, often in a shape resembling a stag's antlers. Specimens found earlier in the season, in spring, may be covered completely in asexual spores ( conidia), which manifests itself as a white to grayish powdery deposit. Later in the season, mature ascocarps are charcoal-black, and have minute pimple-like bumps called perithecia on the surface. These are minute rounded spore bearing structures with tiny holes, or ostioles, for the release of sexual spores ( ascospores). The perithecia are embedded in the flesh of the ascocarp, the stroma, which is tough, elastic, and white. Within the perithecia, the asci are 100 × 8 μm. [6]
Ascospores are kidney-shaped, black, and smooth, with dimensions of 10–14 × 4–6 μm. [7] The asexual spores ( mitospores) are ellipsoid in shape, smooth, and hyaline. [8]
Edibility
Although not poisonous, the small size and tough texture of this fungus deter consumption. It is considered inedible by some guides. [9]
Similar species
Many species of the genus resemble X. hypoxylon, [10] including Xylaria polymorpha, which is thicker and not as branched.
Chemical compounds
A variety of chemical compounds with in vitro properties have been identified in this fungus. The compounds xylarial A and B both have moderate cytotoxic activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2. [11] The pyrone derivative compounds named xylarone and 8,9-dehydroxylarone also have cytotoxic activity. [12] Several cytochalasins, compounds that bind to actin in muscle tissue, have been found in the fungus. [13] X. hypoxylon also contains a carbohydrate-binding protein, a lectin, with a unique sugar specificity, and which has potent anti-tumor effects in various tumor cell lines. [14]
See also
References
- ^ a b Sundberg W, Bessette A (1987). Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (Macmillan Field Guides). New York: Collier Books. p. 10. ISBN 0-02-063690-3.
- ^ "Xylaria hypoxylon". Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ Horst RK, Westcott C (2001). Westcott's plant disease handbook. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 533. ISBN 0-7923-8663-9.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1745). Flora svecica [suecica] exhibens plantas per regnum Sueciae crescentes. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Salvii.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rites cognitus ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. II. Stockholm: Salvii.
- ^ "Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference". Retrieved 2009-01-27.
- ^ "Xylaria hypoxylon". California Fungi. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ "Xylaria hypoxylon (próchnilec ga3êzisty) (Candlesnuff Fungus)". Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 380–381. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Gu W, Ding H. (2008). "Two new tetralone derivatives from the culture of Xylaria hypoxylon AT-028." Chinese Chemical Letters 19(11): 1323–26.
- ^ Schüffler A, Sterner O, Anke H (2007). "Cytotoxic alpha-pyrones from Xylaria hypoxylon". Z. Naturforsch. C. 62 (3–4): 169–72. doi: 10.1515/znc-2007-3-403. PMID 17542480. S2CID 34792432.
- ^ Espada A, Rivera Sagredo A, de la Fuente JM, Hueso Rodriguez JA, Elson SW. (1997). "New cytochalasins from the fungus Xylaria hypoxylon." Tetrahedron 53(18): 6485–92.
- ^ Liu Q, Wang H, Ng TB (2006). "First report of a xylose-specific lectin with potent hemagglutinating, antiproliferative and anti-mitogenic activities from a wild ascomycete mushroom". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1760 (12): 1914–9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.010. PMID 16952421.
External links
- Fungi on Wood Description and photos