| Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Lynx [1] |
| XO-2S | |
| Right ascension | 07h 48m 07.4814s [2] |
| Declination | +50° 13′ 03.2554″ [2] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.12±0.03 [3] |
| XO-2N | |
| Right ascension | 07h 48m 06.4723s [4] |
| Declination | +50° 13′ 32.9206″ [4] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.18±0.03 [3] |
| Characteristics | |
| Spectral type | K0V + K0V [3] |
| Astrometry | |
| XO-2S | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | 46.94±0.27 [2] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) |
RA: −29.308(15)
mas/
yr
[2] Dec.: −154.233(13) mas/ yr [2] |
| Parallax (π) | 6.6721 ± 0.0151 mas [2] |
| Distance | 489 ± 1
ly (149.9 ± 0.3 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | 5.74 [5] |
| XO-2N | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | 47.45±0.44 [4] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) |
RA: −29.552(15)
mas/
yr
[4] Dec.: −154.227(11) mas/ yr [4] |
| Parallax (π) | 6.6588 ± 0.0158 mas [4] |
| Distance | 490 ± 1
ly (150.2 ± 0.4 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | 5.74 [5] |
| Details [6] | |
| XO-2S | |
| Mass | 0.98±0.05 M☉ |
| Radius | 1.02+0.09 −0.06 R☉ |
| Luminosity | 0.79±0.14 L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.420±0.094 cgs |
| Temperature | 5,325±37 K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.32±0.08 dex |
| Rotation | 26.0±0.6 d |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 1.5±0.3 km/s |
| Age | 7.1+2.5 −2.9 Gyr |
| XO-2N | |
| Mass | 0.96±0.05 M☉ |
| Radius | 0.998+0.033 −0.032 R☉ |
| Luminosity | 0.70±0.04 L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.43±0.10 cgs |
| Temperature | 5,290±18 K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.37±0.07 dex |
| Rotation | 41.6±1.1 d |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 1.07±0.09 km/s |
| Age | 7.8+1.2 −1.3 Gyr |
| Other designations | |
| XO-2S: LSPM J0748+5013S, TYC 3413-210-1, GSC 03413-00210, 2MASS J07480748+5013032 [7] | |
| XO-2N: BD+50 1471, LSPM J0748+5013N, TOI-1720, TIC 356473034, TYC 3413-5-1, GSC 03413-00005, 2MASS J07480647+5013328 [8] | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | XO-2S |
| XO-2N | |
XO-2 is a binary star system about 490 light-years (150 parsecs) away in the constellation Lynx. It consists of two components, XO-2N and XO-2S, both of which host planetary systems. [9]
Star system
This system is unusual in that the stars are not typically referred to as components A & B, but are designated based on their positions in the sky: XO-2N is the northern star and XO-2S is the southern star.
Both of the stars are slightly cooler than the Sun and are nearly identical to each other. The system has a magnitude of 11 and cannot be seen with the naked eye but is visible through a small telescope. These stars are also notable for their large proper motions. [7] [8]
XO-2N and XO-2S have a separation of approximately 4,600 AU. [3]
Planetary systems
There is one confirmed exoplanet orbiting XO-2N. XO-2Nb, which is classified as a hot Jupiter, was discovered by the XO Telescope using the transit method around XO-2N in 2007. It was initially the only known planet in the system and was referred to as XO-2b. [3] A long-period variation in the radial velocity of XO-2N was detected in 2015, which could be explained by either a second planet or a stellar activity cycle. The stellar activity explanation is considered more likely, [6] and is further supported by a 2024 study. [10]
Two planets were reported to orbit around XO-2S in 2014 using the radial velocity method. One of them is Jupiter-mass and another has a mass comparable to Saturn. [9] A 2024 study found evidence for a third, super-Jupiter mass planet around XO-2S. [10]
| Companion (in order from star) |
Mass |
Semimajor axis ( AU) |
Orbital period ( days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 0.597±0.021 MJ | 0.03673(64) | 2.61585922(28) | <0.006 | 87.96+0.42 −0.34 ° |
1.019±0.031 RJ |
| Companion (in order from star) |
Mass |
Semimajor axis ( AU) |
Orbital period ( days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | ≥0.26±0.01 MJ | 0.1347±0.0025 | 18.220±0.001 | 0.15±0.02 | — | — |
| c | ≥1.38±0.05 MJ | 0.4737+0.0085 −0.0088 |
120.059±0.013 | 0.149±0.006 | — | — |
| d | ≥3.71+1.2 −0.51 MJ |
5.46+0.85 −0.40 |
4,696+1,133 −489 |
0.091+0.028 −0.018 |
— | — |
See also
References
- ^ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a Constellation From a Position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99 (617): 695–699. Bibcode: 1987PASP...99..695R. doi: 10.1086/132034. Vizier query form
- ^ a b c d e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211. Bibcode: 2023A&A...674A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c d e Burke, Christopher J.; et al. (2007). "XO-2b: Transiting Hot Jupiter in a Metal-rich Common Proper Motion Binary". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (2): 2115–2128. arXiv: 0705.0003. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...671.2115B. doi: 10.1086/523087. S2CID 13468914.
- ^ a b c d e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211. Bibcode: 2023A&A...674A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c Damasso, M.; et al. (2015). "The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. V. A comprehensive analysis of the XO-2 stellar and planetary systems". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575 A111. arXiv: 1501.01424. Bibcode: 2015A&A...575A.111D. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201425332.
- ^ a b "TYC 3413-210-1". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
- ^ a b "TYC 3413-5-1". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
- ^ a b Desidera, S.; et al. (2014). "The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. IV. A planetary system around XO-2S". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 567 (6) L6. arXiv: 1407.0251. Bibcode: 2014A&A...567L...6D. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201424339. S2CID 118567085.
- ^ a b c Ruggieri, A.; Desidera, S.; et al. (April 2024). "The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIII. New insights on the peculiar XO-2 system". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 684: A116. arXiv: 2401.17876. Bibcode: 2024A&A...684A.116R. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348042.
Further reading
- Fernandez, Jose M.; et al. (2009). "The Transit Light Curve Project. XII. Six Transits of the Exoplanet XO-2b". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (6): 4911–4916. arXiv: 0903.2687. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.4911F. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4911. S2CID 7113991.
- Narita, Norio; et al. (2011). "XO-2b: a Prograde Planet with a Negligible Eccentricity and an Additional Radial Velocity Variation". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (6): L67–L71. arXiv: 1110.6136. Bibcode: 2011PASJ...63L..67N. doi: 10.1093/pasj/63.6.l67. S2CID 119269227.
- Sing, D. K.; et al. (2011). "Gran Telescopio Canarias OSIRIS transiting exoplanet atmospheric survey: detection of potassium in XO-2b from narrowband spectrophotometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 527 A73. arXiv: 1008.4795. Bibcode: 2011A&A...527A..73S. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015579. S2CID 56545385.
External links
- NASA PlanetQuest: Planet race heats up: 1 month, 32 discoveries
- "XO-2". Exoplanets. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
| Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Lynx [1] |
| XO-2S | |
| Right ascension | 07h 48m 07.4814s [2] |
| Declination | +50° 13′ 03.2554″ [2] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.12±0.03 [3] |
| XO-2N | |
| Right ascension | 07h 48m 06.4723s [4] |
| Declination | +50° 13′ 32.9206″ [4] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.18±0.03 [3] |
| Characteristics | |
| Spectral type | K0V + K0V [3] |
| Astrometry | |
| XO-2S | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | 46.94±0.27 [2] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) |
RA: −29.308(15)
mas/
yr
[2] Dec.: −154.233(13) mas/ yr [2] |
| Parallax (π) | 6.6721 ± 0.0151 mas [2] |
| Distance | 489 ± 1
ly (149.9 ± 0.3 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | 5.74 [5] |
| XO-2N | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | 47.45±0.44 [4] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) |
RA: −29.552(15)
mas/
yr
[4] Dec.: −154.227(11) mas/ yr [4] |
| Parallax (π) | 6.6588 ± 0.0158 mas [4] |
| Distance | 490 ± 1
ly (150.2 ± 0.4 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | 5.74 [5] |
| Details [6] | |
| XO-2S | |
| Mass | 0.98±0.05 M☉ |
| Radius | 1.02+0.09 −0.06 R☉ |
| Luminosity | 0.79±0.14 L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.420±0.094 cgs |
| Temperature | 5,325±37 K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.32±0.08 dex |
| Rotation | 26.0±0.6 d |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 1.5±0.3 km/s |
| Age | 7.1+2.5 −2.9 Gyr |
| XO-2N | |
| Mass | 0.96±0.05 M☉ |
| Radius | 0.998+0.033 −0.032 R☉ |
| Luminosity | 0.70±0.04 L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.43±0.10 cgs |
| Temperature | 5,290±18 K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.37±0.07 dex |
| Rotation | 41.6±1.1 d |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 1.07±0.09 km/s |
| Age | 7.8+1.2 −1.3 Gyr |
| Other designations | |
| XO-2S: LSPM J0748+5013S, TYC 3413-210-1, GSC 03413-00210, 2MASS J07480748+5013032 [7] | |
| XO-2N: BD+50 1471, LSPM J0748+5013N, TOI-1720, TIC 356473034, TYC 3413-5-1, GSC 03413-00005, 2MASS J07480647+5013328 [8] | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | XO-2S |
| XO-2N | |
XO-2 is a binary star system about 490 light-years (150 parsecs) away in the constellation Lynx. It consists of two components, XO-2N and XO-2S, both of which host planetary systems. [9]
Star system
This system is unusual in that the stars are not typically referred to as components A & B, but are designated based on their positions in the sky: XO-2N is the northern star and XO-2S is the southern star.
Both of the stars are slightly cooler than the Sun and are nearly identical to each other. The system has a magnitude of 11 and cannot be seen with the naked eye but is visible through a small telescope. These stars are also notable for their large proper motions. [7] [8]
XO-2N and XO-2S have a separation of approximately 4,600 AU. [3]
Planetary systems
There is one confirmed exoplanet orbiting XO-2N. XO-2Nb, which is classified as a hot Jupiter, was discovered by the XO Telescope using the transit method around XO-2N in 2007. It was initially the only known planet in the system and was referred to as XO-2b. [3] A long-period variation in the radial velocity of XO-2N was detected in 2015, which could be explained by either a second planet or a stellar activity cycle. The stellar activity explanation is considered more likely, [6] and is further supported by a 2024 study. [10]
Two planets were reported to orbit around XO-2S in 2014 using the radial velocity method. One of them is Jupiter-mass and another has a mass comparable to Saturn. [9] A 2024 study found evidence for a third, super-Jupiter mass planet around XO-2S. [10]
| Companion (in order from star) |
Mass |
Semimajor axis ( AU) |
Orbital period ( days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 0.597±0.021 MJ | 0.03673(64) | 2.61585922(28) | <0.006 | 87.96+0.42 −0.34 ° |
1.019±0.031 RJ |
| Companion (in order from star) |
Mass |
Semimajor axis ( AU) |
Orbital period ( days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | ≥0.26±0.01 MJ | 0.1347±0.0025 | 18.220±0.001 | 0.15±0.02 | — | — |
| c | ≥1.38±0.05 MJ | 0.4737+0.0085 −0.0088 |
120.059±0.013 | 0.149±0.006 | — | — |
| d | ≥3.71+1.2 −0.51 MJ |
5.46+0.85 −0.40 |
4,696+1,133 −489 |
0.091+0.028 −0.018 |
— | — |
See also
References
- ^ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a Constellation From a Position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99 (617): 695–699. Bibcode: 1987PASP...99..695R. doi: 10.1086/132034. Vizier query form
- ^ a b c d e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211. Bibcode: 2023A&A...674A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c d e Burke, Christopher J.; et al. (2007). "XO-2b: Transiting Hot Jupiter in a Metal-rich Common Proper Motion Binary". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (2): 2115–2128. arXiv: 0705.0003. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...671.2115B. doi: 10.1086/523087. S2CID 13468914.
- ^ a b c d e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211. Bibcode: 2023A&A...674A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c Damasso, M.; et al. (2015). "The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. V. A comprehensive analysis of the XO-2 stellar and planetary systems". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575 A111. arXiv: 1501.01424. Bibcode: 2015A&A...575A.111D. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201425332.
- ^ a b "TYC 3413-210-1". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
- ^ a b "TYC 3413-5-1". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
- ^ a b Desidera, S.; et al. (2014). "The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. IV. A planetary system around XO-2S". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 567 (6) L6. arXiv: 1407.0251. Bibcode: 2014A&A...567L...6D. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201424339. S2CID 118567085.
- ^ a b c Ruggieri, A.; Desidera, S.; et al. (April 2024). "The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIII. New insights on the peculiar XO-2 system". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 684: A116. arXiv: 2401.17876. Bibcode: 2024A&A...684A.116R. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348042.
Further reading
- Fernandez, Jose M.; et al. (2009). "The Transit Light Curve Project. XII. Six Transits of the Exoplanet XO-2b". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (6): 4911–4916. arXiv: 0903.2687. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.4911F. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4911. S2CID 7113991.
- Narita, Norio; et al. (2011). "XO-2b: a Prograde Planet with a Negligible Eccentricity and an Additional Radial Velocity Variation". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (6): L67–L71. arXiv: 1110.6136. Bibcode: 2011PASJ...63L..67N. doi: 10.1093/pasj/63.6.l67. S2CID 119269227.
- Sing, D. K.; et al. (2011). "Gran Telescopio Canarias OSIRIS transiting exoplanet atmospheric survey: detection of potassium in XO-2b from narrowband spectrophotometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 527 A73. arXiv: 1008.4795. Bibcode: 2011A&A...527A..73S. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015579. S2CID 56545385.
External links
- NASA PlanetQuest: Planet race heats up: 1 month, 32 discoveries
- "XO-2". Exoplanets. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
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