America, Christmas in colonial or
Christmas in colonial America – The First American Christmas*; The First Christmas in the English Colonies*; Virginia and the South**; New England**; New York and Pennsylvania**; Conclusion*;
America, Christmas in Nineteenth Century or
Christmas in Nineteenth Century America – New York and Pennsylvania**; The South**; The Slaves**; After Slavery*; The West*; Christmas Becomes a Legal Holiday*; Protestants Embrace Christmas*; A Festival of Home and Family*; Christmas Trees and Gift Giving**; Santa Claus and Children's Gifts*; Commerce and Cards**; Conclusion*;
Auld Lang Syne – Robert Burns's Restoration*; Words to the Song**; “Auld Lang Syne” Becomes an American New Year's Song**;
Australia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Australia – Christmas Decorations*; Christmas Eve and Day**; Christmas Dinner**; Boxing Day*; Other December Holidays*; Christmas in July*;
Baboushka – The Legend of Baboushka**; Variations - The Legend of Baboushka;;
Bells – Bells in the Ancient World*; Church Bells*; Bell Customs**; Bells and Christmas;
Berchta or
Bertha or
Frau Gaude or
Hertha or
Holda or
Holde or
Holle or
Perchta – The Winter Goddess of Northern Europe*; Folklore Associated with Berchta**; Folklore Associated with Holde*; Another Winter Goddess, Hertha;
Bethlehem – The Birthplace of Jesus*; The Church of the Nativity**; Christmas in Bethlehem**; Rachel's Tomb*;
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Christmas in or
Christmas in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania – The Moravians*; History of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania**; Christmas Candles and Lights**; Moravian Stars*; Community Putzes**; Religious Services*; Concerts*; Historic District*;
Brazil, Christmas in or
Christmas in Brazil – Papai Noel, the Three Kings, and Gifts**; Visits and Christmas Dinner*; Christmas Trees and Nativity Scenes*; Cards, Charity, Plays*;
Christmas Cakes or
Christmas Breads or
Yule Bread or
Yule Cakes – European Christmas Breads and Cakes*; Yule Doughs*; Scandinavian Cakes and Customs*; Twelfth Night and Christmas Cakes**; Greek New Year Bread*;
Christmas Card – Possible Origins**; The First Christmas Card*; Early English Christmas Cards**; Victorian Christmas Cards in Their Heyday**; Early American Christmas Cards**; Increasing Popularity*;
A Christmas Carol – Life and Times of Charles Dickens**; The Writing of A Christmas Carol**; Public Readings**; The Carol as a Ghost Story*; The Carol as Personal History**; The Carol as Christmas Philosophy**; Other Christmas Works**;
Christmas Carol or
Noël or
Villancico – Earliest Christian Songs*; Medieval Christmas Carols*; The Golden Age***; The Reformation and Beyond**; The Nineteenth-Century Revival**; Carol Services and Ceremonies**; Twentieth-Century America**;
Christmas Tree – Legends**; Origins**; Early History**; The Christmas Tree Comes to America**; The Christmas Tree Becomes an American Institution**; Symbolic Trees*;
Commercialism – Christmas in Nineteenth-Century America**; Commercial Influences on Christmas**; Changing Consumer Preferences**; Financing Christmas*; Conclusion;
December 25 – Birthdays in the Ancient World*; Selection of December 25**; Division of Christmas and Epiphany*; Spread of the New Feast*; Origins of the Word “Christmas”*;
Denmark, Christmas in or
Christmas in Denmark – Christmas Countdown*; Christmas Symbols and Decorations**; Preparations**; Christmas Parties*; Christmas Eve**; Christmas Day and Second Christmas Day*; New Year's Eve and Epiphany**;
England, Christmas in or
Christmas in England – Father Christmas*; Christmas Eve*; Christmas Day**; Boxing Day*; Regional Customs*; Lesser-Known Days and Customs*; Extinct Customs**;
Estonia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Estonia – Preparations**; St. Thomas's Day*; Christmas Eve**; From Christmas Day to New Year's Eve**; Christmas under Soviet Rule*; Christmas since Independence*;
Europe, Christmas in medieval or
Christmas in medieval Europe – Christmas Season**; Entertainments*; Christmas Feasts in Medieval Europe**; Famous English Christmas Feasts**; Adapting Pagan Customs**; Creating Christmas Customs*; Surviving Medieval Customs*;
Gabriel – Gabriel in the Bible*; Gabriel in Christian Art*; Jewish and Muslim Beliefs*; Christian Love*; Patronage*;
Games – Late Medieval and Renaissance England**; Victorian England**; Other Countries**;
Germany, Christmas in or
Christmas in Germany – Advent**; Special Days within Advent**; Christmas Decorations*; Christmas Baking*; Gift Bringers*; Christmas Eve and Day**; The Twelve Days of Christmas**; St. Stephen's Day*; New Year's Eve**; Epiphany*;
Ghana, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ghana – Before Christmas*; Christmas Eve*; Christmas Day**; After Christmas*;
Gifts – Roman Gifts*; Medieval Gifts*; Royal Gifts*; Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Gifts*; Saint Nicholas's Day Gifts*; Boxing Day Gifts**; German Christmas Gifts**; Julklapp*; Santa Claus, Christmas Trees, and Gifts*; Conclusion*;
Gingerbread – Uses and Recipes**; Fairs and Bakers**; German Traditions*;
Glastonbury Thorn – Life and Legends of Joseph of Arimathea**; The History of the Glastonbury Thorn**; The Glastonbury Thorn in the United States*; Christmas at Glastonbury*;
Greece, Christmas in or
Christmas in Greece – Advent*; Carols*; Christmas Dinner*; Name-Day Celebrations*; Superstitions*; St. Basil's Day**; Epiphany*;
Greenery – Ancient Beliefs and Customs*; Christianity and Winter Greenery**; The Green Branch as a Symbol*; Christmas Greenery**;
Guatemala, Christmas in or
Christmas in Guatemala – Fires and Housecleaning*; Decorations*; Posadas*; Christmas Eve and Day**;
Herod, King or
King Herod – Herod in the Gospel of Matthew**; The Historical Herod**; Herod's Sons*;
Hogmanay – History*; Daft Days*; Origins of the Word “Hogmanay”**; Visits and Treats**; Firstfooters*; Other Superstitions**; Foods*; Parties*; Noise and Song*; Torches, Dancing, and Sports*;
Holly – Ancient Beliefs and Customs*; Christianity and the Significance of Holly**; Folklore and Customs**;
Iceland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Iceland – Past Preparations*; St. Thorlak's Day*; Christmas Eve and Day*; Gift Bringers*; Gifts*; Decorations*; New Year's Eve**; Twelfth Night and Epiphany*;
Ireland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ireland – Christmas Preparations*; Christmas Candles**; Christmas Eve in Times Past*; Christmas Eve Today*; Christmas Day*; St. Stephen's Day*; New Year's Day*; Epiphany*;
Italy, Christmas in or
Christmas in Italy – Christmas Markets*; Pre-Christmas Celebrations and Observances*; Nativity Scenes and Ceppos**; Christmas Eve*; Christmas Day*; New Year*; Epiphany*;
It's a Wonderful Life – The Greatest Gift**; The Story Becomes a Script*; The Script Becomes a Film**; It's a Wonderful Life**; Looking Back**;
Ivy – Ancient Beliefs and Customs**; Medieval Beliefs and Customs**; Later Beliefs and Customs**;
Jesus – The Incarnation**; Jesus the Christ*; Jesus' Birth According to John**; Creeds and Councils*; The Festival of Jesus' Birth**;
Jesus, Year of Birth or
Year of Birth of Jesus – The Date*; The Year**; The Star**; Continuing Controversy*; B.C. and A.D.**;
Latvia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Latvia – Preparations*; Christmas Eve*; Latvian Christmas Traditions**; Repression and Revival*;
Lebanon, Christmas in or
Christmas in Lebanon – Preparations*; Christmas Eve and Day**; New Year's Eve and Day*;
Lithuania, Christmas in or
Christmas in Lithuania – Christmas Eve Preparations and Ceremonies**; Adam and Eve Day*; Christmas Eve Foods*; Fortune-Telling**; Return of the Dead*; Increasing Crop Yields and Protecting Animals*; Miracles*; Christmas Day**; Christmas under Soviet Rule*; New Year's Eve and Day**;
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade – Thanksgiving Day in Nineteenth-Century New York**; Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade Begins**; Balloons**; World War II*; National Popularity*; Commercial Effects and Influences**; Where and When*;
Magi or
Three Kings or
Three Kings of Cologne or
Wise Men of the East – The Magi in Matthew's Gospel*; The Magi in History**; Early Christian Interpretations**; Folk Beliefs and Legends**; Magi Tales from the East**; The Fate of the Magi*; Relics**; Enduring Popularity**; Significance*;
Mary, Blessed Virgin or
Blessed Virgin Mary – The Annunciation*; The Visitation**; Jesus' Birth*; The Flight into Egypt and the Circumcision*; Early Christian Ideas*; Feast Days**; New Views*;
Messiah or
Messiah (Handel) – Composition of Messiah**; First Performance of Messiah**; Later Performances of Messiah**; Handel's Death*; Handel's Personality and Legacy**;
Mexico, Christmas in or
Christmas in Mexico – Decorations*; Posadas, Pastores, and Novenas*; Piñatas**; Christmas Foods*; Christmas Activities*; Innocents' Day, Epiphany, and Candlemas**;
Mincemeat pie or
Christmas pie – Medieval Christmas cookery**; Jack Horner's Christmas pie**; Puritan Opposition to Mincemeat**; Changing Recipes**;
Miracle on 34th Street – The Author of the Book*; The Director and Screenwriter*; The Actors**; Facts about the Film**; Remakes*;
Mistletoe – Evergreens in Ancient Times*; Other Customs and Beliefs**; Norse Mythology**; Mistletoe as an Emblem of Good Will*; Kissing under the Mistletoe**;
Mummers Parade – Parade Forerunners**; Pre-Civil War Holiday Masquerades in Philadelphia***; Post-Civil War Parade*; Twentieth Century and Beyond**; Recent Controversies and Challenges**;
Mumming or
Geese Dancing or
Guising or
Masking or
Mummering – Ancient Precedents*; Mumming in Britain**; Mummers' Plays**; Mumming in Europe**; Mumming in North America**; Related Customs*; Controversies*;
Myrrh – History and Significance**; Customs*; Myrrh Today*;
National Christmas Tree – The Early Years**; World War II*; Post-War Years**; Problems and Protests**; The Eighties and Beyond**;
New Year's Day – Roman New Year Celebrations*; Medieval New Year Celebrations**; New Year Customs Migrate to Christmas*; The Puritans and the Protestant Reformation**; Changing Dates**; From the Puritans to the Nineteenth Century**; Twentieth Century and Beyond**;
New York City, Christmas in or
Christmas in New York City – Birth of Santa Claus**; Macy's Parade**; Window Displays*; Rockefeller Center**; Other Decorations**; Events*; New Year's Eve*;
Norway, Christmas in or
Christmas in Norway – Yule*; Old Customs and Superstitions**; The Julenisse*; Preparations**; Chrsitmas Eve*; Christmas Day*; Related Days**;
The Nutcracker – The Tales and the Making of the Ballet**; The Story as Told in the Ballet**; Tchaikovsky's Score**; First Performances**; International Fame*;
Old Christmas Day – Calendar Confusion**; Resistance to Reform*; Europe Adopts the New Calendar*; Christmas Controversy**;
Ornaments – Earliest ornaments**; Early Nineteenth-Century Ornaments**; Commerical Ornaments**; Glass Ornaments**; Ethnic Ornaments*; Lighting the Tree**;
Pantomime – Ancient Pantomime*; Commedia Dell'Arte*; British Harlequinade**; The Birth of British Pantomime**; Christmas Themes*; Established Tradition*;
Philippines, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the Philippines – Rooster Masses*; Christmas Carols*; Decorations**; Christmas Trees*; Nativity Scenes*; Christmas Eve**; Christmas gifts*; Christmas Day*; The Twelve Days of Christmas*; Holy Innocents' Day*; New Year**; Epiphany*;
Russia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Russia – Christmas Customs in Old Russia**; Feasting and Fasting in Old Russia**; Chrtistmas under Communism*; New Year's under Communism**; Christmas since 1991**;
St. Barbara's Day – Legend of St. Barbara**; European Customs*; Middle Eastern Customs*; Weather and Crop Lore*;
St. Basil's Day – New Year's Eve**; St. Basil's Day, New Year's Day**;
St. Lucy's Day or
Santa Lucia – Life and Legends of St. Lucy**; History**; St. Lucy's Day in Italy*; St. Lucy's Day in Sweden**; Origins of Swedish St. Lucy's Day*; Recent Traditions*;
St. Nicholas – Life of St. Nicholas*; St. Nicholas and the Three Maidens**; St. Nicholas and the Three Students*; St. Nicholas and the Unpaid Loan*; Patronages**; Bones of St. Nicholas**; St. Nicholas in the Twentieth Century**;
St. Nicholas's Day – Shoes, Stockings, and Gifts*; St. Nicholas's Helpers*; History**; St. Nicholas's Day in the Netherlands**; St. Nicholas's Day in Italy*;
St. Stephen's Day – History and Legend**; European Customs**; Swedish Customs and Lore**;
St. Thomas's Day – Life and Legends of St. Thomas the Apostle**; English Begging Customs**; School Customs*; Germany, Holland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia**; Norway*;
Santa Claus or
Kriss Kringle or
St. Nick – Before Santa Claus**; The Christ Child in America*; Belsnickel in America*; St. Nicholas in America*; Washington Irving and St. Nicholas*; Clement C. Moore and St. Nicholas**; More Confusion Over Names*; Thomas Nast and Santa Claus**; Nineteenth-Century Developments**; Promoting the Santa Claus Myth**; Twentieth-Century Developments**;
Saturnalia – Saturn and His Festival**; Equality**; Mock Kings*; Leisure and Merrymaking**;
Shepherds – Sheep and Shepherds in the Bible**; Christmas Customs*;
Slave's Christmas – Leisure**; Food and Drink**; Visits and Marriages*; Gifts**; Song and Dance*; Religion*; Running Away and Rebelling*; Christmas Legends, Lore and Superstituon*; New Year**; Psychological Pressures**; Conclusion*;
South Africa, Christmas in or
Christmas in South Africa – The English Christmas Heritage*; The Afrikaner Christmas Heritage*; Music*; Christmas Day*; Black and Asian South Africans*;
Spain, Christmas in or
Christmas in Spain – Feast of the Immaculate Conception*; Christmas Decorations*; Christmas Foods*; Pardons*; Christmas Eve and Day*; Holy Innocents' Day*; New Year's Eve*; Epiphany**;
Timkat or
Timqat or
Timket – Preparations*; Religious Observances**; Recreation*;
Twelfth Night or
Epiphany Eve or
Old Christmas Eve – Feasts, Cakes, and Kings**; Shakespeare's Twelfth Night*; Masques*; Characters**; Pranks*; Decline of Twelfth Night*; Old Christmas Eve*; Twelfth Night in Colonial America and the United States**; Last of the Twelve Days of Christmas**;
Victorian England, Christmas in or
Christmas in Victorian England – Decline*; Revival*; Christmas Dinner*; Christmas Charity*; Protestants Embrace Christmas*; Christmas Trees and Gifts**; Christmas Carols*; Christmas Greetings and Entertainments**; Customs in Decline*;
Virginia O'Hanlon – Virginia's Letter and the Sun's Response**; Who Was Francis P. Church?*; Whatever Happened to Virginia?*;
Wassail – The Toast**; The Caroling Custom***; The Beverage*;
Watch Night or
New Year's Eve Service – Vigils*; Making New Year's Eve a Religious Holiday**; Methodist Watch Night Services**; African Americans*; Moravians*;
White Christmas – The Composer*; “White Christmas,” the Song*; Holiday Inn**; White Christmas, the Movie*; A Personal Tribute*;
White House, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the White House – White House Christmas Parties**; A Child's Christmas in the White House**; White House Charity**; Greetings from the White House**; A Discontinued New Year's Custom*; White House Christmas Firsts*;
Williamsburg, Virginia, Christmas in Colonial or
Christmas in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia – Christmas in Colonial Virginia*; Before Christmas**; Feasts and Parties**; Marriage and Romance*; Slaves and Free Blacks*; Men, Women, Children, and Gifts*; Christmas Decorations*; Christmas in Contemporary Williamsburg**;
Winter Solstice – Solstice Astronomy**; Winter Solstice in Ancient Rome**; Winter Solstice and the Date of Christmas*; Winter Solstice and Other Ancient Celebrations*; Contemporary Celebrations*;
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade – Thanksgiving Day in Nineteenth-Century New York; Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade Begins; Balloons; Commercial Effects and Influences;
Football Bowl Games – Bowl Championship Series;
St. Nicholas*;
St. Nicholas's Day – St. Nicholas and the Three Maidens; Patronages; Bones of St. Nicholas; St. Nicholas in the Twentieth Century;
St. Nicholas's Day – History; St. Nicholas's Day in the Netherlands – Life of St. Nicholas; St. Nicholas and the Three Students; St. Nicholas and the Unpaid Loan;
St. Nicholas's Day – Shoes, Stockings, and Gifts; St. Nicholas's Helpers; St. Nicholas's Day in Italy;
St. Lucy's Day or
Santa Lucia – Life and Legends of St. Lucy; History; St. Lucy's Day in Sweden – St. Lucy's Day in Italy; Origins of Swedish St. Lucy's Day; Recent Traditions;
St. Thomas's Day – Life and Legends of St. Thomas the Apostle – School Customs; Norway;
Boxing Day – Origins and Development;
St. Stephen's Day – History and Legend; European Customs; Swedish Customs and Lore, – Resistance, Stephening; Decline;
America, Christmas in colonial or
Christmas in colonial America;
Puritans; Christmas in Nineteenth Century or
Christmas in Nineteenth Century America*;
Williamsburg, Virginia, Christmas in Colonial or
Christmas in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia; the South; The Slaves;Belsnickeling in the United States;
Puritans – Campaign against Christmas; Active Resistance; Passive Resistance; Scotland; Christmas in Colonial or
Christmas in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia – Before Christmas; Feasts and Parties; Christmas in Contemporary Williamsburg, – The First American Christmas; The First Christmas in the English Colonies; Conclusion;
America, Christmas in Nineteenth Century or
Christmas in Nineteenth Century America – After Slavery; The West; Christmas Becomes a Legal Holiday; Protestants Embrace Christmas; A Festival of Home and Family; Santa Claus and Children's Gifts; Conclusion;
Amish Christmas – The Amish – Christmas in Colonial Virginia; Marriage and Romance; Slaves and Free Blacks; Men, Women, Children, and Gifts; Christmas Decorations;
White House, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the White House, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the White House – White House Christmas Parties; A Child's Christmas in the White House; White House Charity; Greetings from the White House – A Discontinued New Year's Custom; White House Christmas Firsts;
Brazil, Christmas in or
Christmas in Brazil; – Papai Noel, the Three Kings, and Gifts – Visits and Christmas Dinner; Christmas Trees and Nativity Scenes; Cards, Charity, Plays;
Denmark, Christmas in or
Christmas in Denmark; – Christmas Symbols and Decorations; Preparations; Christmas Eve; New Year's Eve and Epiphany – Christmas Countdown; Christmas Parties; Christmas Day and Second Christmas Day;
Ecuador, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ecuador – Christmas Eve – Parties; Religious Observances; Holy Innocents' Day and Epiphany;
Estonia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Estonia; – Preparations; Christmas Eve; From Christmas Day to New Year's Eve – St. Thomas's Day; Christmas under Soviet Rule; Christmas since Independence;
Germany, Christmas in or
Christmas in Germany;
Christmas Markets;
Germany, – Advent; Special Days within Advent; Christmas Eve and Day; The Twelve Days of Christmas; New Year's Eve; - Christmas Day – Christmas Decorations, Christmas Baking; Gift Bringers; St. Stephen's Day; Epiphany;
Iceland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Iceland; – New Year's Eve;*
Iceland, Past Preparations; St. Thorlak's Day; Christmas Eve and Day; Gift Bringers; Gifts; Decorations; Twelfth Night and Epiphany;
Ireland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ireland; – Christmas Candles;
Ireland, – Christmas Preparations; Christmas Eve in Times Past; Christmas Eve Today; Christmas Day; St. Stephen's Day; New Year's Day; Epiphany;
Italy, Christmas in or
Christmas in Italy;
Italy, – Nativity Scenes and Ceppos;
Italy – Christmas Markets; Pre-Christmas Celebrations and Observances; Christmas Eve; Christmas Day; New Year; Epiphany;
Mexico, Christmas in or
Christmas in Mexico – Piñatas; Innocents' Day, Epiphany, and Candlemas;
Midnight Mass – Decorations; Posadas, Pastores, and Novenas; Christmas Foods; Christmas Activities;
Norway, Christmas in or
Christmas in Norway; – Old Customs and Superstitions; Preparations; Related Days – Yule; The Julenisse; Christmas Eve; Christmas Day;
Poland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Poland – Christmas Eve Fast; Oplatek; Animals; Christmas Dinner; Gifts and Carols; Fortune-Telling; Christmas Trees, Nativity Scenes, Nativity Plays; Epiphany;
Russia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Russia;
Russia, – Christmas Customs in Old Russia; Feasting and Fasting in Old Russia; New Year's under Communism; Christmas since 1991; – Christmas under Communism;
South Africa, Christmas in or
Christmas in South Africa – The English Christmas Heritage; The Afrikaner Christmas Heritage; Music; Christmas Day; Black and Asian South Africans;
Spain, Christmas in or
Christmas in Spain; – Epiphany;
Spain, – Feast of the Immaculate Conception; Christmas Decorations; Christmas Foods; Pardons; Christmas Eve and Day; Holy Innocents' Day; New Year's Eve;
Messiah or
Messiah (Handel); – Composition of Messiah; First Performance of Messiah; Later Performances of Messiah; Handel's Personality and Legacy – Handel's Death;
The Nutcracker; – The Tales and the Making of the Ballet; The Story as Told in the Ballet; Tchaikovsky's Score; First Performances – International Fame;
Christmas Carol or
Noël or
Villancico; – The Reformation and Beyond; The Nineteenth-Century Revival; Twentieth-Century America – Earliest Christian Songs; Medieval Christmas Carols;
A Christmas Carol; – Life and Times of Charles Dickens; The Writing of A Christmas Carol; Public Readings; The Carol as Personal History; The Carol as Christmas Philosophy; Other Christmas Works – The Carol as a Ghost Story;
Movies
Miracle on 34th Street – The Actors; Facts about the Film – The Author of the Book; The Director and Screenwriter; Remakes;
It's a Wonderful Life – The Greatest Gift; The Script Becomes a Film; It's a Wonderful Life; Looking Back;
Television shows
A Charlie Brown Christmas; – Charles Schulz's “Peanuts”; The Making of “A Charlie Brown Christmas”; Reactions to “A Charlie Brown Christmas”;
Christmas Cakes or
Christmas Breads or
Yule Bread or
Yule Cakes; – Twelfth Night and Christmas Cakes – European Christmas Breads and Cakes; Yule Doughs; Scandinavian Cakes and Customs; Greek New Year Bread;
Mincemeat pie or
Christmas pie; – Medieval Christmas cookery; Jack Horner's Christmas pie; Puritan Opposition to Mincemeat; Changing Recipes;
Glastonbury Thorn – Life and Legends of Joseph of Arimathea; The History of the Glastonbury Thorn, The Glastonbury Thorn in the United States; Christmas at Glastonbury;
Greenery
Mistletoe– Other Customs and Beliefs; Norse Mythology; Kissing under the Mistletoe – Evergreens in Ancient Times; Mistletoe as an Emblem of Good Will;
Holly – Christianity and the Significance of Holly; folklore and Customs – Ancient Beliefs and Customs;
Ivy – Ancient Beliefs and Customs; Medieval Beliefs and Customs; Later Beliefs and Customs, The Green Branch as a Symbol;
America, Christmas in colonial or
Christmas in colonial America – The First American Christmas*; The First Christmas in the English Colonies*; Virginia and the South**; New England**; New York and Pennsylvania**; Conclusion*;
America, Christmas in Nineteenth Century or
Christmas in Nineteenth Century America – New York and Pennsylvania**; The South**; The Slaves**; After Slavery*; The West*; Christmas Becomes a Legal Holiday*; Protestants Embrace Christmas*; A Festival of Home and Family*; Christmas Trees and Gift Giving**; Santa Claus and Children's Gifts*; Commerce and Cards**; Conclusion*;
Auld Lang Syne – Robert Burns's Restoration*; Words to the Song**; “Auld Lang Syne” Becomes an American New Year's Song**;
Australia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Australia – Christmas Decorations*; Christmas Eve and Day**; Christmas Dinner**; Boxing Day*; Other December Holidays*; Christmas in July*;
Baboushka – The Legend of Baboushka**; Variations - The Legend of Baboushka;;
Bells – Bells in the Ancient World*; Church Bells*; Bell Customs**; Bells and Christmas;
Berchta or
Bertha or
Frau Gaude or
Hertha or
Holda or
Holde or
Holle or
Perchta – The Winter Goddess of Northern Europe*; Folklore Associated with Berchta**; Folklore Associated with Holde*; Another Winter Goddess, Hertha;
Bethlehem – The Birthplace of Jesus*; The Church of the Nativity**; Christmas in Bethlehem**; Rachel's Tomb*;
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Christmas in or
Christmas in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania – The Moravians*; History of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania**; Christmas Candles and Lights**; Moravian Stars*; Community Putzes**; Religious Services*; Concerts*; Historic District*;
Brazil, Christmas in or
Christmas in Brazil – Papai Noel, the Three Kings, and Gifts**; Visits and Christmas Dinner*; Christmas Trees and Nativity Scenes*; Cards, Charity, Plays*;
Christmas Cakes or
Christmas Breads or
Yule Bread or
Yule Cakes – European Christmas Breads and Cakes*; Yule Doughs*; Scandinavian Cakes and Customs*; Twelfth Night and Christmas Cakes**; Greek New Year Bread*;
Christmas Card – Possible Origins**; The First Christmas Card*; Early English Christmas Cards**; Victorian Christmas Cards in Their Heyday**; Early American Christmas Cards**; Increasing Popularity*;
A Christmas Carol – Life and Times of Charles Dickens**; The Writing of A Christmas Carol**; Public Readings**; The Carol as a Ghost Story*; The Carol as Personal History**; The Carol as Christmas Philosophy**; Other Christmas Works**;
Christmas Carol or
Noël or
Villancico – Earliest Christian Songs*; Medieval Christmas Carols*; The Golden Age***; The Reformation and Beyond**; The Nineteenth-Century Revival**; Carol Services and Ceremonies**; Twentieth-Century America**;
Christmas Tree – Legends**; Origins**; Early History**; The Christmas Tree Comes to America**; The Christmas Tree Becomes an American Institution**; Symbolic Trees*;
Commercialism – Christmas in Nineteenth-Century America**; Commercial Influences on Christmas**; Changing Consumer Preferences**; Financing Christmas*; Conclusion;
December 25 – Birthdays in the Ancient World*; Selection of December 25**; Division of Christmas and Epiphany*; Spread of the New Feast*; Origins of the Word “Christmas”*;
Denmark, Christmas in or
Christmas in Denmark – Christmas Countdown*; Christmas Symbols and Decorations**; Preparations**; Christmas Parties*; Christmas Eve**; Christmas Day and Second Christmas Day*; New Year's Eve and Epiphany**;
England, Christmas in or
Christmas in England – Father Christmas*; Christmas Eve*; Christmas Day**; Boxing Day*; Regional Customs*; Lesser-Known Days and Customs*; Extinct Customs**;
Estonia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Estonia – Preparations**; St. Thomas's Day*; Christmas Eve**; From Christmas Day to New Year's Eve**; Christmas under Soviet Rule*; Christmas since Independence*;
Europe, Christmas in medieval or
Christmas in medieval Europe – Christmas Season**; Entertainments*; Christmas Feasts in Medieval Europe**; Famous English Christmas Feasts**; Adapting Pagan Customs**; Creating Christmas Customs*; Surviving Medieval Customs*;
Gabriel – Gabriel in the Bible*; Gabriel in Christian Art*; Jewish and Muslim Beliefs*; Christian Love*; Patronage*;
Games – Late Medieval and Renaissance England**; Victorian England**; Other Countries**;
Germany, Christmas in or
Christmas in Germany – Advent**; Special Days within Advent**; Christmas Decorations*; Christmas Baking*; Gift Bringers*; Christmas Eve and Day**; The Twelve Days of Christmas**; St. Stephen's Day*; New Year's Eve**; Epiphany*;
Ghana, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ghana – Before Christmas*; Christmas Eve*; Christmas Day**; After Christmas*;
Gifts – Roman Gifts*; Medieval Gifts*; Royal Gifts*; Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Gifts*; Saint Nicholas's Day Gifts*; Boxing Day Gifts**; German Christmas Gifts**; Julklapp*; Santa Claus, Christmas Trees, and Gifts*; Conclusion*;
Gingerbread – Uses and Recipes**; Fairs and Bakers**; German Traditions*;
Glastonbury Thorn – Life and Legends of Joseph of Arimathea**; The History of the Glastonbury Thorn**; The Glastonbury Thorn in the United States*; Christmas at Glastonbury*;
Greece, Christmas in or
Christmas in Greece – Advent*; Carols*; Christmas Dinner*; Name-Day Celebrations*; Superstitions*; St. Basil's Day**; Epiphany*;
Greenery – Ancient Beliefs and Customs*; Christianity and Winter Greenery**; The Green Branch as a Symbol*; Christmas Greenery**;
Guatemala, Christmas in or
Christmas in Guatemala – Fires and Housecleaning*; Decorations*; Posadas*; Christmas Eve and Day**;
Herod, King or
King Herod – Herod in the Gospel of Matthew**; The Historical Herod**; Herod's Sons*;
Hogmanay – History*; Daft Days*; Origins of the Word “Hogmanay”**; Visits and Treats**; Firstfooters*; Other Superstitions**; Foods*; Parties*; Noise and Song*; Torches, Dancing, and Sports*;
Holly – Ancient Beliefs and Customs*; Christianity and the Significance of Holly**; Folklore and Customs**;
Iceland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Iceland – Past Preparations*; St. Thorlak's Day*; Christmas Eve and Day*; Gift Bringers*; Gifts*; Decorations*; New Year's Eve**; Twelfth Night and Epiphany*;
Ireland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ireland – Christmas Preparations*; Christmas Candles**; Christmas Eve in Times Past*; Christmas Eve Today*; Christmas Day*; St. Stephen's Day*; New Year's Day*; Epiphany*;
Italy, Christmas in or
Christmas in Italy – Christmas Markets*; Pre-Christmas Celebrations and Observances*; Nativity Scenes and Ceppos**; Christmas Eve*; Christmas Day*; New Year*; Epiphany*;
It's a Wonderful Life – The Greatest Gift**; The Story Becomes a Script*; The Script Becomes a Film**; It's a Wonderful Life**; Looking Back**;
Ivy – Ancient Beliefs and Customs**; Medieval Beliefs and Customs**; Later Beliefs and Customs**;
Jesus – The Incarnation**; Jesus the Christ*; Jesus' Birth According to John**; Creeds and Councils*; The Festival of Jesus' Birth**;
Jesus, Year of Birth or
Year of Birth of Jesus – The Date*; The Year**; The Star**; Continuing Controversy*; B.C. and A.D.**;
Latvia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Latvia – Preparations*; Christmas Eve*; Latvian Christmas Traditions**; Repression and Revival*;
Lebanon, Christmas in or
Christmas in Lebanon – Preparations*; Christmas Eve and Day**; New Year's Eve and Day*;
Lithuania, Christmas in or
Christmas in Lithuania – Christmas Eve Preparations and Ceremonies**; Adam and Eve Day*; Christmas Eve Foods*; Fortune-Telling**; Return of the Dead*; Increasing Crop Yields and Protecting Animals*; Miracles*; Christmas Day**; Christmas under Soviet Rule*; New Year's Eve and Day**;
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade – Thanksgiving Day in Nineteenth-Century New York**; Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade Begins**; Balloons**; World War II*; National Popularity*; Commercial Effects and Influences**; Where and When*;
Magi or
Three Kings or
Three Kings of Cologne or
Wise Men of the East – The Magi in Matthew's Gospel*; The Magi in History**; Early Christian Interpretations**; Folk Beliefs and Legends**; Magi Tales from the East**; The Fate of the Magi*; Relics**; Enduring Popularity**; Significance*;
Mary, Blessed Virgin or
Blessed Virgin Mary – The Annunciation*; The Visitation**; Jesus' Birth*; The Flight into Egypt and the Circumcision*; Early Christian Ideas*; Feast Days**; New Views*;
Messiah or
Messiah (Handel) – Composition of Messiah**; First Performance of Messiah**; Later Performances of Messiah**; Handel's Death*; Handel's Personality and Legacy**;
Mexico, Christmas in or
Christmas in Mexico – Decorations*; Posadas, Pastores, and Novenas*; Piñatas**; Christmas Foods*; Christmas Activities*; Innocents' Day, Epiphany, and Candlemas**;
Mincemeat pie or
Christmas pie – Medieval Christmas cookery**; Jack Horner's Christmas pie**; Puritan Opposition to Mincemeat**; Changing Recipes**;
Miracle on 34th Street – The Author of the Book*; The Director and Screenwriter*; The Actors**; Facts about the Film**; Remakes*;
Mistletoe – Evergreens in Ancient Times*; Other Customs and Beliefs**; Norse Mythology**; Mistletoe as an Emblem of Good Will*; Kissing under the Mistletoe**;
Mummers Parade – Parade Forerunners**; Pre-Civil War Holiday Masquerades in Philadelphia***; Post-Civil War Parade*; Twentieth Century and Beyond**; Recent Controversies and Challenges**;
Mumming or
Geese Dancing or
Guising or
Masking or
Mummering – Ancient Precedents*; Mumming in Britain**; Mummers' Plays**; Mumming in Europe**; Mumming in North America**; Related Customs*; Controversies*;
Myrrh – History and Significance**; Customs*; Myrrh Today*;
National Christmas Tree – The Early Years**; World War II*; Post-War Years**; Problems and Protests**; The Eighties and Beyond**;
New Year's Day – Roman New Year Celebrations*; Medieval New Year Celebrations**; New Year Customs Migrate to Christmas*; The Puritans and the Protestant Reformation**; Changing Dates**; From the Puritans to the Nineteenth Century**; Twentieth Century and Beyond**;
New York City, Christmas in or
Christmas in New York City – Birth of Santa Claus**; Macy's Parade**; Window Displays*; Rockefeller Center**; Other Decorations**; Events*; New Year's Eve*;
Norway, Christmas in or
Christmas in Norway – Yule*; Old Customs and Superstitions**; The Julenisse*; Preparations**; Chrsitmas Eve*; Christmas Day*; Related Days**;
The Nutcracker – The Tales and the Making of the Ballet**; The Story as Told in the Ballet**; Tchaikovsky's Score**; First Performances**; International Fame*;
Old Christmas Day – Calendar Confusion**; Resistance to Reform*; Europe Adopts the New Calendar*; Christmas Controversy**;
Ornaments – Earliest ornaments**; Early Nineteenth-Century Ornaments**; Commerical Ornaments**; Glass Ornaments**; Ethnic Ornaments*; Lighting the Tree**;
Pantomime – Ancient Pantomime*; Commedia Dell'Arte*; British Harlequinade**; The Birth of British Pantomime**; Christmas Themes*; Established Tradition*;
Philippines, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the Philippines – Rooster Masses*; Christmas Carols*; Decorations**; Christmas Trees*; Nativity Scenes*; Christmas Eve**; Christmas gifts*; Christmas Day*; The Twelve Days of Christmas*; Holy Innocents' Day*; New Year**; Epiphany*;
Russia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Russia – Christmas Customs in Old Russia**; Feasting and Fasting in Old Russia**; Chrtistmas under Communism*; New Year's under Communism**; Christmas since 1991**;
St. Barbara's Day – Legend of St. Barbara**; European Customs*; Middle Eastern Customs*; Weather and Crop Lore*;
St. Basil's Day – New Year's Eve**; St. Basil's Day, New Year's Day**;
St. Lucy's Day or
Santa Lucia – Life and Legends of St. Lucy**; History**; St. Lucy's Day in Italy*; St. Lucy's Day in Sweden**; Origins of Swedish St. Lucy's Day*; Recent Traditions*;
St. Nicholas – Life of St. Nicholas*; St. Nicholas and the Three Maidens**; St. Nicholas and the Three Students*; St. Nicholas and the Unpaid Loan*; Patronages**; Bones of St. Nicholas**; St. Nicholas in the Twentieth Century**;
St. Nicholas's Day – Shoes, Stockings, and Gifts*; St. Nicholas's Helpers*; History**; St. Nicholas's Day in the Netherlands**; St. Nicholas's Day in Italy*;
St. Stephen's Day – History and Legend**; European Customs**; Swedish Customs and Lore**;
St. Thomas's Day – Life and Legends of St. Thomas the Apostle**; English Begging Customs**; School Customs*; Germany, Holland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia**; Norway*;
Santa Claus or
Kriss Kringle or
St. Nick – Before Santa Claus**; The Christ Child in America*; Belsnickel in America*; St. Nicholas in America*; Washington Irving and St. Nicholas*; Clement C. Moore and St. Nicholas**; More Confusion Over Names*; Thomas Nast and Santa Claus**; Nineteenth-Century Developments**; Promoting the Santa Claus Myth**; Twentieth-Century Developments**;
Saturnalia – Saturn and His Festival**; Equality**; Mock Kings*; Leisure and Merrymaking**;
Shepherds – Sheep and Shepherds in the Bible**; Christmas Customs*;
Slave's Christmas – Leisure**; Food and Drink**; Visits and Marriages*; Gifts**; Song and Dance*; Religion*; Running Away and Rebelling*; Christmas Legends, Lore and Superstituon*; New Year**; Psychological Pressures**; Conclusion*;
South Africa, Christmas in or
Christmas in South Africa – The English Christmas Heritage*; The Afrikaner Christmas Heritage*; Music*; Christmas Day*; Black and Asian South Africans*;
Spain, Christmas in or
Christmas in Spain – Feast of the Immaculate Conception*; Christmas Decorations*; Christmas Foods*; Pardons*; Christmas Eve and Day*; Holy Innocents' Day*; New Year's Eve*; Epiphany**;
Timkat or
Timqat or
Timket – Preparations*; Religious Observances**; Recreation*;
Twelfth Night or
Epiphany Eve or
Old Christmas Eve – Feasts, Cakes, and Kings**; Shakespeare's Twelfth Night*; Masques*; Characters**; Pranks*; Decline of Twelfth Night*; Old Christmas Eve*; Twelfth Night in Colonial America and the United States**; Last of the Twelve Days of Christmas**;
Victorian England, Christmas in or
Christmas in Victorian England – Decline*; Revival*; Christmas Dinner*; Christmas Charity*; Protestants Embrace Christmas*; Christmas Trees and Gifts**; Christmas Carols*; Christmas Greetings and Entertainments**; Customs in Decline*;
Virginia O'Hanlon – Virginia's Letter and the Sun's Response**; Who Was Francis P. Church?*; Whatever Happened to Virginia?*;
Wassail – The Toast**; The Caroling Custom***; The Beverage*;
Watch Night or
New Year's Eve Service – Vigils*; Making New Year's Eve a Religious Holiday**; Methodist Watch Night Services**; African Americans*; Moravians*;
White Christmas – The Composer*; “White Christmas,” the Song*; Holiday Inn**; White Christmas, the Movie*; A Personal Tribute*;
White House, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the White House – White House Christmas Parties**; A Child's Christmas in the White House**; White House Charity**; Greetings from the White House**; A Discontinued New Year's Custom*; White House Christmas Firsts*;
Williamsburg, Virginia, Christmas in Colonial or
Christmas in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia – Christmas in Colonial Virginia*; Before Christmas**; Feasts and Parties**; Marriage and Romance*; Slaves and Free Blacks*; Men, Women, Children, and Gifts*; Christmas Decorations*; Christmas in Contemporary Williamsburg**;
Winter Solstice – Solstice Astronomy**; Winter Solstice in Ancient Rome**; Winter Solstice and the Date of Christmas*; Winter Solstice and Other Ancient Celebrations*; Contemporary Celebrations*;
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade – Thanksgiving Day in Nineteenth-Century New York; Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade Begins; Balloons; Commercial Effects and Influences;
Football Bowl Games – Bowl Championship Series;
St. Nicholas*;
St. Nicholas's Day – St. Nicholas and the Three Maidens; Patronages; Bones of St. Nicholas; St. Nicholas in the Twentieth Century;
St. Nicholas's Day – History; St. Nicholas's Day in the Netherlands – Life of St. Nicholas; St. Nicholas and the Three Students; St. Nicholas and the Unpaid Loan;
St. Nicholas's Day – Shoes, Stockings, and Gifts; St. Nicholas's Helpers; St. Nicholas's Day in Italy;
St. Lucy's Day or
Santa Lucia – Life and Legends of St. Lucy; History; St. Lucy's Day in Sweden – St. Lucy's Day in Italy; Origins of Swedish St. Lucy's Day; Recent Traditions;
St. Thomas's Day – Life and Legends of St. Thomas the Apostle – School Customs; Norway;
Boxing Day – Origins and Development;
St. Stephen's Day – History and Legend; European Customs; Swedish Customs and Lore, – Resistance, Stephening; Decline;
America, Christmas in colonial or
Christmas in colonial America;
Puritans; Christmas in Nineteenth Century or
Christmas in Nineteenth Century America*;
Williamsburg, Virginia, Christmas in Colonial or
Christmas in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia; the South; The Slaves;Belsnickeling in the United States;
Puritans – Campaign against Christmas; Active Resistance; Passive Resistance; Scotland; Christmas in Colonial or
Christmas in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia – Before Christmas; Feasts and Parties; Christmas in Contemporary Williamsburg, – The First American Christmas; The First Christmas in the English Colonies; Conclusion;
America, Christmas in Nineteenth Century or
Christmas in Nineteenth Century America – After Slavery; The West; Christmas Becomes a Legal Holiday; Protestants Embrace Christmas; A Festival of Home and Family; Santa Claus and Children's Gifts; Conclusion;
Amish Christmas – The Amish – Christmas in Colonial Virginia; Marriage and Romance; Slaves and Free Blacks; Men, Women, Children, and Gifts; Christmas Decorations;
White House, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the White House, Christmas in the or
Christmas in the White House – White House Christmas Parties; A Child's Christmas in the White House; White House Charity; Greetings from the White House – A Discontinued New Year's Custom; White House Christmas Firsts;
Brazil, Christmas in or
Christmas in Brazil; – Papai Noel, the Three Kings, and Gifts – Visits and Christmas Dinner; Christmas Trees and Nativity Scenes; Cards, Charity, Plays;
Denmark, Christmas in or
Christmas in Denmark; – Christmas Symbols and Decorations; Preparations; Christmas Eve; New Year's Eve and Epiphany – Christmas Countdown; Christmas Parties; Christmas Day and Second Christmas Day;
Ecuador, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ecuador – Christmas Eve – Parties; Religious Observances; Holy Innocents' Day and Epiphany;
Estonia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Estonia; – Preparations; Christmas Eve; From Christmas Day to New Year's Eve – St. Thomas's Day; Christmas under Soviet Rule; Christmas since Independence;
Germany, Christmas in or
Christmas in Germany;
Christmas Markets;
Germany, – Advent; Special Days within Advent; Christmas Eve and Day; The Twelve Days of Christmas; New Year's Eve; - Christmas Day – Christmas Decorations, Christmas Baking; Gift Bringers; St. Stephen's Day; Epiphany;
Iceland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Iceland; – New Year's Eve;*
Iceland, Past Preparations; St. Thorlak's Day; Christmas Eve and Day; Gift Bringers; Gifts; Decorations; Twelfth Night and Epiphany;
Ireland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Ireland; – Christmas Candles;
Ireland, – Christmas Preparations; Christmas Eve in Times Past; Christmas Eve Today; Christmas Day; St. Stephen's Day; New Year's Day; Epiphany;
Italy, Christmas in or
Christmas in Italy;
Italy, – Nativity Scenes and Ceppos;
Italy – Christmas Markets; Pre-Christmas Celebrations and Observances; Christmas Eve; Christmas Day; New Year; Epiphany;
Mexico, Christmas in or
Christmas in Mexico – Piñatas; Innocents' Day, Epiphany, and Candlemas;
Midnight Mass – Decorations; Posadas, Pastores, and Novenas; Christmas Foods; Christmas Activities;
Norway, Christmas in or
Christmas in Norway; – Old Customs and Superstitions; Preparations; Related Days – Yule; The Julenisse; Christmas Eve; Christmas Day;
Poland, Christmas in or
Christmas in Poland – Christmas Eve Fast; Oplatek; Animals; Christmas Dinner; Gifts and Carols; Fortune-Telling; Christmas Trees, Nativity Scenes, Nativity Plays; Epiphany;
Russia, Christmas in or
Christmas in Russia;
Russia, – Christmas Customs in Old Russia; Feasting and Fasting in Old Russia; New Year's under Communism; Christmas since 1991; – Christmas under Communism;
South Africa, Christmas in or
Christmas in South Africa – The English Christmas Heritage; The Afrikaner Christmas Heritage; Music; Christmas Day; Black and Asian South Africans;
Spain, Christmas in or
Christmas in Spain; – Epiphany;
Spain, – Feast of the Immaculate Conception; Christmas Decorations; Christmas Foods; Pardons; Christmas Eve and Day; Holy Innocents' Day; New Year's Eve;
Messiah or
Messiah (Handel); – Composition of Messiah; First Performance of Messiah; Later Performances of Messiah; Handel's Personality and Legacy – Handel's Death;
The Nutcracker; – The Tales and the Making of the Ballet; The Story as Told in the Ballet; Tchaikovsky's Score; First Performances – International Fame;
Christmas Carol or
Noël or
Villancico; – The Reformation and Beyond; The Nineteenth-Century Revival; Twentieth-Century America – Earliest Christian Songs; Medieval Christmas Carols;
A Christmas Carol; – Life and Times of Charles Dickens; The Writing of A Christmas Carol; Public Readings; The Carol as Personal History; The Carol as Christmas Philosophy; Other Christmas Works – The Carol as a Ghost Story;
Movies
Miracle on 34th Street – The Actors; Facts about the Film – The Author of the Book; The Director and Screenwriter; Remakes;
It's a Wonderful Life – The Greatest Gift; The Script Becomes a Film; It's a Wonderful Life; Looking Back;
Television shows
A Charlie Brown Christmas; – Charles Schulz's “Peanuts”; The Making of “A Charlie Brown Christmas”; Reactions to “A Charlie Brown Christmas”;
Christmas Cakes or
Christmas Breads or
Yule Bread or
Yule Cakes; – Twelfth Night and Christmas Cakes – European Christmas Breads and Cakes; Yule Doughs; Scandinavian Cakes and Customs; Greek New Year Bread;
Mincemeat pie or
Christmas pie; – Medieval Christmas cookery; Jack Horner's Christmas pie; Puritan Opposition to Mincemeat; Changing Recipes;
Glastonbury Thorn – Life and Legends of Joseph of Arimathea; The History of the Glastonbury Thorn, The Glastonbury Thorn in the United States; Christmas at Glastonbury;
Greenery
Mistletoe– Other Customs and Beliefs; Norse Mythology; Kissing under the Mistletoe – Evergreens in Ancient Times; Mistletoe as an Emblem of Good Will;
Holly – Christianity and the Significance of Holly; folklore and Customs – Ancient Beliefs and Customs;
Ivy – Ancient Beliefs and Customs; Medieval Beliefs and Customs; Later Beliefs and Customs, The Green Branch as a Symbol;