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What is the advantage of having the blood on the right side of the heart separated from that on the left side?
Which bacteria was the first one, to be named scientifically(binomial nomenclature)? -Thanking you,-- Pupunwiki 02:48, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
What is the highest RPM ever recorded for a mechanical device with a diameter greater than an inch? 71.100.6.152 05:09, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Leaving aside health issues, if all the smoke from all the cigarettes, cigars, pipes etc that have ever been smoked throughout history was suddenly removed, would there be any appreciable effect at all on the climate or the environment? JackofOz 07:15, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Ignoring cost, legality, and common sense, would cocaine, either hydrochloride or freebase, work as an adequate rat poison if worked into their food? GeeJo (t)⁄ (c) • 08:37, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Sell the critter a little coke cut with rat poison; that should cover all bases. Wolfgangus 12:58, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Is there any such measuremnt that is "energy divided by mass" or "energy divided by volume"? The Anonymous One 09:34, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Specific energy. Melchoir 20:19, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
We also have Specific kinetic energy, another stub, and Specific orbital energy, a decent article. Melchoir 20:24, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
When I said "energy divided by mass" "energy divided by volume", I did NOT mean by a unit of measurement. I mean by a type of measurement, just like length, mass, or time. The Anonymous One 00:34, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
I heard that the amount of uranium on Earth would be enough to satisfy the world's energy demands for ten years. I looked at the relevant Wikipedia articles, but there seems to be a lot of confusion about this. Is this figure reliable and is it based on today's energy demand and known reserves? DirkvdM 10:41, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
I remember they were going to mine a low-grade uranium deposit near my cottage, but then the prices fell, and it was abandoned. There are a lot of these types of deposits. It's the same with oil; we are never going to run out of oil, just cheap oil. -- Zeizmic 12:43, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
So can a reasonable estimate be made? Politicians have to use this sort of info to decide if they should build new plants, so what assumptions would they make? Was that estimate of ten years reasonable or complete bull? Renewable_energy#Nuclear_power says some estimate was that we could use nuclear energy (fission?) for billions of years. Those estimates differ quite a bit, to put it mildly. DirkvdM 20:44, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
structural detail of minaret construction, step by step stage construction of minaret —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 41.204.224.130 ( talk • contribs) .
I guess I should know this, but still feel I need to ask. If now the current distribution on a short dipole antenna is triangular (as stated in the article), does that mean that the charge distribution is constant along each wire? Is this still the case as the frequency approaches zero? Thanks. — Bromskloss 19:32, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Is there some evolutionary advantage behind the development of botulinum toxin by Clostridium botulinum? Since it works by dicking around with acetylcholine, I can't imagine it having too much effect on its microbial competition, so is there some reason it might develop such an effective weapon to use against higher organisms? Given the toxin's complexity, it seems unlikely that it'd be produced as a random byproduct. GeeJo (t)⁄ (c) • 19:41, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
My pet lovebird has been behaving strangely recently. She's taken to chewing up my books, newpapers, telephone directory, etc into little strips and stuffing them into the feathers on her back. She does it with cigarette butts too. She's strutting around on the floor with these pieces of paper sticking out of her feathers, it looks absolutely hilarious. Sometimes she tries to fly with them, ends up losing most of them, then spends ages picking them up and positioning them again. Anyone else seen their birds doing this? What's the point of this behaviour? Just play that only makes sense to lovebirds? -- 84.64.164.71 19:46, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
EDIT: No, I'm not answering my own question. The person who asked this is a friend of mine on the same network of PCs. -- 84.64.164.71 23:13, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
I suspect it's a short-circuit of two different instincts:
1) The urge to rip up suitable sized strips of soft materials and place them in the nest.
2) The urge to prune their feathers.
I've noticed that cats often have the instinct to scratch in the dirt after defecating, but don't seem to know that the whole object is to bury the feces, unless shown by a mother cat. Perhaps your bird can't quite figure out what it's instincts mean without training from it's parents. This also reminds me of the Star Trek episode where Nomad was a combination of two robots, one sent to seek out new civilizations and the other sent to sterilize soil samples. The resulting robot tried to sterilize new civilizations, LOL. StuRat 03:44, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
This is nesting behavior. My lovebird used to do the same thing, and then started laying infertile eggs. If your does too, just let her sit on them until she is bored. And please keep the cigarette butts away from her — they are very dangerous to birds. -- Ginkgo 100 talk 20:52, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Why is your breath colder when you purse your lips?
Especially LAST sentence?
just wondering if it would be possible to make your own coal by: 1. getting dead plants 2. compacting at great pressure and heating massively 3. Coal!
would it work and if so you should try it thanks
What is the scientific term that states that a drop water does not behave the same way for us as, for instance, an ant?
Also see Reynolds number If you make a tiny model of an airplane wing, you have to increase the air velocity many times to get the same flow. Insects live with the funny bits about this number. -- Zeizmic 14:08, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
I am wondering how people make up how the molecules of a medicine looks like? For example, Citalopram a popular anti-depressant known as Celexa, has the following image for the molecule:
& the formula is C20H21F1N2O1 .
My question is how do they make an image of the molecule, they can't see the molecule via a microscope, and how do they make the chemical formula of the molecule?-- Records 21:09, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+
Citalopram: C20H21F1N2O1
+
Bupropion: C13H18Cl1N1O1
+
Clonazepam C15H10Cl1N3O3
-- Records 22:54, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
The starting material of Citalopram, (4-bromo-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) methanol was prepared in the following manner:
A Grignard reaction-solution prepared from 220 grams (1.15 mol) of p-chlorobromobenzene and 29 grams of magnesium turnings (1.2 mol) in 1500 milliliters of dry ether was added dropwise in the course of one hour to a suspension of 213 grams of 5- bromphthalide (1 mol) in 1500 milliliters of dry tetrahydrofuran. The temperature was not allowed to rise over 10 degrees Centigrade. After the addition was completed the reaction mixture was stirred for three hours at room temperature. The mixture was then poured into 2 liters of icewater and 100 milliliters of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride were added. The etherphase was separated and the water-tetrahydrofuranphase extracted once with 500 milliliters of ether. The etherphase was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulphate, filtered and evaporated in vacuum to yield 320 grams of 2- hydroxymethyl-4- bromo-4'- chloro-benzophenone in the form of a yellow oil which was not purified further but used directly in the next step. The 320 grams of oil were dissolved in 200 milliliters of dry tetrahydrofuran and added dropwise to a great excess of N, N-dimethylaminopropyl magnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran under gentle reflux. After completed addition the mixture was refluxed over night. The reaction mixture was then poured into 5 liters of icewater and 200 milliliters of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution added. The mixture was extracted with a total of 2500 milliliters of ether. The etherphase was then extracted with 20% aqueous acetic acid to acid reaction, whereupon the acetic acid solution was made alkaline with 10 N sodiumhydroxide solution. After cooling, the oil, which separated out, was extracted twice with 500 milliliters of ether. The combined ether extracts were dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate, treated with active carbon and evaporated in vacuum. The remaining oil consists of somewhat impure (4-bromo-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) methanol which was used in the next step without further purification. Yield: 219 grams.
The 218 grams of oil from the previous step were heated for three hours on a steam bath with 1800 milliliters of 60% aqueous phosphoric acid while stirring vigorously. The reaction mixture was neutralized with saturated aqueous ammonia while continuously adding ice. The reaction mixture was then extracted with 1500 milliliters of ether, the etherphase separated, dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate, treated with active carbon and evaporated in vacuum. The residue was distilled in vacuum and 105 grams of 1-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-5-bromophthalan was obtained as an oil which boiled at 188-190 degrees Centigrade/0.1mm Hg.
1. Above they say "220 grams (1.15 mol)" how can they tell the number of molecules?
2. What equipment do chemsists use to perform the above experiment i.e. Test tube and?
3. Say we took a Citalopram tablet, Bupropion tablet, and Clonazepam tablet. Crushed it. Add water. Mix it up and then dry it. The resulting mix would be new molecule?
(and thanks for all help given so far)-- Records 06:44, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Please can you give me the chemical formula and image of Citalopram, Bupropion & Clonazepam when mixed together?
If a chemist uses Laboratory glassware, what equipment do Pharma companies use for mass production of medicines? -- Records 03:39, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
83.100.253.51 14:16, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
What is the best way to restretch an achilles tendon that has become shortened due to persistent wearing of high heels?-- Light current 23:36, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
How about gradually moving to shorter heels and then flats ? StuRat 03:23, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Can anyone tell me/us what the difference is, if any, between what Canadians call HUMIDEX, and what Americans call HEAT-INDEX? I don`t know if either of these terms is utilized in other countries. Is barometric pressure involved in either of their calculations? I`ve observed some reports of Heat-index being measured at temperatures BELOW the actual 'regular' temperature. This doesn`t happen with the Canadians` Humidex. anyone KNOW? I`m curious because I often travel between the two countries. Dave 172.163.70.157 23:42, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
See the links I added to the title for more info on each (the Humidex link has a comparison of the two). StuRat 03:17, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Science desk | ||
---|---|---|
< November 29 | << Oct | November | Dec >> | December 1 > |
Welcome to the Wikipedia Science Reference Desk Archives |
---|
The page you are currently viewing is an archive page. While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the current reference desk pages. |
What is the advantage of having the blood on the right side of the heart separated from that on the left side?
Which bacteria was the first one, to be named scientifically(binomial nomenclature)? -Thanking you,-- Pupunwiki 02:48, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
What is the highest RPM ever recorded for a mechanical device with a diameter greater than an inch? 71.100.6.152 05:09, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Leaving aside health issues, if all the smoke from all the cigarettes, cigars, pipes etc that have ever been smoked throughout history was suddenly removed, would there be any appreciable effect at all on the climate or the environment? JackofOz 07:15, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Ignoring cost, legality, and common sense, would cocaine, either hydrochloride or freebase, work as an adequate rat poison if worked into their food? GeeJo (t)⁄ (c) • 08:37, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Sell the critter a little coke cut with rat poison; that should cover all bases. Wolfgangus 12:58, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Is there any such measuremnt that is "energy divided by mass" or "energy divided by volume"? The Anonymous One 09:34, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Specific energy. Melchoir 20:19, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
We also have Specific kinetic energy, another stub, and Specific orbital energy, a decent article. Melchoir 20:24, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
When I said "energy divided by mass" "energy divided by volume", I did NOT mean by a unit of measurement. I mean by a type of measurement, just like length, mass, or time. The Anonymous One 00:34, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
I heard that the amount of uranium on Earth would be enough to satisfy the world's energy demands for ten years. I looked at the relevant Wikipedia articles, but there seems to be a lot of confusion about this. Is this figure reliable and is it based on today's energy demand and known reserves? DirkvdM 10:41, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
I remember they were going to mine a low-grade uranium deposit near my cottage, but then the prices fell, and it was abandoned. There are a lot of these types of deposits. It's the same with oil; we are never going to run out of oil, just cheap oil. -- Zeizmic 12:43, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
So can a reasonable estimate be made? Politicians have to use this sort of info to decide if they should build new plants, so what assumptions would they make? Was that estimate of ten years reasonable or complete bull? Renewable_energy#Nuclear_power says some estimate was that we could use nuclear energy (fission?) for billions of years. Those estimates differ quite a bit, to put it mildly. DirkvdM 20:44, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
structural detail of minaret construction, step by step stage construction of minaret —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 41.204.224.130 ( talk • contribs) .
I guess I should know this, but still feel I need to ask. If now the current distribution on a short dipole antenna is triangular (as stated in the article), does that mean that the charge distribution is constant along each wire? Is this still the case as the frequency approaches zero? Thanks. — Bromskloss 19:32, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Is there some evolutionary advantage behind the development of botulinum toxin by Clostridium botulinum? Since it works by dicking around with acetylcholine, I can't imagine it having too much effect on its microbial competition, so is there some reason it might develop such an effective weapon to use against higher organisms? Given the toxin's complexity, it seems unlikely that it'd be produced as a random byproduct. GeeJo (t)⁄ (c) • 19:41, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
My pet lovebird has been behaving strangely recently. She's taken to chewing up my books, newpapers, telephone directory, etc into little strips and stuffing them into the feathers on her back. She does it with cigarette butts too. She's strutting around on the floor with these pieces of paper sticking out of her feathers, it looks absolutely hilarious. Sometimes she tries to fly with them, ends up losing most of them, then spends ages picking them up and positioning them again. Anyone else seen their birds doing this? What's the point of this behaviour? Just play that only makes sense to lovebirds? -- 84.64.164.71 19:46, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
EDIT: No, I'm not answering my own question. The person who asked this is a friend of mine on the same network of PCs. -- 84.64.164.71 23:13, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
I suspect it's a short-circuit of two different instincts:
1) The urge to rip up suitable sized strips of soft materials and place them in the nest.
2) The urge to prune their feathers.
I've noticed that cats often have the instinct to scratch in the dirt after defecating, but don't seem to know that the whole object is to bury the feces, unless shown by a mother cat. Perhaps your bird can't quite figure out what it's instincts mean without training from it's parents. This also reminds me of the Star Trek episode where Nomad was a combination of two robots, one sent to seek out new civilizations and the other sent to sterilize soil samples. The resulting robot tried to sterilize new civilizations, LOL. StuRat 03:44, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
This is nesting behavior. My lovebird used to do the same thing, and then started laying infertile eggs. If your does too, just let her sit on them until she is bored. And please keep the cigarette butts away from her — they are very dangerous to birds. -- Ginkgo 100 talk 20:52, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Why is your breath colder when you purse your lips?
Especially LAST sentence?
just wondering if it would be possible to make your own coal by: 1. getting dead plants 2. compacting at great pressure and heating massively 3. Coal!
would it work and if so you should try it thanks
What is the scientific term that states that a drop water does not behave the same way for us as, for instance, an ant?
Also see Reynolds number If you make a tiny model of an airplane wing, you have to increase the air velocity many times to get the same flow. Insects live with the funny bits about this number. -- Zeizmic 14:08, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
I am wondering how people make up how the molecules of a medicine looks like? For example, Citalopram a popular anti-depressant known as Celexa, has the following image for the molecule:
& the formula is C20H21F1N2O1 .
My question is how do they make an image of the molecule, they can't see the molecule via a microscope, and how do they make the chemical formula of the molecule?-- Records 21:09, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+
Citalopram: C20H21F1N2O1
+
Bupropion: C13H18Cl1N1O1
+
Clonazepam C15H10Cl1N3O3
-- Records 22:54, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
The starting material of Citalopram, (4-bromo-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) methanol was prepared in the following manner:
A Grignard reaction-solution prepared from 220 grams (1.15 mol) of p-chlorobromobenzene and 29 grams of magnesium turnings (1.2 mol) in 1500 milliliters of dry ether was added dropwise in the course of one hour to a suspension of 213 grams of 5- bromphthalide (1 mol) in 1500 milliliters of dry tetrahydrofuran. The temperature was not allowed to rise over 10 degrees Centigrade. After the addition was completed the reaction mixture was stirred for three hours at room temperature. The mixture was then poured into 2 liters of icewater and 100 milliliters of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride were added. The etherphase was separated and the water-tetrahydrofuranphase extracted once with 500 milliliters of ether. The etherphase was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulphate, filtered and evaporated in vacuum to yield 320 grams of 2- hydroxymethyl-4- bromo-4'- chloro-benzophenone in the form of a yellow oil which was not purified further but used directly in the next step. The 320 grams of oil were dissolved in 200 milliliters of dry tetrahydrofuran and added dropwise to a great excess of N, N-dimethylaminopropyl magnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran under gentle reflux. After completed addition the mixture was refluxed over night. The reaction mixture was then poured into 5 liters of icewater and 200 milliliters of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution added. The mixture was extracted with a total of 2500 milliliters of ether. The etherphase was then extracted with 20% aqueous acetic acid to acid reaction, whereupon the acetic acid solution was made alkaline with 10 N sodiumhydroxide solution. After cooling, the oil, which separated out, was extracted twice with 500 milliliters of ether. The combined ether extracts were dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate, treated with active carbon and evaporated in vacuum. The remaining oil consists of somewhat impure (4-bromo-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) methanol which was used in the next step without further purification. Yield: 219 grams.
The 218 grams of oil from the previous step were heated for three hours on a steam bath with 1800 milliliters of 60% aqueous phosphoric acid while stirring vigorously. The reaction mixture was neutralized with saturated aqueous ammonia while continuously adding ice. The reaction mixture was then extracted with 1500 milliliters of ether, the etherphase separated, dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate, treated with active carbon and evaporated in vacuum. The residue was distilled in vacuum and 105 grams of 1-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-5-bromophthalan was obtained as an oil which boiled at 188-190 degrees Centigrade/0.1mm Hg.
1. Above they say "220 grams (1.15 mol)" how can they tell the number of molecules?
2. What equipment do chemsists use to perform the above experiment i.e. Test tube and?
3. Say we took a Citalopram tablet, Bupropion tablet, and Clonazepam tablet. Crushed it. Add water. Mix it up and then dry it. The resulting mix would be new molecule?
(and thanks for all help given so far)-- Records 06:44, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Please can you give me the chemical formula and image of Citalopram, Bupropion & Clonazepam when mixed together?
If a chemist uses Laboratory glassware, what equipment do Pharma companies use for mass production of medicines? -- Records 03:39, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
83.100.253.51 14:16, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
What is the best way to restretch an achilles tendon that has become shortened due to persistent wearing of high heels?-- Light current 23:36, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
How about gradually moving to shorter heels and then flats ? StuRat 03:23, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Can anyone tell me/us what the difference is, if any, between what Canadians call HUMIDEX, and what Americans call HEAT-INDEX? I don`t know if either of these terms is utilized in other countries. Is barometric pressure involved in either of their calculations? I`ve observed some reports of Heat-index being measured at temperatures BELOW the actual 'regular' temperature. This doesn`t happen with the Canadians` Humidex. anyone KNOW? I`m curious because I often travel between the two countries. Dave 172.163.70.157 23:42, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
See the links I added to the title for more info on each (the Humidex link has a comparison of the two). StuRat 03:17, 1 December 2006 (UTC)