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Walter Borchers
Born(1916-01-22)22 January 1916
Ofen, Ammerland, Duchy of Oldenburg
Died6 March 1945(1945-03-06) (aged 29)
north of Altenburg
Cause of death Killed in action
Allegiance  Nazi Germany
Service/branch Balkenkreuz (Iron Cross)  Luftwaffe
Rank Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel)
Unit ZG 76, NJG 1, NJG 2
Commands held NJG 5
Battles/wars Defence of the Reich  †
Awards Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Relations Adolf Borchers
Hermann Borchers

Walter Borchers (22 January 1916 – 6 March 1945) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. As a flying ace, he was credited with 59 aerial victories, including 43 nocturnal victories, 10 as a destroyer pilot and 6 four-engined bombers at day time, claimed in roughly 300 combat missions. [1] Prior to his death he held the position of wing commander of the 5th Night Fighter Wing.

Biography

Walter Borchers was born on 22 January 1916 in Ofen in Ammerland, Duchy of Oldenburg as the third of three brothers, all of whom would be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during the course of World War II. His brother, Major Adolf Borchers received the Knight's Cross on 22 November 1944 as Staffelkapitän of 11./ Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders". A second brother, SS- Hauptsturmführer Hermann Borchers received the Knight's Cross on 16 October 1944 as commander of the I. Battalion of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 19. [2]

Borchers was a member of the 5th Staffel (squadron) of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing) at the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939. He became the Staffelkapitän of 5./ZG 76 in the fall of 1940. He claimed 10 aerial victories during the Battle of France and Battle of Britain. [1]

Night fighter career

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. [3] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942. [4]

Borchers' Staffel was transformed to the 8. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) in the fall of 1941, flying night fighter missions in Defence of the Reich. Borchers claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 3 March 1943. He claimed his 12th and 15th against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavies—four-engined strategic bombers—in 1943. Still an Oberleutnant, he was made Gruppenkommandeur of the III./ Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing) on 22 April 1943, leading the Gruppe (group) until 15 March 1944. [5] In this position he claimed a further six nocturnal victories and four heavy USAAF bombers shot down.

Wing commander

He was promoted to Major and took command of NJG 5 as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) on 15 March, succeeding Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld. [5] He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 27 July 1944 by which time he had achieved 45 aerial victories in total. [1]

Having claimed an Avro Lancaster, Borchers was shot down and killed in action on the night of 6 March 1945 by a long-range British night fighter north of Altenburg. Flying Junkers Ju 88 G-6 "C9+GA" (Werknummer 622 319—factory number) his air gunner parachuted to safety while his radio operator Leutnant Friedrich Reul was also killed. Borchers had been nominated for the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross which he never received. [1] His victors were Wing Commander Walter Gibb and Flying Officer Kendall of No 239 Squadron, Royal Air Force (RAF), part of No. 100 Group RAF, flying a de Havilland Mosquito night fighter [6]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Borchers was credited with 59 aerial victories. [7] Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 32 nocturnal victory claims. [8] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Borchers with additional eleven aerial victories claimed as a Zerstörer pilot. [9]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 4317". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size. [10]

Chronicle of aerial victories
Claim
(total) 		Claim
(nocturnal) 		Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No.
– 4. Staffel of Zerstörergeschwader 76 – [11]
1 17 May 1940 12:40 M.S.406
2 29 May 1940 14:00 Spitfire
3 8 June 1940 17:40 Hawk 75
4 22 June 1940 17:50 M.S.406
5 15 August 1940 19:05 Spitfire south of Salisbury
6 30 August 1940 12:30 Hurricane
7 4 September 1940 14:05 Spitfire
8 4 September 1940 14:10 Spitfire 10 km (6.2 mi) south of London
9 4 September 1940 14:35 Hurricane 10 km (6.2 mi) south of London
10 11 September 1940 17:05 Hurricane south of Portsmouth
– 5. Staffel of Zerstörergeschwader 76 – [11]
11 20 August 1941 15:35 Spitfire PQ 4317
– 8. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 – [11]
12 1 3 March 1943 22:30 Wellington east of Emden [12]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 – [11]
13 2 18 March 1943 15:45 B-24 Jade Bight [13]
50–100 km (31–62 mi) northwest of Jade Bight
14 3 5 April 1943 00:46 Wellington 70 km (43 mi) west of Terschelling [14] Wellington HE432/ 428 Ghost Squadron [15]
15 4 17 April 1943 13:45 B-17 [16] PQ 05 Ost 7412 B-17 42-5337/ 91st Bombardment Group [17]
16 5 24 August 1943 01:14 Stirling Helenau [18]
17 6 1 September 1943 00:50 Stirling south of Berlin [19]
18 7 4 September 1943 00:45 Lancaster 10 km (6.2 mi) south-southeast of Neuruppin [20]
19 8 16 December 1943 20:08 Lancaster 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Berlin [21]
20 9 4 January 1944 12:45 B-24 [22]
21 10 5 January 1944 11:50 B-24 [22]
– 7. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 – [11]
22 11 25 May 1944 00:54 four-engined bomber 30 km (19 mi) west of Aachen [23]
– Stab of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 – [9]
23 12 8 June 1944 02:21 four-engined bomber 30 km (19 mi) west of Paris [24] Lancaster LL864/ No. 115 Squadron [25]
24 13 8 June 1944 02:29 four-engined bomber 35 km (22 mi) west of Paris [24]
25 14 8 June 1944 02:31 four-engined bomber 30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Paris [24]
26 15 25 June 1944 00:25 four-engined bomber PQ QD [26]
27 16 25 June 1944 00:48 four-engined bomber PQ NB-3 [27]
28 17 5 July 1944 01:50 four-engined bomber Amiens [28]
29 18 16 July 1944 01:35 four-engined bomber Châlons-sur-Marne [29]
30 19 29 July 1944 01:58 four-engined bomber northwest of Stuttgart [30] Lancaster PB172/ No. 100 Squadron RAF [31]
31 20 15 October 1944 19:23 PS-84 [32]
32 21 23 October 1944 18:09 DB-3 [32] Eastern Front
33 22 14/15 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
34 23 14/15 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
35 24 14/15 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
36 25 15/16 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
37 26 15/16 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
38 27 15/16 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
39 28 8/9 February 1945
—
 Lancaster [34] Western Front
40 29 8/9 February 1945
—
 Lancaster [34] Western Front
41 30 8/9 February 1945
—
 Lancaster [34] Western Front
42 31 5/6 March 1945
—
 four-engined bomber [35] Western Front
43 32 5/6 March 1945
—
 four-engined bomber [35] Western Front

Awards

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Obermaier 1989, p. 92.
  2. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 140.
  3. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
  4. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
  5. ^ a b Aders 1978, p. 229.
  6. ^ Bowman 1998, p. 86.
  7. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1618.
  8. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 68–240.
  9. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 127–128.
  10. ^ Planquadrat.
  11. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 127.
  12. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 68.
  13. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 72.
  14. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 73.
  15. ^ Wellington HE432.
  16. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 75.
  17. ^ B-17 42-5337.
  18. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 106.
  19. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 109.
  20. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 110.
  21. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 133.
  22. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 138.
  23. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 179.
  24. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 185.
  25. ^ Youngs 2021.
  26. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 192.
  27. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 193.
  28. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 196.
  29. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 201.
  30. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 206.
  31. ^ Lancaster PB172.
  32. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 220.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 230.
  34. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 234.
  35. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 240.
  36. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 52.
  37. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 235.

Bibliography

  • Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN  978-0-354-01247-8.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  • Bowman, Martin W. (1998). Mosquito Fighter/Fighter-Bomber Units of World War 2. Osprey Publishing. ISBN  978-1-85532-731-3.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN  978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN  978-0-9538061-4-0.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN  978-1-906592-18-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN  978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN  978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN  978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN  978-1-85532-696-5.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN  978-1-59884-981-3.
  • Accident description for Boeing B-17 42-5337 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
  • Accident description for Lancaster PB172 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
  • Accident description for Wellington HE432 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
  • Youngs, Kelvin (3 March 2021). "Archive Report: Allied Forces". AircrewRemembered.com. Great Yarmouth. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
Military offices
Preceded by Commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5
15 March 1944 – 5 March 1945 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Walter_Borchers&oldid=1206153104"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Walter Borchers
Born(1916-01-22)22 January 1916
Ofen, Ammerland, Duchy of Oldenburg
Died6 March 1945(1945-03-06) (aged 29)
north of Altenburg
Cause of death Killed in action
Allegiance  Nazi Germany
Service/branch Balkenkreuz (Iron Cross)  Luftwaffe
Rank Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel)
Unit ZG 76, NJG 1, NJG 2
Commands held NJG 5
Battles/wars Defence of the Reich  †
Awards Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Relations Adolf Borchers
Hermann Borchers

Walter Borchers (22 January 1916 – 6 March 1945) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. As a flying ace, he was credited with 59 aerial victories, including 43 nocturnal victories, 10 as a destroyer pilot and 6 four-engined bombers at day time, claimed in roughly 300 combat missions. [1] Prior to his death he held the position of wing commander of the 5th Night Fighter Wing.

Biography

Walter Borchers was born on 22 January 1916 in Ofen in Ammerland, Duchy of Oldenburg as the third of three brothers, all of whom would be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during the course of World War II. His brother, Major Adolf Borchers received the Knight's Cross on 22 November 1944 as Staffelkapitän of 11./ Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders". A second brother, SS- Hauptsturmführer Hermann Borchers received the Knight's Cross on 16 October 1944 as commander of the I. Battalion of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 19. [2]

Borchers was a member of the 5th Staffel (squadron) of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing) at the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939. He became the Staffelkapitän of 5./ZG 76 in the fall of 1940. He claimed 10 aerial victories during the Battle of France and Battle of Britain. [1]

Night fighter career

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. [3] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942. [4]

Borchers' Staffel was transformed to the 8. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) in the fall of 1941, flying night fighter missions in Defence of the Reich. Borchers claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 3 March 1943. He claimed his 12th and 15th against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavies—four-engined strategic bombers—in 1943. Still an Oberleutnant, he was made Gruppenkommandeur of the III./ Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing) on 22 April 1943, leading the Gruppe (group) until 15 March 1944. [5] In this position he claimed a further six nocturnal victories and four heavy USAAF bombers shot down.

Wing commander

He was promoted to Major and took command of NJG 5 as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) on 15 March, succeeding Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld. [5] He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 27 July 1944 by which time he had achieved 45 aerial victories in total. [1]

Having claimed an Avro Lancaster, Borchers was shot down and killed in action on the night of 6 March 1945 by a long-range British night fighter north of Altenburg. Flying Junkers Ju 88 G-6 "C9+GA" (Werknummer 622 319—factory number) his air gunner parachuted to safety while his radio operator Leutnant Friedrich Reul was also killed. Borchers had been nominated for the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross which he never received. [1] His victors were Wing Commander Walter Gibb and Flying Officer Kendall of No 239 Squadron, Royal Air Force (RAF), part of No. 100 Group RAF, flying a de Havilland Mosquito night fighter [6]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Borchers was credited with 59 aerial victories. [7] Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 32 nocturnal victory claims. [8] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Borchers with additional eleven aerial victories claimed as a Zerstörer pilot. [9]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 4317". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size. [10]

Chronicle of aerial victories
Claim
(total) 		Claim
(nocturnal) 		Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No.
– 4. Staffel of Zerstörergeschwader 76 – [11]
1 17 May 1940 12:40 M.S.406
2 29 May 1940 14:00 Spitfire
3 8 June 1940 17:40 Hawk 75
4 22 June 1940 17:50 M.S.406
5 15 August 1940 19:05 Spitfire south of Salisbury
6 30 August 1940 12:30 Hurricane
7 4 September 1940 14:05 Spitfire
8 4 September 1940 14:10 Spitfire 10 km (6.2 mi) south of London
9 4 September 1940 14:35 Hurricane 10 km (6.2 mi) south of London
10 11 September 1940 17:05 Hurricane south of Portsmouth
– 5. Staffel of Zerstörergeschwader 76 – [11]
11 20 August 1941 15:35 Spitfire PQ 4317
– 8. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 – [11]
12 1 3 March 1943 22:30 Wellington east of Emden [12]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 – [11]
13 2 18 March 1943 15:45 B-24 Jade Bight [13]
50–100 km (31–62 mi) northwest of Jade Bight
14 3 5 April 1943 00:46 Wellington 70 km (43 mi) west of Terschelling [14] Wellington HE432/ 428 Ghost Squadron [15]
15 4 17 April 1943 13:45 B-17 [16] PQ 05 Ost 7412 B-17 42-5337/ 91st Bombardment Group [17]
16 5 24 August 1943 01:14 Stirling Helenau [18]
17 6 1 September 1943 00:50 Stirling south of Berlin [19]
18 7 4 September 1943 00:45 Lancaster 10 km (6.2 mi) south-southeast of Neuruppin [20]
19 8 16 December 1943 20:08 Lancaster 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Berlin [21]
20 9 4 January 1944 12:45 B-24 [22]
21 10 5 January 1944 11:50 B-24 [22]
– 7. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 – [11]
22 11 25 May 1944 00:54 four-engined bomber 30 km (19 mi) west of Aachen [23]
– Stab of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 – [9]
23 12 8 June 1944 02:21 four-engined bomber 30 km (19 mi) west of Paris [24] Lancaster LL864/ No. 115 Squadron [25]
24 13 8 June 1944 02:29 four-engined bomber 35 km (22 mi) west of Paris [24]
25 14 8 June 1944 02:31 four-engined bomber 30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Paris [24]
26 15 25 June 1944 00:25 four-engined bomber PQ QD [26]
27 16 25 June 1944 00:48 four-engined bomber PQ NB-3 [27]
28 17 5 July 1944 01:50 four-engined bomber Amiens [28]
29 18 16 July 1944 01:35 four-engined bomber Châlons-sur-Marne [29]
30 19 29 July 1944 01:58 four-engined bomber northwest of Stuttgart [30] Lancaster PB172/ No. 100 Squadron RAF [31]
31 20 15 October 1944 19:23 PS-84 [32]
32 21 23 October 1944 18:09 DB-3 [32] Eastern Front
33 22 14/15 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
34 23 14/15 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
35 24 14/15 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
36 25 15/16 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
37 26 15/16 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
38 27 15/16 January 1945
—
 Lancaster [33] Western Front
39 28 8/9 February 1945
—
 Lancaster [34] Western Front
40 29 8/9 February 1945
—
 Lancaster [34] Western Front
41 30 8/9 February 1945
—
 Lancaster [34] Western Front
42 31 5/6 March 1945
—
 four-engined bomber [35] Western Front
43 32 5/6 March 1945
—
 four-engined bomber [35] Western Front

Awards

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Obermaier 1989, p. 92.
  2. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 140.
  3. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
  4. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
  5. ^ a b Aders 1978, p. 229.
  6. ^ Bowman 1998, p. 86.
  7. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1618.
  8. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 68–240.
  9. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 127–128.
  10. ^ Planquadrat.
  11. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 127.
  12. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 68.
  13. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 72.
  14. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 73.
  15. ^ Wellington HE432.
  16. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 75.
  17. ^ B-17 42-5337.
  18. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 106.
  19. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 109.
  20. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 110.
  21. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 133.
  22. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 138.
  23. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 179.
  24. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 185.
  25. ^ Youngs 2021.
  26. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 192.
  27. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 193.
  28. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 196.
  29. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 201.
  30. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 206.
  31. ^ Lancaster PB172.
  32. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 220.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 230.
  34. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 234.
  35. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 240.
  36. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 52.
  37. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 235.

Bibliography

  • Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN  978-0-354-01247-8.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  • Bowman, Martin W. (1998). Mosquito Fighter/Fighter-Bomber Units of World War 2. Osprey Publishing. ISBN  978-1-85532-731-3.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN  978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN  978-0-9538061-4-0.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN  978-1-906592-18-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN  978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN  978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN  978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN  978-1-85532-696-5.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN  978-1-59884-981-3.
  • Accident description for Boeing B-17 42-5337 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
  • Accident description for Lancaster PB172 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
  • Accident description for Wellington HE432 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
  • Youngs, Kelvin (3 March 2021). "Archive Report: Allied Forces". AircrewRemembered.com. Great Yarmouth. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
Military offices
Preceded by Commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5
15 March 1944 – 5 March 1945 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Walter_Borchers&oldid=1206153104"

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