The Utians or Utii were ancient western Iranic nomadic camel-driving people, known to us primarily through the writings of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus. [1] [2] [3] Herodotus describes them as "dressed in skin with the hair on". [4]
There exists little independent record of these people, and it is somewhat unclear who Herodotus was referring to. He describes them as forming part of the 14th province of the Persian empire, sharing this province with other peoples named Sagartians, Sarangians, Thamanaeans, Mycians, and the unnamed inhabitants of the islands of the Erythraean Sea. [2]
Herodotus also describes them as serving in the army of Xerxes I, under the command of Arsamenes, son of Darius the Great, during the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 481 BCE. [5]
On the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great, a land in Southern Persis called "Vautiya" or "Yautiya" is described. Some scholars have suggested that might be the same as the homeland of the people Herodotus called "Utians". [2] [6] [7]
The Utians are generally believed to have ranged over southern Carmania near its border with Gedrosia. [1] Other scholars, notably Josef Markwart, have proposed that Herodotus was confusing his references, and was actually talking about a group of Armenian people from Utik, the Vitii, possibly the ancestors of the Udi people. [8] [9] [10] Still other scholars, such as Amélie Kuhrt, have proposed the Utians are identical to the Uxii. [11]
References
- ^ a b Zaghamee, Reza (2013). Discovering Cyrus: The Persian Conqueror Astride the Ancient World. Mage Publishers Incorporated. ISBN 9781933823799. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ a b c Bryce, Trevor (2009). "Utians". The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 757. ISBN 9781134159086. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories 3.93
- ^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Penn State University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9781575065748. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories 7.68
- ^ Oetjen, Roland, ed. (2019). New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics: Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110388558. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Christensen, Peter (2015). The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environment in the Middle East, 500 B.C. - A.D. 1500. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9781838609368. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Potts, D. T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. pp. 103, 106. ISBN 9780199330805. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Marquart, Joseph (1896). Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran II (in German).
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 6.42
- ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Taylor & Francis. p. 528. ISBN 9781136016943. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
The Utians or Utii were ancient western Iranic nomadic camel-driving people, known to us primarily through the writings of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus. [1] [2] [3] Herodotus describes them as "dressed in skin with the hair on". [4]
There exists little independent record of these people, and it is somewhat unclear who Herodotus was referring to. He describes them as forming part of the 14th province of the Persian empire, sharing this province with other peoples named Sagartians, Sarangians, Thamanaeans, Mycians, and the unnamed inhabitants of the islands of the Erythraean Sea. [2]
Herodotus also describes them as serving in the army of Xerxes I, under the command of Arsamenes, son of Darius the Great, during the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 481 BCE. [5]
On the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great, a land in Southern Persis called "Vautiya" or "Yautiya" is described. Some scholars have suggested that might be the same as the homeland of the people Herodotus called "Utians". [2] [6] [7]
The Utians are generally believed to have ranged over southern Carmania near its border with Gedrosia. [1] Other scholars, notably Josef Markwart, have proposed that Herodotus was confusing his references, and was actually talking about a group of Armenian people from Utik, the Vitii, possibly the ancestors of the Udi people. [8] [9] [10] Still other scholars, such as Amélie Kuhrt, have proposed the Utians are identical to the Uxii. [11]
References
- ^ a b Zaghamee, Reza (2013). Discovering Cyrus: The Persian Conqueror Astride the Ancient World. Mage Publishers Incorporated. ISBN 9781933823799. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ a b c Bryce, Trevor (2009). "Utians". The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 757. ISBN 9781134159086. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories 3.93
- ^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Penn State University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9781575065748. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories 7.68
- ^ Oetjen, Roland, ed. (2019). New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics: Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110388558. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Christensen, Peter (2015). The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environment in the Middle East, 500 B.C. - A.D. 1500. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9781838609368. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Potts, D. T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. pp. 103, 106. ISBN 9780199330805. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ^ Marquart, Joseph (1896). Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran II (in German).
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 6.42
- ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Taylor & Francis. p. 528. ISBN 9781136016943. Retrieved 2023-06-15.