PNF | This user plays the Piano. |
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Please do not just simply remove comments from a talk page, as you did for the Balmain Campus page. If you want to add, add. Don't just remove. Also, you cannot simply "semi-lock" ips to prevent vandalism. Follow my advice I originally had on the page. Jmlk 1 7 08:46, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
Hi. With regards to Image:Design class2.jpg and Image:Support group.jpg, do these images belong to you, or the school? Also, are the terms of their use that they can be used anywhere, or just Wikipedia? – Steel 13:40, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
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Thanks for your comments about the Newcastle page. I agree about the declarative statements being biased, but I still think they could easily have been deleted and the rest of it left. However, I actually think the Newcastle page is in need of some serious work - apart from the section on the Pasha Bulker and recent storms, the article is completely unreferenced, and could do with a fix up and cleanup to the standard of other major Australian cities. I only have limited resources, but I'll see what I can do. JRG 06:16, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
hi jason
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to User:Ehren Thompson, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Owen× ☎ 11:57, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
One could question the possibly of a homophobic bias in the actions of an administrator who immediately assumes "vandalism" when changes are made to a Wikipedia page that suggest homosexuality.
Jason McConnell-Leech 12:46, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
Wernher Von Braun was a German born, American rocket engineer and a developer of the liquid fuel rocket. Born in 1912 into a German family, he was intrested from an early age in space flight. By 1929, at age 17 Von Braun had joined the German Rocket Society "Vereins fur Raumschifferth" and shortly after enrolled at the Berlin Institute of Technology.
Von Braun went to work for the German Nazi army in 1932 developing powerful artillery rockets. The rockets that he initially begun working on were largely solid fuel-based rockets, however, after correspondence with American aerospace engineer Robert Goddard, Von Braun began to develop an intrest in the idea of liquid-fueled rockets. During this time he was also working on a doctorate in aerospace engineering, which he received in 1934. It had been quite resoundly suggested that Von Braun did not support the ideals or politics of the Nazi party at all, the reason for his enlistment was simply an attempt to save his life's work, as legislation had been put in place that banned any non-millitary rocket research.
Between 1935 and 1943, the German Nazi army moved Von Braun to a secret site in north-eastern Germany where he developed the famous V-2 ballistic missile. The missile conceptualised his new interest and work in liquid-fuel rocketry. It had a revolutionised firing sequence formulated with complex projectile motion theory. When Second World War broke out, the V2-Missile was used to attack london in 1944. The attacks were very succesfull owing to the extreme accuracy of the firing sequence. Von Braun however, was only intrested in the actual missile, which led to his famous quote upon hearing the news from london "The rocket worked perfectly except for landing on the wrong planet". He described it as his "darkest day". The V-2 Missile was a real benchmark in rocketry as it was one of the first of it's kind to utilise liquid-fuel. Becuase the missle was so succesfully developed, it opened the eyes of many other aerospace engineers and scientists.
After the end of the Second World War and the collapse of the German Nazi party, Von Braun decided to surrender to the Americans. In 1945 he became a part of the American army and worked on the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) programme. He eventually a naturalised American citizen in 1955. In 1958 NASA was formed, with Von Braun being heavily involved at the Marshall Space Flight Centre. Von Braun was the cheif architect of the Saturn rocket series, including the Saturn V rocket which was used in the Apollo 11 space flight. The Saturn V was an extreemly technical, and sucessful liquid-fuel rocket. Today it remains the most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status, from a height, weight and payload standpoint. The magnitude of which the Saturn series advanced rocketry is self-evident with literally hundreds of other rocket series built on it's basis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.0.106.130 ( talk) 02:55, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
Earth & Environmental Science Assignment – Tectonic Impacts Jason McConnell-Leech
Part 1- Mountain Building
A mountain can be defined as a geological feature of the Earth’s surface that rises high above the surrounding surface. They typically form in “ranges” or “belts” (i.e. in a string, adjacent to each other, kilometres to tens of kilometres to hundreds of kilometres long) along plate boundaries. To speak generally, the majority of mountains are formed as a consequence of two different types of tectonic motion along plate boundaries: convergent and divergent.
Mountains located along convergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of compressional forces causing the plates to thrust up at the edges where the two are colliding (see figure 1.1). The common compositional rock types of these mountains are actually fairly unrestricted. Many sedimentary rock types can be expected to be found, as well as common sea-floor igneous rocks – gabbros, dolerite and basalt (ophiolites). The compressional forces that form the mountains also cause folding to occur in the rock structure.
Figure 1.1
Mountains located along divergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of thermal uplifting. Thermal uplifting involves magma from Earth’s mantle rising in a huge plume, and causing the crust to bulge (see figure 1.2). The most typical occurrence of this type of mountain forming is along mid-ocean ridges where heights of approximately 3km are reached. Common compositional rock types of these mountains include primarily igneous basalts, and also metabasalts (metamorphosed basalt). The rock structure consists of faulted blocks that form linear hills and valleys running parallel to the axis of the ridge.
Figure 1.2
Part 2 – Tectonic Disasters
The “2004 Boxing Day tsunami” were a series of tsunamis that devastated the costs of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India on the 26th of December 2004. The tsunamis were triggered by a magnitude 9.2 undersea earthquake which occurred just off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia in the Indian Ocean. The earthquake occurred with a dip-slip fault (see figure 2.1) with a rapture measuring 1200-1300km across at approximately 12:58am UTC. By about 1:20am UTC, the first tsunami had hit parts of the Indonesian west-coast at heights of 9-10metres. By 2:30am the tsunami had struck the coasts of Thailand and Sri Lanka and several other Indian Ocean costal islands.
The 9.2 magnitude earthquake ranked to be the ranked to be the 3rd largest earthquake in recorded history. The tsunami series also ranked the 9th deadliest natural disaster in the modern world with a death toll of approximately 230 000. A large contributory factor to this high death toll is the poor tsunami warning systems in place at the time of the disaster. In the aftermath, there became an awareness of the need for an effective tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean which led to the development of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System by the U.N., which became active in mid 2006. The system is made up of 25 seismographic stations relaying information to 26 national tsunami information centers, as well as three deep-ocean sensors.
The occurrence of the earthquake produced a redistribution of tectonic stresses along and nearby the boundary between the India plate and the Burma plate. In some areas, this redistribution of stresses acted to shorten the time to the next large earthquake. In other areas, the redistribution of stresses increased the time to the next large earthquake. The latest 8+ magnitude earthquake in the area occurred on the 28th of March 2005 measuring 8.7 on the Richter scale; however, this movement did not produce a tsunami as it had a relatively deep epicenter. It has been theorised that one of the key factors contributing to the intensity of the 2004 earthquake was the unusually shallow epicenter at only 30km below the surface of the lithosphere.
Figure 2.1
Part 3 – Volcanoes & Climate
Earth & Environmental Science Assignment – Tectonic Impacts Jason McConnell-Leech
Part 1- Mountain Building
A mountain can be defined as a geological feature of the Earth’s surface that rises high above the surrounding surface. They typically form in “ranges” or “belts” (i.e. in a string, adjacent to each other, kilometres to tens of kilometres to hundreds of kilometres long) along plate boundaries. To speak generally, the majority of mountains are formed as a consequence of two different types of tectonic motion along plate boundaries: convergent and divergent.
Mountains located along convergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of compressional forces causing the plates to thrust up at the edges where the two are colliding (see figure 1.1). The common compositional rock types of these mountains are actually fairly unrestricted. Many sedimentary rock types can be expected to be found, as well as common sea-floor igneous rocks – gabbros, dolerite and basalt (ophiolites). The compressional forces that form the mountains also cause folding to occur in the rock structure.
Figure 1.1
Mountains located along divergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of thermal uplifting. Thermal uplifting involves magma from Earth’s mantle rising in a huge plume, and causing the crust to bulge (see figure 1.2). The most typical occurrence of this type of mountain forming is along mid-ocean ridges where heights of approximately 3km are reached. Common compositional rock types of these mountains include primarily igneous basalts, and also metabasalts (metamorphosed basalt). The rock structure is comprised of faulted blocks that form linear hills and valleys running parallel to the axis of the ridge.
Figure 1.2
Part 2 – Tectonic Disasters
The “2004 Boxing Day tsunami” were a series of tsunamis that devastated the costs of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India on the 26th of December 2004. The tsunamis were triggered by a magnitude 9.2 undersea earthquake which occurred just off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia in the Indian Ocean. The earthquake occurred with a dip-slip fault (see figure 2.1) with a rapture measuring 1200-1300km across at approximately 12:58am UTC. By about 1:20am UTC, the first tsunami had hit parts of the Indonesian west-coast at heights of 9-10metres. By 2:30am the tsunami had struck the coasts of Thailand and Sri Lanka and several other Indian Ocean costal islands.
The 9.2 magnitude earthquake ranked to be the ranked to be the 3rd largest earthquake in recorded history. The tsunami series also ranked the 9th deadliest natural disaster in the modern world with a death toll of approximately 230 000. A large contributory factor to this high death toll is the poor tsunami warning systems in place at the time of the disaster. In the aftermath, there became an awareness of the need for an effective tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean which led to the development of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System by the U.N., which became active in mid 2006. The system is made up of 25 seismographic stations relaying information to 26 national tsunami information centers, as well as three deep-ocean sensors.
The occurrence of the earthquake produced a redistribution of tectonic stresses along and nearby the boundary between the India plate and the Burma plate. In some areas, this redistribution of stresses acted to shorten the time to the next large earthquake. In other areas, the redistribution of stresses increased the time to the next large earthquake. The latest 8+ magnitude earthquake in the area occurred on the 28th of March 2005 measuring 8.7 on the Richter scale; however, this movement did not produce a tsunami as it had a relatively deep epicenter. It has been theorised that one of the key factors contributing to the intensity of the 2004 earthquake was the unusually shallow epicenter at only 30km below the surface of the lithosphere.
Figure 2.1
Part 3 – Volcanoes & Climate
The Impact of Globalisation on the Contemporary Indian Economy
Globalisation can be defined as the process increasing economic integration between two countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market [1]. Depending on the paradime, globalisation can be viewed as both a positive and a negative phenomenon.
Whilst globalisation has been occurring for the last several thousand years (ever since the emergence of trans-national trade) it has begun to occur at an increased rate over the last 20-30 years[2][3]. This recent boom has been largely accounted by advanced industrial economies (AIE’s) integrating with less developed economies (LDE’s), by means of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade barriers, and the “westernisation” of these developing cultures – just as an example.
India is one of these less developed economies. As of 2007, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has declared India to be a developing country with a GDP per capita (PPP) of $3800[4] a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.619 (128th in the world)[5] and 25% of the total population living below the poverty line[6]. Along with an extremely below average health system, and general low living standards experienced by the majority of the population, India is one of the most typical and popularly known developing countries in the world. Much of this is a result of the 1947 independence from Britain, and more significantly the tensions and disputes in the last 20 years between neighbouring countries Pakistan, East Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Concepts of globalisation
Whilst globalisation refers quite generally to the process of increasing economic integration between countries, to speak realistically it occurs with the breakdown of trade barriers and the increasing consolidation of the world market. As Mao Ohuabunwa, a South African economist once said: “Globalisation can be seen as an evolution which is systematically restructuring interactive phases among nations by breaking down barriers in the areas of culture, commerce, communication and several other fields of endeavour.” [7] Globalisation has led to the increased opportunity of the both the development and institution of new technologies and trade movements in developing countries, with the effects of this in recent years being virtually self-evident. Among other things, globalisation has also led to significantly higher levels of growth in world output and even higher growth in world trade with a 5.3% increase in annual growth in world output between 1987 – 1996 and 1996-2004 in developing countries[8][9].
There are several different theories and aspects to globalisation. From a neo-classical point of view, globalisation is seen as a necessary and beneficial movement towards a free global market system, with individuals resulting in utility maximisation and firms resulting in profit maximisation. From a modernist point of view, globalisation is seen as a more permissive aspect of the global economy; whilst it still does play an important role in the global economy, the attention to the humanitarian aspects globalisation (i.e. the levels of individual inequality) is also focused on.
Globalisation applies to India quite prominently. India being a developing economy with an enormously available labour force, it is no surprise that over the last 20-30 years it has been a key area in which large AIE’s have been heavily investing. Since the early 1990’s there have been record levels of foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI)[10] as India gradually opens up its markets through economic reform[11].
Impacts of Globalisation
India, as previously mentioned has experienced massive impacts of globalisation, especially of that over the last 20-30 years. Being the world’s fourth largest economy in purchasing power[12], and the worlds largest democratic country[13] with a population of 1.12 billion[14], India has risen to be a key country in the global economy. Abundant amounts of relatively cheap land and labour have been capitalised on with high levels of FDI and domestic exports. Globalisation has also had adverse effects on the country such as increased levels of inequality and environmental degradation[15].
A MacDonald’s restaurant in New Delhi
For most of India’s post-independence history, the country has a relatively slow and conservative economy with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade and FDI[16]. Since 1991 however, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic reform and the economy has boomed with the onset of globalisation. Foreign exchange reserves rose from US$5.8 billion in March 1991 to well over US$250 billion in the fourth quarter of 2007[17][18].
Trade and investment have also exploded over the last 20-30 years with the reduction of trade barriers and increased globalisation. Both FDI and portfolio investment have been key factors in India’s economy with many large transnational corporations such as Telstra and BHP Billiton capitalising on the 509.3 million strong labour force[19]. These FDI’s have contributed greatly to unemployment rates to dropping significantly (7.8% 2006 estimate)[20]. India’s agricultural industry in which 60% of the labour force is employed into[21] has also grown significantly with the reduced trade barriers. Major agricultural crops including rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane and potatoes are exported both to other LDE’s and many AIE’s, Australia being one of them.
Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions and rural urban areas. India Gini coefficient of 32.5 [22], translating fairly moderate income inequality with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of the national income[23]. Despite significant economic progress, a quarter of the nations’’ population earns less than the government-specified poverty threshold of $US0.40 per day[24]. Additionally, India has a higher rate of malnutrition among children under the age of three (46% in 2007)[25] than any other country in the world.
Globalisation has also had a notable effect on the Indian environment. As a result of FDI many jobs have opened up in major cities, Mumbai and New Delhi among others, this caused a rush to these areas resulting in overpopulation and urban sprawl. The ecology of these areas has degenerated with an estimated 60% of cultivated land suffering from soil erosion, water-logging and high ground salinity. India also produces the 4th largest amount of carbon dioxide per year averaging at 1,342,962 thousand tons which accounts for 4.9% of the worlds total annual emissions[26].
Economic Development
Economic development refers to the structural changes needed in an economy for economic growth to occur[27]. Economic development is a qualitative process involving the development of an economy’s economic and social infrastructure. Examples of such development include the construction of roads, schools, hospitals, universities, dams, airports’, factories etc. Over the last 20-30 years, India has undergone substantial economic development, largely as a result of the decentralisation of the public sector and the surge of FDI.
The three key sectors acting to promote economic development in the Indian economy are the government sector, the private/international sector and the international aid sector.
Since it’s independence in 1947, India has lived under a bicameral parliamentary-democracy government[28], similar to that of Australia’s government. Possibly the most significant movement of the Indian government in relation to economic development was the decentralisation of the public economy in the early 1990’s as discussed earlier. In 1991 the then current Indian Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao along with his predecessor Rajiv Gandhi initiated the Economic Liberalisation of 1991[29] which through economic reforms dropped many trade barriers and ended many public monopolies. This in turn opened up the Indian economy to the international market with booming amounts of foreign investment, international trade and economic development.[30] [31]
The private/international sector did not manage to strongly develop in India until the previously mentioned early 1990’s economic decentralisation for obvious reasons. Once the sector did begin to develop however, it came to be one of the most important aspects of India’s economic development sparking unprecedented levels of economic growth. A topical strategy being used in the Indian private sector at the moment is the capitalisation of the large pool of educated, English-speaking people, to employ them as technical assistances in call centres for companies[32] such as Telstra[33], American Express (Amex)[34] and 3 mobile[35]. This has produced thousands of jobs, and contributed to increased family income[32].
An Indian call centre
The International Aid sector in this sense refers to international organisations such as the IMF and the World Bank which have instigated strategies in India which are used to promote economic development. These strategies have involved providing financial aid aimed at promoting economic development, to areas of India on the terms that India agrees to abide by conditionalities set by the loaning organisation[36]. In India these conditionalities have remained relatively uncontroversial however, in other countries in which the IMF and World Bank have provided aid to the conditionalities have been thought to be unjust.
This report has both demonstrated and made clear the impact of Globalisation on the contemporary Indian economy. It has outlined the concepts of globalisation, and provided examples of the effects on India. It has also evaluated the strategies being used in the economy to promote economic development and economic growth.
Refrences
[1] Year 12 Economics 2006, Riley, The Impact of Globalisation
[2] "Globalization." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[3] Year 12 Economics 2006, Riley, The Impact of Globalisation
[4] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[5] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[6] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[7] “Globalisation, Its Implications and Consequences for Africa” 2002 by S.T. Akindele
[8] "Globalization." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[9] Poverty estimates for 2004-05, Planning commission, Government of India, March 2007. Accessed: August 25, 2007
[10] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[11] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[12] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[13] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[14] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[15] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[16] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[17] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[18] Weekly Statistical Supplement. Reserve Bank of India (June 1, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
[19] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[20] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[21] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[22] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[23] "In Pictures – Middle Class, or Upper Class? ". India Together. Civil Society Information Exchange. August 2003
[24] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[25] Poverty estimates for 2004-05, Planning commission, Government of India, March 2007. Accessed: August 25, 2007
[26] "List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 12 Dec 2007, 19:45 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
[27] Year 12 Economics 2006, Riley, The Impact of Globalisation
[28] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[29] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[30] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[31] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[32] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[33] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[34] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[35] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[36] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[37] Hertz, Noreena. The Debt Threat. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2004.
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PNF | This user plays the Piano. |
Thanks for uploading Image:Lead climb indoor002.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. 09:07, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
Please do not just simply remove comments from a talk page, as you did for the Balmain Campus page. If you want to add, add. Don't just remove. Also, you cannot simply "semi-lock" ips to prevent vandalism. Follow my advice I originally had on the page. Jmlk 1 7 08:46, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
Hi. With regards to Image:Design class2.jpg and Image:Support group.jpg, do these images belong to you, or the school? Also, are the terms of their use that they can be used anywhere, or just Wikipedia? – Steel 13:40, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
Thanks for uploading Image:Balmain_campus_logo1.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.
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Thanks for your comments about the Newcastle page. I agree about the declarative statements being biased, but I still think they could easily have been deleted and the rest of it left. However, I actually think the Newcastle page is in need of some serious work - apart from the section on the Pasha Bulker and recent storms, the article is completely unreferenced, and could do with a fix up and cleanup to the standard of other major Australian cities. I only have limited resources, but I'll see what I can do. JRG 06:16, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
hi jason
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to User:Ehren Thompson, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Owen× ☎ 11:57, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
One could question the possibly of a homophobic bias in the actions of an administrator who immediately assumes "vandalism" when changes are made to a Wikipedia page that suggest homosexuality.
Jason McConnell-Leech 12:46, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
Wernher Von Braun was a German born, American rocket engineer and a developer of the liquid fuel rocket. Born in 1912 into a German family, he was intrested from an early age in space flight. By 1929, at age 17 Von Braun had joined the German Rocket Society "Vereins fur Raumschifferth" and shortly after enrolled at the Berlin Institute of Technology.
Von Braun went to work for the German Nazi army in 1932 developing powerful artillery rockets. The rockets that he initially begun working on were largely solid fuel-based rockets, however, after correspondence with American aerospace engineer Robert Goddard, Von Braun began to develop an intrest in the idea of liquid-fueled rockets. During this time he was also working on a doctorate in aerospace engineering, which he received in 1934. It had been quite resoundly suggested that Von Braun did not support the ideals or politics of the Nazi party at all, the reason for his enlistment was simply an attempt to save his life's work, as legislation had been put in place that banned any non-millitary rocket research.
Between 1935 and 1943, the German Nazi army moved Von Braun to a secret site in north-eastern Germany where he developed the famous V-2 ballistic missile. The missile conceptualised his new interest and work in liquid-fuel rocketry. It had a revolutionised firing sequence formulated with complex projectile motion theory. When Second World War broke out, the V2-Missile was used to attack london in 1944. The attacks were very succesfull owing to the extreme accuracy of the firing sequence. Von Braun however, was only intrested in the actual missile, which led to his famous quote upon hearing the news from london "The rocket worked perfectly except for landing on the wrong planet". He described it as his "darkest day". The V-2 Missile was a real benchmark in rocketry as it was one of the first of it's kind to utilise liquid-fuel. Becuase the missle was so succesfully developed, it opened the eyes of many other aerospace engineers and scientists.
After the end of the Second World War and the collapse of the German Nazi party, Von Braun decided to surrender to the Americans. In 1945 he became a part of the American army and worked on the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) programme. He eventually a naturalised American citizen in 1955. In 1958 NASA was formed, with Von Braun being heavily involved at the Marshall Space Flight Centre. Von Braun was the cheif architect of the Saturn rocket series, including the Saturn V rocket which was used in the Apollo 11 space flight. The Saturn V was an extreemly technical, and sucessful liquid-fuel rocket. Today it remains the most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status, from a height, weight and payload standpoint. The magnitude of which the Saturn series advanced rocketry is self-evident with literally hundreds of other rocket series built on it's basis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.0.106.130 ( talk) 02:55, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
Earth & Environmental Science Assignment – Tectonic Impacts Jason McConnell-Leech
Part 1- Mountain Building
A mountain can be defined as a geological feature of the Earth’s surface that rises high above the surrounding surface. They typically form in “ranges” or “belts” (i.e. in a string, adjacent to each other, kilometres to tens of kilometres to hundreds of kilometres long) along plate boundaries. To speak generally, the majority of mountains are formed as a consequence of two different types of tectonic motion along plate boundaries: convergent and divergent.
Mountains located along convergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of compressional forces causing the plates to thrust up at the edges where the two are colliding (see figure 1.1). The common compositional rock types of these mountains are actually fairly unrestricted. Many sedimentary rock types can be expected to be found, as well as common sea-floor igneous rocks – gabbros, dolerite and basalt (ophiolites). The compressional forces that form the mountains also cause folding to occur in the rock structure.
Figure 1.1
Mountains located along divergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of thermal uplifting. Thermal uplifting involves magma from Earth’s mantle rising in a huge plume, and causing the crust to bulge (see figure 1.2). The most typical occurrence of this type of mountain forming is along mid-ocean ridges where heights of approximately 3km are reached. Common compositional rock types of these mountains include primarily igneous basalts, and also metabasalts (metamorphosed basalt). The rock structure consists of faulted blocks that form linear hills and valleys running parallel to the axis of the ridge.
Figure 1.2
Part 2 – Tectonic Disasters
The “2004 Boxing Day tsunami” were a series of tsunamis that devastated the costs of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India on the 26th of December 2004. The tsunamis were triggered by a magnitude 9.2 undersea earthquake which occurred just off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia in the Indian Ocean. The earthquake occurred with a dip-slip fault (see figure 2.1) with a rapture measuring 1200-1300km across at approximately 12:58am UTC. By about 1:20am UTC, the first tsunami had hit parts of the Indonesian west-coast at heights of 9-10metres. By 2:30am the tsunami had struck the coasts of Thailand and Sri Lanka and several other Indian Ocean costal islands.
The 9.2 magnitude earthquake ranked to be the ranked to be the 3rd largest earthquake in recorded history. The tsunami series also ranked the 9th deadliest natural disaster in the modern world with a death toll of approximately 230 000. A large contributory factor to this high death toll is the poor tsunami warning systems in place at the time of the disaster. In the aftermath, there became an awareness of the need for an effective tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean which led to the development of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System by the U.N., which became active in mid 2006. The system is made up of 25 seismographic stations relaying information to 26 national tsunami information centers, as well as three deep-ocean sensors.
The occurrence of the earthquake produced a redistribution of tectonic stresses along and nearby the boundary between the India plate and the Burma plate. In some areas, this redistribution of stresses acted to shorten the time to the next large earthquake. In other areas, the redistribution of stresses increased the time to the next large earthquake. The latest 8+ magnitude earthquake in the area occurred on the 28th of March 2005 measuring 8.7 on the Richter scale; however, this movement did not produce a tsunami as it had a relatively deep epicenter. It has been theorised that one of the key factors contributing to the intensity of the 2004 earthquake was the unusually shallow epicenter at only 30km below the surface of the lithosphere.
Figure 2.1
Part 3 – Volcanoes & Climate
Earth & Environmental Science Assignment – Tectonic Impacts Jason McConnell-Leech
Part 1- Mountain Building
A mountain can be defined as a geological feature of the Earth’s surface that rises high above the surrounding surface. They typically form in “ranges” or “belts” (i.e. in a string, adjacent to each other, kilometres to tens of kilometres to hundreds of kilometres long) along plate boundaries. To speak generally, the majority of mountains are formed as a consequence of two different types of tectonic motion along plate boundaries: convergent and divergent.
Mountains located along convergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of compressional forces causing the plates to thrust up at the edges where the two are colliding (see figure 1.1). The common compositional rock types of these mountains are actually fairly unrestricted. Many sedimentary rock types can be expected to be found, as well as common sea-floor igneous rocks – gabbros, dolerite and basalt (ophiolites). The compressional forces that form the mountains also cause folding to occur in the rock structure.
Figure 1.1
Mountains located along divergent boundaries will most commonly be formed as a result of thermal uplifting. Thermal uplifting involves magma from Earth’s mantle rising in a huge plume, and causing the crust to bulge (see figure 1.2). The most typical occurrence of this type of mountain forming is along mid-ocean ridges where heights of approximately 3km are reached. Common compositional rock types of these mountains include primarily igneous basalts, and also metabasalts (metamorphosed basalt). The rock structure is comprised of faulted blocks that form linear hills and valleys running parallel to the axis of the ridge.
Figure 1.2
Part 2 – Tectonic Disasters
The “2004 Boxing Day tsunami” were a series of tsunamis that devastated the costs of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India on the 26th of December 2004. The tsunamis were triggered by a magnitude 9.2 undersea earthquake which occurred just off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia in the Indian Ocean. The earthquake occurred with a dip-slip fault (see figure 2.1) with a rapture measuring 1200-1300km across at approximately 12:58am UTC. By about 1:20am UTC, the first tsunami had hit parts of the Indonesian west-coast at heights of 9-10metres. By 2:30am the tsunami had struck the coasts of Thailand and Sri Lanka and several other Indian Ocean costal islands.
The 9.2 magnitude earthquake ranked to be the ranked to be the 3rd largest earthquake in recorded history. The tsunami series also ranked the 9th deadliest natural disaster in the modern world with a death toll of approximately 230 000. A large contributory factor to this high death toll is the poor tsunami warning systems in place at the time of the disaster. In the aftermath, there became an awareness of the need for an effective tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean which led to the development of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System by the U.N., which became active in mid 2006. The system is made up of 25 seismographic stations relaying information to 26 national tsunami information centers, as well as three deep-ocean sensors.
The occurrence of the earthquake produced a redistribution of tectonic stresses along and nearby the boundary between the India plate and the Burma plate. In some areas, this redistribution of stresses acted to shorten the time to the next large earthquake. In other areas, the redistribution of stresses increased the time to the next large earthquake. The latest 8+ magnitude earthquake in the area occurred on the 28th of March 2005 measuring 8.7 on the Richter scale; however, this movement did not produce a tsunami as it had a relatively deep epicenter. It has been theorised that one of the key factors contributing to the intensity of the 2004 earthquake was the unusually shallow epicenter at only 30km below the surface of the lithosphere.
Figure 2.1
Part 3 – Volcanoes & Climate
The Impact of Globalisation on the Contemporary Indian Economy
Globalisation can be defined as the process increasing economic integration between two countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market [1]. Depending on the paradime, globalisation can be viewed as both a positive and a negative phenomenon.
Whilst globalisation has been occurring for the last several thousand years (ever since the emergence of trans-national trade) it has begun to occur at an increased rate over the last 20-30 years[2][3]. This recent boom has been largely accounted by advanced industrial economies (AIE’s) integrating with less developed economies (LDE’s), by means of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade barriers, and the “westernisation” of these developing cultures – just as an example.
India is one of these less developed economies. As of 2007, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has declared India to be a developing country with a GDP per capita (PPP) of $3800[4] a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.619 (128th in the world)[5] and 25% of the total population living below the poverty line[6]. Along with an extremely below average health system, and general low living standards experienced by the majority of the population, India is one of the most typical and popularly known developing countries in the world. Much of this is a result of the 1947 independence from Britain, and more significantly the tensions and disputes in the last 20 years between neighbouring countries Pakistan, East Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Concepts of globalisation
Whilst globalisation refers quite generally to the process of increasing economic integration between countries, to speak realistically it occurs with the breakdown of trade barriers and the increasing consolidation of the world market. As Mao Ohuabunwa, a South African economist once said: “Globalisation can be seen as an evolution which is systematically restructuring interactive phases among nations by breaking down barriers in the areas of culture, commerce, communication and several other fields of endeavour.” [7] Globalisation has led to the increased opportunity of the both the development and institution of new technologies and trade movements in developing countries, with the effects of this in recent years being virtually self-evident. Among other things, globalisation has also led to significantly higher levels of growth in world output and even higher growth in world trade with a 5.3% increase in annual growth in world output between 1987 – 1996 and 1996-2004 in developing countries[8][9].
There are several different theories and aspects to globalisation. From a neo-classical point of view, globalisation is seen as a necessary and beneficial movement towards a free global market system, with individuals resulting in utility maximisation and firms resulting in profit maximisation. From a modernist point of view, globalisation is seen as a more permissive aspect of the global economy; whilst it still does play an important role in the global economy, the attention to the humanitarian aspects globalisation (i.e. the levels of individual inequality) is also focused on.
Globalisation applies to India quite prominently. India being a developing economy with an enormously available labour force, it is no surprise that over the last 20-30 years it has been a key area in which large AIE’s have been heavily investing. Since the early 1990’s there have been record levels of foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI)[10] as India gradually opens up its markets through economic reform[11].
Impacts of Globalisation
India, as previously mentioned has experienced massive impacts of globalisation, especially of that over the last 20-30 years. Being the world’s fourth largest economy in purchasing power[12], and the worlds largest democratic country[13] with a population of 1.12 billion[14], India has risen to be a key country in the global economy. Abundant amounts of relatively cheap land and labour have been capitalised on with high levels of FDI and domestic exports. Globalisation has also had adverse effects on the country such as increased levels of inequality and environmental degradation[15].
A MacDonald’s restaurant in New Delhi
For most of India’s post-independence history, the country has a relatively slow and conservative economy with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade and FDI[16]. Since 1991 however, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic reform and the economy has boomed with the onset of globalisation. Foreign exchange reserves rose from US$5.8 billion in March 1991 to well over US$250 billion in the fourth quarter of 2007[17][18].
Trade and investment have also exploded over the last 20-30 years with the reduction of trade barriers and increased globalisation. Both FDI and portfolio investment have been key factors in India’s economy with many large transnational corporations such as Telstra and BHP Billiton capitalising on the 509.3 million strong labour force[19]. These FDI’s have contributed greatly to unemployment rates to dropping significantly (7.8% 2006 estimate)[20]. India’s agricultural industry in which 60% of the labour force is employed into[21] has also grown significantly with the reduced trade barriers. Major agricultural crops including rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane and potatoes are exported both to other LDE’s and many AIE’s, Australia being one of them.
Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions and rural urban areas. India Gini coefficient of 32.5 [22], translating fairly moderate income inequality with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of the national income[23]. Despite significant economic progress, a quarter of the nations’’ population earns less than the government-specified poverty threshold of $US0.40 per day[24]. Additionally, India has a higher rate of malnutrition among children under the age of three (46% in 2007)[25] than any other country in the world.
Globalisation has also had a notable effect on the Indian environment. As a result of FDI many jobs have opened up in major cities, Mumbai and New Delhi among others, this caused a rush to these areas resulting in overpopulation and urban sprawl. The ecology of these areas has degenerated with an estimated 60% of cultivated land suffering from soil erosion, water-logging and high ground salinity. India also produces the 4th largest amount of carbon dioxide per year averaging at 1,342,962 thousand tons which accounts for 4.9% of the worlds total annual emissions[26].
Economic Development
Economic development refers to the structural changes needed in an economy for economic growth to occur[27]. Economic development is a qualitative process involving the development of an economy’s economic and social infrastructure. Examples of such development include the construction of roads, schools, hospitals, universities, dams, airports’, factories etc. Over the last 20-30 years, India has undergone substantial economic development, largely as a result of the decentralisation of the public sector and the surge of FDI.
The three key sectors acting to promote economic development in the Indian economy are the government sector, the private/international sector and the international aid sector.
Since it’s independence in 1947, India has lived under a bicameral parliamentary-democracy government[28], similar to that of Australia’s government. Possibly the most significant movement of the Indian government in relation to economic development was the decentralisation of the public economy in the early 1990’s as discussed earlier. In 1991 the then current Indian Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao along with his predecessor Rajiv Gandhi initiated the Economic Liberalisation of 1991[29] which through economic reforms dropped many trade barriers and ended many public monopolies. This in turn opened up the Indian economy to the international market with booming amounts of foreign investment, international trade and economic development.[30] [31]
The private/international sector did not manage to strongly develop in India until the previously mentioned early 1990’s economic decentralisation for obvious reasons. Once the sector did begin to develop however, it came to be one of the most important aspects of India’s economic development sparking unprecedented levels of economic growth. A topical strategy being used in the Indian private sector at the moment is the capitalisation of the large pool of educated, English-speaking people, to employ them as technical assistances in call centres for companies[32] such as Telstra[33], American Express (Amex)[34] and 3 mobile[35]. This has produced thousands of jobs, and contributed to increased family income[32].
An Indian call centre
The International Aid sector in this sense refers to international organisations such as the IMF and the World Bank which have instigated strategies in India which are used to promote economic development. These strategies have involved providing financial aid aimed at promoting economic development, to areas of India on the terms that India agrees to abide by conditionalities set by the loaning organisation[36]. In India these conditionalities have remained relatively uncontroversial however, in other countries in which the IMF and World Bank have provided aid to the conditionalities have been thought to be unjust.
This report has both demonstrated and made clear the impact of Globalisation on the contemporary Indian economy. It has outlined the concepts of globalisation, and provided examples of the effects on India. It has also evaluated the strategies being used in the economy to promote economic development and economic growth.
Refrences
[1] Year 12 Economics 2006, Riley, The Impact of Globalisation
[2] "Globalization." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[3] Year 12 Economics 2006, Riley, The Impact of Globalisation
[4] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[5] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[6] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[7] “Globalisation, Its Implications and Consequences for Africa” 2002 by S.T. Akindele
[8] "Globalization." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[9] Poverty estimates for 2004-05, Planning commission, Government of India, March 2007. Accessed: August 25, 2007
[10] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[11] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[12] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[13] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[14] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[15] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[16] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[17] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[18] Weekly Statistical Supplement. Reserve Bank of India (June 1, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
[19] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[20] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[21] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[22] “India CIA Factbook” CIA World Factbooks. 13 Dec 2007 17:22 UTC
[23] "In Pictures – Middle Class, or Upper Class? ". India Together. Civil Society Information Exchange. August 2003
[24] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[25] Poverty estimates for 2004-05, Planning commission, Government of India, March 2007. Accessed: August 25, 2007
[26] "List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 12 Dec 2007, 19:45 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
[27] Year 12 Economics 2006, Riley, The Impact of Globalisation
[28] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[29] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[30] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[31] "India" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Dec 2007, 17:22 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007 Wikipedia
[32] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[33] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[34] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[35] "Business process outsourcing in India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 07:52 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[36] "Economy of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 10 Dec 2007, 15:07 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Dec 2007
[37] Hertz, Noreena. The Debt Threat. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2004.
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