USER:TWOSCARS SANDBOX3

This is a test page that keeps some useful Wiki code for me. Please do not change!

Abbreviation of units

The regiment traveled another 20 miles (32.2 km) in very cold weather.

The regiment traveled another 20 mi (32.2 km) in very cold weather.

Archive references

Use this tool to automatically archive references (although it doesn't always work).

Checking

http://69.142.160.183/~dispenser/view/Checklinks

https://copyvios.toolforge.org/

https://iabot.toolforge.org/index.php?page=runbotsingle

Different Code for Citations and Notes

{{sfn|Allardice|1995|p=59}}
{{Sfn|LeSueur|1990|pp=149{{endash}}150}}
Multiple{{sfnmp|1a1=Ainsworth|1a2=Kirkley|1y=1902|1p=775|2a1=Pond|2y=1883|2p=149}}

Web

Footnote

Letters{{efn|This is the footnote.{{Sfn|LeSueur|1990|pp=114{{endash}}115, 193}}}}
Numbers{{NoteTag|This is the footnote.{{Sfn|LeSueur|1990|pp=114{{endash}}115, 193}} }}

Corresponding Books in References

* {{Cite book |last1=Ainsworth |first1=Fred C. |last2=Kirkley |first2=Joseph W. |title=The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies - Series I Volume XLIII Part I - Additions and Corrections, Chapter LV |publisher=Government Printing Office |date=1902 |location=Washington, District of Columbia |pages=47-48, 107-112-124, 150, 164, 231-232, 279, 290, 318, 360-363, 368, 427, 443, 482, 490, 518, 555, 557605, 775 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBpEAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Philip+H.+Sheridan%2C+U.+S.+Army%2C+at+the+battle+of+Winchester+%28or+the%22+Russell+Upton+Edwards&pg=PA107 |oclc=427057 |isbn=978-0-91867-807-2 |access-date=2020-11-06 |format=pdf}}

* {{Cite book |last=Patchan |first=Scott C. |authorlink= |title=The Last Battle of Winchester: Phil Sheridan, Jubal Early, and the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, August 7-September 19, 1864 |publisher=Savas Beatie |date=2013 |location=El Dorado Hills, Calif |pages=553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMzlTgEACAAJ |oclc=857365201 |isbn=978-1-932714-98-2 }}

Corresponding Web Pages in References

* {{cite web |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/fitzhugh-lee |title=Fitzhugh Lee |publisher=American Battlefield Trust |website=www.battlefields.org |access-date=May 29, 2018 |ref={{sfnref |ABT Fitzhugh Lee}} }}

Code for Citations (Harvard Ref)

<ref name="Scott943">{{harvnb|Scott|1889|p=943}}</ref>

The truth.^[1]

Multiple sources

<ref name="UnionCas">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=322}}; {{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=423-424}}; {{harvnb|Eicher|2001|p=230}}</ref>

Journal

Template:Cite journal

<ref name="NameIt">{{cite journal
| last1 =
| first1 =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| date =
| title =
| url =
| location =
| publisher =
| journal =
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| doi =
| access-date =
}}

JSTOR (someone else's)

<ref name=Palmer1979>
{{cite journal
|last1=Palmer
|first1=Arlene M.
|title=American Heroes in Glass: The Bakewell Sulphide Portraits
|journal=American Art Journal
|date=1979
|volume=11
|issue=1
|pages=5–26
|doi=10.2307/1594129
|jstor=1594129
}}</ref>

^[2]

Magazine

To cite a magazine article with a credited author: <ref name="NameIt">{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |magazine= |location= |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

To cite a magazine article with no credited author: <ref name="NameIt">{{cite magazine |author= |title= |url= |magazine= |location= |publisher= |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

To cite an online magazine article that has been archived: <ref name="NameIt">{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |dead-url= |magazine= |location= |publisher= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= }}</ref>

Newspaper

Template:Cite news
To cite a newspaper:
<ref name="Steubenville">{{cite news
|last=
|first=
|title=Ohio Invaded!
|newspaper=Steubenville Weekly Herald
|page = 2
|date = 1862-09-10
|quote=We have startling news to-day.}}</ref>

A newspaper truth.^[3]

To cite a newspaper on web:

<ref name="WPostMosby">{{cite news
|title=The Rough and Tough Exploits of Confederate Raider John Mosby
|publisher=Katharine Weymouth
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-rough-and-tough-exploits-of-confederate-raider-john-mosby/2012/09/07/af2f5c32-f49c-11e1-892d-bc92fee603a7_story.html
|access-date=2019-09-19
|newspaper=Washington Post
|date=2012-09-07
|last1=Wheeler
|first1=Linda}}</ref>

Newspaper on web cited.^[4]

To cite a newspaper on web from Library of Congress

<ref name="ES1903p20">{{cite news
|title=Rockville and Vicinity - General and Personal News from Montgomery County's Capital (page 20 far right column)
|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1903-05-15/ed-1/seq-20/#date1=1823&index=4&rows=20&words=21+canal+Lock&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=District+of+Columbia&date2=1910&proxtext=Lock+21+canal&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1
|newspaper=Washington Evening Star (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
|date=1903-05-15
|last=
|first=}}</ref>

Cite from newspaper thru LOC.^[5]

bla.^{[Note 1]}

Web

To cite web:
<ref name="NPSFishersHill">{{cite web
|title=13. FISHER'S HILL (21-22 September 1864)
|website= National Park Service
|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
|url=http://www.nps.gov/abpp/shenandoah/svs3-13.html
|access-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref>

The web truth.^[7]

Template:Cite web

Map

To cite map:
<ref name="MCDistanceMap">{{Cite map
|author = Maryland Department of Transportation
|year = 2020
|title = Maryland
|url=https://www.sha.maryland.gov/OPPEN/Highway_Front.pdf
|location = Baltimore, Maryland
|publisher = Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration
|accessdate=2020-09-20}}</ref>

That was about three miles (4.8 km) from the C&O Canal.^[8]

Patents

To cite a patent:
<ref name="ThePatent">{{cite patent
| country =
| number =
| status =
| title =
| pubdate =
| gdate =
| fdate =
| pridate =
| inventor =
| invent1 =
| invent2 =
| assign1 =
| assign2 =
| class =
| url =
}}

Other version of patent citation:
<ref name="DaubenspeckPatent">
[https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/54/4d/5a/78425c54c65d55/US1331792.pdf US patent 1,331,792],
"Glass Molding Machine", issued 1920-02-24.</ref>

Template:Cite patent

Color text

Code to color text green

{{xt|This text will be green.}}
This text will be green.

Code to color text red

<span style="color:red">This text will be red.</span>
This text will be red.

Code for Comments

" It's uncommon – but on occasion acceptable for notes to other editors – to add a hidden comment within the text of an article. These comments are only visible when editing or viewing the source of a page. Most comments should go on the appropriate Talk page. The format is to surround the hidden text with "" and may cover several lines, e.g.:

<!-- An example of hidden comments -->

Code for Current Dollars

The format is Inflation, US, the dollar amount, the original year, the current year

$400 in 1864, or 6194 in 2015 dollars.

({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}})

(equivalent to $1,879 in 2023)

Code for Footnotes

{{#tag:ref|The cavalry consisted of companies B, C, D, E, F, H, and I.|group=Note}}

Bla bla.^{[Note 2]}

American Civil War^{[Note 3]}

Code for fractions

2+1⁄2

Code for Miles to Kilometers

60 miles (97 km)

187 feet (57 meters)

876 acres (355 ha)

70 square miles (180 km²)

Text for conversion of mileages of less than 10

It was about three miles (4.8 km) from the C&O Canal.

Conversion with wording

a 9-mile (14 km) route

Code for pinging

Code for Time

7:00{{nbsp}}pm

7:00 pm

Code for Two Pictures in One Frame

Edit this to see the code.

Darnestown Heritage Park tells the history of the community

Three sources one line

{{sfnm|1a1=Carlson|1y=2007|1p=6|2a1=General Accounting Office|2y=1988|2p=41|3a1=Malliaris|3a2=Urrutia|3y=1992|3p=354}}

GNIS

Bla Bla^[11] GNIS site for search.^[12]

Colored Box

The Sneath S Mark

Originally, glassware made by the Sneath Glass Company could easily be identified by an "S" on the bottom of the product, such as on the spice jar shown in the adjacent photograph. Eventually, the "S" mark was discontinued.

The "S" was eliminated to save mold–cleaning time. When the molds for the glassware became unclean, they would need to be scrubbed. In addition to the time spent scrubbing, the "S" on the mold would, in effect, eventually be polished off the mold—making replacement necessary. By not using the "S" mark, scrubbing time was eliminated, and molds would last longer. The problem with this cost-saving change was that it did not promote the Sneath brand. Sneath products lost their brand recognition, became difficult to identify, and competitors could make similar products that customers could not differentiate from Sneath's.

Misc Military

On the first mention, full name is presented, from the next, the rank and the last name are enough to address the person. Please follow the same through the entire article. Rank can also be omitted based on the situation (if the previous mention in much nearer). Please only use the last names of the commanders of respective formations, after their first mention of full name. For more detail, please see MOS:LASTNAME.
Use non-breakable space between "Company" and "I", for me both came in at two different lines, that makes it to break the continuity while reading. See WP:NBSP for details.
no need to mention the year every time, after mentioning it once, only mention if the year changes.
The 2nd West Virginia Cavalry" may be replaced by just "The regiment" wherever required, because the article is about the same.
Capehart's brother, Charles, was promoted to commander of Capehart's 1st West Virginia Cavalry regiment; It is to be "was appointed as the commander of", because "commander" is not a rank in an army, but in the sentence it appears to be a position.
MOS:IMGSIZE strongly opposes the size used by the some of the images. Some maps dominate the adjacent text. Images are for better understanding the of text, but not substitutes. The recommened size is 220px, as it is the default for most of the users. May limit to a max of 300px, not beyond that.
WP:REPEATLINK permits the linking irrespective of the lead.
External links check
Copyvio detector shows 54% violation. Consider rephrasing the highlighted paras.
copy edit at WP:GOCE/R
see here for what the Good Article criteria are, and here for what they are not
MoS for lead, layout, word choice, fiction, and lists
verifiable
reference section
fair use rationales appropriate use with suitable captions

Corps - roman numeral
[[Divisions of the United States Army#American Civil War|Division]] - numeric
[[Brigade (United States Army)|Brigade]] - text
[[Regiment (United States Army)|Regiment]] - numeric
[[Battalion (United States Army)|Battalion]] - text
[[Company (United States Army)|Company]] - alphanumeric, no "J"

Link to complete War of the Rebellion. Link for War of 1812: here.

Ranks

Confederate General officers in the Confederate States Army

[[General officers in the Confederate States Army#Brigadier general|Brigadier General]]
[[General officers in the Confederate States Army#Major general|Major General]]
[[General officers in the Confederate States Army#Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]]
[[General officers in the Confederate States Army#General|General]]

Union

[[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]
[[Major (United States)|Major]]
[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]
[[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]]

Misc Civil War

Travilah

Travilah info Washington Post, also Clagett sometimes spelled Claggett.^[13]

Wikiproject Cities

Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities/US Guideline North Potomac article.^[14]

Licensing

This photo is a photograph from the Brady-Handy Collection, which was purchased by the Library of Congress in 1954. According to the Rights and Restrictions Information on these images: Published photographs in this collection were created before 1929 and are therefore in the public domain. It is suggested attribution read as: "Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division" followed by the reproduction number.

This image is in the public domain in the United States. In most cases, this means that it was first published prior to January 1, 1929 (see the template documentation for more cases). Other jurisdictions may have other rules, and this image might not be in the public domain outside the United States. See Wikipedia:Public domain and Wikipedia:Copyrights for more details.

Source and Licensing

Summary

File information
Description	Picture of Col. Robert J. Betge (1824-1877)
Source	Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Civil War Photographs, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-B8184-3287.
Date	1860s
Author	unknown
Permission ( Reusing this file)	See below.

Licensing

This image is in the public domain in the United States. In most cases, this means that it was first published prior to January 1, 1929 (see the template documentation for more cases). Other jurisdictions may have other rules, and this image might not be in the public domain outside the United States. See Wikipedia:Public domain and Wikipedia:Copyrights for more details.

Featured Photo

Summary

File information
Description	Admiral Farragut, from wet collodion glass negative
Source	Library of Congress CALL NUMBER: LC-BH82- 4054 <P&P>[P&P]
Date	between 1855 and 1865
Author	style="background: #EEE; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; " class="table-Unknown" \| author
Permission ( Reusing this file)	See below.
Other versions	Image:Adm2.jpg

This image is available from the United States Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division under the digital ID cwpbh.01049
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Wikipedia:Copyrights for more information.

Licensing

This file is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of no more than the life of the author plus 100 years.

Public domain

Redirect

Template:R from duplicated article
Template:R from merge
Help:Redirect

Tools

Code for Civil War descriptions and uniforms

The two sides were the blue-clad federal soldiers that were mostly from northern states against gray-clad rebels from the south who sought to form a separate country called the Confederate States of America.^{[Note 4]}^{[Note 5]}

Between September 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America.^{[Note 6]}

Notes

Footnotes

^ A 1910 newspaper article referred to the lock as "lock 21".^[6]
^ The cavalry consisted of companies B, C, D, E, F, H, and I.^[1]
^ The two sides in the American Civil War were divided geographically. The northern states wanted to preserve the union of all states as part of the United States of America, and many of its people were anti-slavery. Although there were exceptions, soldiers from the north generally wore blue uniforms. Among the names given to the northern soldiers were "Yankees", federals, bluecoats or union soldiers. The southern states tried to rebel and form the Confederate States of America. They were generally called rebels or Confederates. When they were able to get military uniforms, they were typically gray or butternut. A major issue for the war was slavery. In the north, abolitionists believed slavery was immoral and should not exist. In the south, Africans (the slaves), with their natural resistance to malaria, were a superior labor force for harvesting crops that were essential to the southern economy.^[9] Thus, a major northern cause was morality, while the southern reason for slavery was economic.^[10]
^ During the American Civil War, the states that remained in the United States were located in the northern portion of the country. They were often called "the North", federals, the Union, or simply the United States.^[15] The official uniform color for Union soldiers was blue, although some of the volunteer regiments did not adhere to the official colors at the beginning of the war.^[16]
^ The Confederate States of America existed during the Civil War in the southern portion of today's United States—from Texas to Virginia and the Carolinas. Other names used to describe the Confederate States included " the South"—because of its location, and "rebels"—because the Confederate states were in rebellion against the United States.^[15] The official uniform color for Confederate soldiers was eventually gray, although many rebels at the beginning of the war did not have uniforms. A common color for Confederate uniforms in addition to gray was a light shade of brown called butternut.^[16]
^ The major issues that caused the American Civil War were slavery and the rights of states. In the north, abolitionists believed slavery was immoral and should not exist. The southern states believed that the northern abolitionists were interfering with states' rights.^[17] In the south, Africans (the slaves), with their natural resistance to malaria, were a superior labor force for harvesting crops that were essential to the southern economy.^[9] Thus, the northern reason for keeping the states together but ending slavery was morality, while the southern reason for leaving the union and keeping slavery was economic.^[10]

Citations

^ ^a ^b Scott 1889, p. 943
^ Palmer, Arlene M. (1979). "American Heroes in Glass: The Bakewell Sulphide Portraits". American Art Journal. 11 (1): 5–26. doi: 10.2307/1594129. JSTOR 1594129.
^ "Ohio Invaded!". Steubenville Weekly Herald. 1862-09-10. p. 2. We have startling news to-day, of the invasion of Ohio by the notorious guerrilla, Jenkins, who, it appears, crossed the Ohio River, yesterday, at Huffington's Island, and made a descent upon Racine, Meigs county, this State, where the band killed and wounded the citizens, stole their horses, and then re-crossed into Jackson county, Virginia, whence they came.
^ Wheeler, Linda (2012-09-07). "The Rough and Tough Exploits of Confederate Raider John Mosby". Washington Post. Katharine Weymouth. Retrieved 2020-03-03. The South called him a hero. The North called him a guerrilla and their.
^ "Rockville and Vicinity - General and Personal News from Montgomery County's Capital (page 20 far right column)". Washington Evening Star (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress). 1903-05-15.
^ "Rod and Stream". Evening Star (Washington). 1909-08-14. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
^ "13. FISHER'S HILL (21-22 September 1864)". National Park Service. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ Maryland Department of Transportation (2020). Maryland (PDF) (Map). Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
^ ^a ^b Mann 2011, p. 43
^ ^a ^b Mann 2011, p. 137
^ "Cold Knob Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ "USGS Query Form For The United States And Its Territories". USGS. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
^ Kelly, John (2020-10-03). "Answer Man explores 'Travilah' in Montgomery County". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
^ Examiner Staff Writer (2009-06-09). "Suburban Comfort in North Potomac and Travilah". Washington Examiner. Media DC, a subsidiary of Clarity Media Group. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
^ ^a ^b Wright 2009, p. 130
^ ^a ^b Taschek 2009, pp. 25–26
^ Stampp 1991, p. 19

References

Ainsworth, Fred C.; Kirkley, Joseph W. (1902). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Additions and Corrections to Series I Volume XLIII Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-918678-07-2. OCLC 427057.
Bernstein, Steven (2011). The Confederacy's Last Northern Offensive: Jubal Early, the Army of the Valley and the Raid on Washington. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-78645-998-8. OCLC 697174428.
Cox, Jacob Dolson (1900). Military Reminiscences of the Civil War, Volume I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 42028627.
Davis, William C. (1998). The Fighting Men of the Civil War : the Experience of America's Epic Conflict Through the Lives of the Men Who Fought It; Featuring a Unique Photographic Record of Personal Memorabilia and Weaponry. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3060-6. OCLC 246981241.
Gabel, Dr. Christopher R. (2014). Rails To Oblivion: The Decline Of Confederate Railroads In The Civil War (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press. ISBN 978-1-78289-570-1. OCLC 1237812749. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
Hewett, Janet (1994). Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Volume 70. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Pub. Co. ISBN 978-1-56837-275-4. OCLC 39379883.
Howe, Daniel Wait (1902). Civil War Times 1861-1865. Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill. OCLC 617336.
Lang, Joseph J. (1895). Loyal West Virginia from 1861 to 1865 : With an Introductory Chapter on the Status of Virginia for Thirty Years Prior to the War. Baltimore, MD: Deutsch Publishing Co. OCLC 779093.
Magid, Paul (2011). George Crook: From the Redwoods to Appomattox. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-8593-4. OCLC 812924966.
Patchan, Scott C. (2007). Shenandoah Summer: The 1864 Valley Campaign. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-0700-4. OCLC 122563754.
Patchan, Scott C. (2013). The Last Battle of Winchester: Phil Sheridan, Jubal Early, and the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, August 7-September 19, 1864. El Dorado Hills, Calif: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-98-2. OCLC 751578151.
Rhodes, Charles D. (1900). History of the Cavalry of the Army of the Potomac including that of the Army of Virginia (Pope's) and also the History of the Operations of the Federal Cavalry in West Virginia During the War. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co.
Schmiel, Gene (2014). Citizen-General : Jacob Dolson Cox and the Civil War Era. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-2082-9. OCLC 861676486.
Scott, Robert N. (1889). The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series I Volume XXVIII Part II. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. OCLC 318422190.
Scott, Robert Nicholson; Lazelle, H. M.; Davis, George B. (1887). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series I Volume XIX Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-918678-07-2. OCLC 427057.
Scott, Robert Nicholson; Lazelle, H. M.; Davis, George B. (1891). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series I Volume XXXVII Part 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-918678-07-2. OCLC 427057.
Snell, Mark A. (2011). West Virginia and the Civil War : Mountaineers are Always Free. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1-61423-390-9. OCLC 829025932.
Trimpi, Helen P. (2010). Crimson Confederates: Harvard Men Who Fought for the South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-682-7. OCLC 373058831.
United States Adjutant-General's Office (1865–67). Official Army Register of the Volunteer Force of the United States Army for the Years 1861, '62, '63, '64, '65. Washington: United States. OCLC 686779.
United States Congress (1891). "The Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Fifty-First Congress 1889-'90". The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series I Volume XXVII Part II. U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 191710879. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Walker, Gary C. (1992). Civil War Tales. Roanoke, VA: A & W Enterprise. OCLC 27975601.
Walker, Gary C. (1985). The War in Southwest Virginia, 1861–65. Roanoke, VA: Gurtner Graphics and Print. Co. OCLC 12703870.
Walsh, George (2002). Damage Them All You Can: Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, LLC. ISBN 978-0-812565-25-6. OCLC 56386619.
Weeks, Joseph Dame; United States Census Office (1884). Report on the Manufacture of Glass. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 1152. OCLC 2123984.
Taschek, Karen (2009). The Civil War. New York: Chelsea House. OCLC 467966400.
Wright, Mike (2009). What They Didn't Teach You About the Civil War. New York: Presidio/Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-30754-915-0. OCLC 436300942.
Mann, Charles C. (2011). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-3072-6572-2. OCLC 682893439.
Stampp, Kenneth (1991). The Causes of the Civil War: Revised Edition. New York: Touchtone. ISBN 978-0-6717-5155-5.

[7] A 1910 newspaper article referred to the lock as "lock 21".^[6]

[10] The cavalry consisted of companies B, C, D, E, F, H, and I.^[1]

[13] The two sides in the American Civil War were divided geographically. The northern states wanted to preserve the union of all states as part of the United States of America, and many of its people were anti-slavery. Although there were exceptions, soldiers from the north generally wore blue uniforms. Among the names given to the northern soldiers were "Yankees", federals, bluecoats or union soldiers. The southern states tried to rebel and form the Confederate States of America. They were generally called rebels or Confederates. When they were able to get military uniforms, they were typically gray or butternut. A major issue for the war was slavery. In the north, abolitionists believed slavery was immoral and should not exist. In the south, Africans (the slaves), with their natural resistance to malaria, were a superior labor force for harvesting crops that were essential to the southern economy.^[9] Thus, a major northern cause was morality, while the southern reason for slavery was economic.^[10]

[20] During the American Civil War, the states that remained in the United States were located in the northern portion of the country. They were often called "the North", federals, the Union, or simply the United States.^[15] The official uniform color for Union soldiers was blue, although some of the volunteer regiments did not adhere to the official colors at the beginning of the war.^[16]

[21] The Confederate States of America existed during the Civil War in the southern portion of today's United States—from Texas to Virginia and the Carolinas. Other names used to describe the Confederate States included " the South"—because of its location, and "rebels"—because the Confederate states were in rebellion against the United States.^[15] The official uniform color for Confederate soldiers was eventually gray, although many rebels at the beginning of the war did not have uniforms. A common color for Confederate uniforms in addition to gray was a light shade of brown called butternut.^[16]

[23] The major issues that caused the American Civil War were slavery and the rights of states. In the north, abolitionists believed slavery was immoral and should not exist. The southern states believed that the northern abolitionists were interfering with states' rights.^[17] In the south, Africans (the slaves), with their natural resistance to malaria, were a superior labor force for harvesting crops that were essential to the southern economy.^[9] Thus, the northern reason for keeping the states together but ending slavery was morality, while the southern reason for leaving the union and keeping slavery was economic.^[10]

[Scott943-1] Scott 1889, p. 943

[Palmer1979-2] Palmer, Arlene M. (1979). "American Heroes in Glass: The Bakewell Sulphide Portraits". American Art Journal. 11 (1): 5–26. doi: 10.2307/1594129. JSTOR 1594129.

[Steubenville-3] "Ohio Invaded!". Steubenville Weekly Herald. 1862-09-10. p. 2. We have startling news to-day, of the invasion of Ohio by the notorious guerrilla, Jenkins, who, it appears, crossed the Ohio River, yesterday, at Huffington's Island, and made a descent upon Racine, Meigs county, this State, where the band killed and wounded the citizens, stole their horses, and then re-crossed into Jackson county, Virginia, whence they came.

[WPostMosby-4] Wheeler, Linda (2012-09-07). "The Rough and Tough Exploits of Confederate Raider John Mosby". Washington Post. Katharine Weymouth. Retrieved 2020-03-03. The South called him a hero. The North called him a guerrilla and their.

[ES1903p20-5] "Rockville and Vicinity - General and Personal News from Montgomery County's Capital (page 20 far right column)". Washington Evening Star (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress). 1903-05-15.

[ES1910-6] "Rod and Stream". Evening Star (Washington). 1909-08-14. Retrieved 2020-07-21.

[NPSFishersHill-8] "13. FISHER'S HILL (21-22 September 1864)". National Park Service. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 19, 2024.

[MCDistanceMap-9] Maryland Department of Transportation (2020). Maryland (PDF) (Map). Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration. Retrieved 2020-05-16.

[Mann43-11] Mann 2011, p. 43

[Mann137-12] Mann 2011, p. 137

[14] "Cold Knob Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 1, 2017.

[USGSWebSite-15] "USGS Query Form For The United States And Its Territories". USGS. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2020-04-19.

[WPostTravilah-16] Kelly, John (2020-10-03). "Answer Man explores 'Travilah' in Montgomery County". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-10-03.

[ExaminerNP-17] Examiner Staff Writer (2009-06-09). "Suburban Comfort in North Potomac and Travilah". Washington Examiner. Media DC, a subsidiary of Clarity Media Group. Retrieved 2020-06-08.

[Wright130-18] Wright 2009, p. 130

[Taschek25-26-19] Taschek 2009, pp. 25–26

[Stampp19-22] Stampp 1991, p. 19

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