英語版 Wikipedia は英語の百科事典です。日本語由来の外来語や地名には、最も一般的な英単語が用いられるべきです。たとえ日本語での発音やローマ字のスペリングが違っていても例外ではありません。例えば Fuji-san なら Mount Fuji、Tōkyō なら Tokyo、Jūjutsu なら Jujutsu、Shōgi なら Shogi と表記します。ただし、特に英語表記と日本語表記(ローマ字)が異なる場合は、最初の段落において日本語表記を常に掲載するべきです。
日本語の話者には奇妙に思えるかもしれませんが、日本語由来の外来語の一部は英文法に則って通常複数形にされます。例えば tsunami(津波)、tycoon(大君;将軍)、futon(布団)で、これらは複数形で用いられます。koi(鯉)、sushi(寿司)、haiku(俳句)、anime(アニメ)、ronin(浪人)あるいは dojo(道場)のようなより特殊な日本語の場合、英語話者が日本語における使い方を理解している場合が多いため、複数形で用いられることはありません。geisha(芸者)や kamikaze(神風)のような極少数の単語では、複数形を用いても用いなくても受け入れられます。疑問に感じた場合は、辞書を参考にして単語を使用するのがベストです。Helpful tools include the Merriam Webster website for American-English usage and the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary for British-English usage.
日本語文中(チラシ、ポスターなど含む)において、曲名、歌手名、会社名などは、しばしば大文字で書かれることがあります。関連する宣伝部(?)やファンは、大文字であることの重要性を猛烈に主張するかもしれません。しかしながら、これらの名前や要素が英語版Wikipediaにおける命名規則ガイドラインから除外されることはありません。すなわち、英語版Wikipediaにおいては、すべての文字を大文字で表記するべきではありません。例えば、日本語や日本語版Wikipediaにおいては漫画「BLEACH」のタイトルは常にすべて大文字で「BLEACH」と書かれていますが、英語版Wikipediaでは「Bleach」と書くべきです。
文学記事においては、その記事の主題(最初の行が理想です)に日本語原題を挿入してください。最初にその単語が出てきたときだけでよく、その記事中で繰り返し挿入してはいけません。(以下略)
ウィキペディアでは後述されるような改訂ヘボン式ローマ字を用います。それが学者によって一般的に受け入れられ、英語話者に対して日本語の発音を公平に表示することができるからです。他のローマ字化システムに関心のある方は、この改訂ヘボン式ローマ字も理解できるでしょう。下記の場合を除いたすべての場合について 長音記号を使用してください。
記事本文(タイトル以外のすべて)でのローマ字の使用に関しては、以下の点に注意してください:
The original version of Hepburn used m when syllabic n ん is followed by b, m, or p. While generally deprecated, this is still allowed in titles for cases where the official romanisation continues to use m (examples: Asahi Shimbun, Namba Station). Use Google to check popularity if in doubt, and create a redirect from the n version.
Article titles should follow all of the points above, with the following exceptions:
In accordance with Wikipedia:Categorization, articles with macronned titles should not use macrons for category sorting. If a title has macrons in it, the non-macronned version of the title should be used in category sorting. Therefore, the article Tesshō Genda would use the following format for categories: [[Category:Japanese voice actors|Genda Tessho]]. Another option for articles which fall into multiple categories is to use the {{DEFAULTSORT}} keyword to put the page in the correct order in every category which it is a member. An example usage is {{DEFAULTSORT:Genda Tessho}}.
Lists of romanized words in the English Wikipedia should be ordered in alphabetical order, A-Z, instead of the common Japanese ordering system which is based on the kana characters. In the case of names, alphabetize by family name, not by given name. Words with macrons should be alphabetized as if the macron was one of the normal 26 letters. In cases where two words are exactly the same except for a macron vowel in one word, the non-macron version should be listed first.
This rule also applies to lists of prefectures or other place names, and is in contrast to the Japanese standard of ordering from north to south. Exceptions to this rule can be made when the geographic location or arrangement is important to the overall context of the article, such as in the article Prefectures of Japan. Articles which fall under this exception should still explain the non-alphabetic sort order used within the article.
For words ending in 絵 (e), place a hyphen directly before the "e" in the romanized word (e.g., yamato-e, ukiyo-e). Do not use a hyphen for words ending with 画 (ga) (e.g., manga, bunjinga). Do not use a hyphen for words beginning with 絵 or 画 (e.g. emaki rather than "e-maki").
The transliteration of related languages such as (but not limited to) Ainu and Ryukyuan should use the accepted standard transliteration for that language, if any. If there is no accepted standard transliteration for that language, and the word is generally written in katakana in Japanese, a direct katakana to rōmaji transliteration — without macrons — should be used (e.g. ドウモイ becomes "doumoi" rather than "dōmoi"). If no other accepted transliteration method exists, the Japanese transliteration as described here should be used.
Give the romanization for any name or term written in kanji or kana when the Japanese pronunciation is different from the English pronunciation. Use the pattern:
Then you can use the English term in the rest of the article.
For example:
Do not use the <ruby>
tag to further annotate the kanji, as many browsers cannot display it properly.
There is a template ( Template:Nihongo) to help standardize the entries for Japanese terms.
Usage example:
appears as
The first entry appears before the brackets, the second is the Japanese term in Kanji and Kana, the last is the reading in modified Hepburn romanization described here. The question mark ? is a link to Help:Japanese.
This section defines the proper way to write Japanese names on the English Wikipedia. If you are unsure of how to write a name after reading the information below, please post your question on the Talk page. Please note that in all cases, a redirect should be employed for any commonly-used romanization other than that indicated here in order to cover alternate usages. Redirects for the opposite naming orders noted below should also be employed. That is, if an article is titled "given name + family name", a redirect from "family name + given name" is required; and, vice versa.
For a historical figure (a person born before the first year of Meiji (1868)), always use the traditional Japanese order of family name + given name and family name + <space> + given name for Japanese characters. Names from Japanese mythology and folklore fall into this category. For example:
Macron usage in the name of an historical figure should adhere to the following, in order of preference:
For a modern figure (a person born from the first year of Meiji (1868) onward), always use the Western order of given name + family name for Western alphabet, and Japanese style family name+<space>+given name for Japanese characters. For example:
Spelling, including macron usage, of the name of a modern figure should adhere to the following, in order of preference:
In the case of an actor, athlete, author, artist or other individual who is more well known under a pseudonym, use the pseudonym as the article title, and note the additional names they may use (e.g., birth name, other pseudonyms), following the standards above.
If the individual is more well known by family name + given name, a redirect for that should be used as well, and the article should note the multiple ways the name is used.
For Japanese emperors prior to Emperor Hirohito, including emperors from both the northern and southern courts during the Nanboku-chō Era, use the form [[Emperor {name}]], which is a partial translation of their posthumous name. Note that the word Emperor is an integral part of the name and not merely a title, so it should be capitalized and the article the should not appear before it. It is also acceptable to refer to a Japanese emperor using only the {name} portion of their name, so long as the first appearance of the name uses the above format. Be sure to create appropriate redirects so that the version of the name without the title will bring the reader to the correct location.
For Emperor Hirohito, although he too has been posthumously named Emperor Shōwa, it is also acceptable to refer to him as Emperor Hirohito, or just Hirohito, as that is the name by which he continues to be most widely known in the West. Similarly the current emperor may be referred to as Emperor Akihito, or just Akihito. Note that it is incorrect to refer to Emperor Akihito as Emperor Heisei, as he will not be renamed Emperor Heisei until after his death.
For prefectures, use the form [[{prefecture-name} Prefecture]] without ken, fu, or to, for example, Tochigi Prefecture. As an exception, use the title Hokkaidō Prefecture (as Hokkai Prefecture sounds quite awkward.)
For cities, use the form [[{city-name}, {prefecture-name}]]; for example, Otaru, Hokkaidō.
For districts, use the form [[{district-name} District, {prefecture-name}]]; for example, Tosa District, Kōchi.
For towns and villages, use the form [[{town or village-name}, {prefecture-name}]]; for example, Kamikuishiki, Yamanashi.
For wards in cities, use the form [[{ward-name}-ku, {city-name}]]; for example, Naka-ku, Yokohama.
For the 23 special wards in Tokyo, use the form [[{ward-name}, Tokyo]]; for example, Shibuya, Tokyo.
Capitalize suffixes in place names. For example, Tochigi Prefecture; Kashima District, Ibaraki; Ise Province; Himeji Castle; Tokyo Station.
Use the Japanese name and insert a hyphen before bō (坊), dō (堂), in (院), ji (寺), gū (宮), sha (社), taisha (大社) and tera/dera (寺). However, write the English word "Shrine" in place of jinja (神社) and jingū (神宮). Use common name instead of formal name ( Kinkaku-ji, not Rokuon-ji; Yama-dera, not Risshaku-ji). All words are capitalized and place/personal names should be offset with a space. Use redirects liberally.
Do not add the word "Temple" into the title. Do not write English translations of names in article titles (where appropriate, they are welcome within the article, e.g. "The Temple of the Golden Pavilion"). Do not prefix -san names (山号) (e.g. do not write "Kinryūzan Sensōji"; simply write "Sensōji"), unless absolutely necessary to distinguish famous temples of the same name and provide a disambiguation page, for example, Kaikozan Hase-dera and Buzan Kagura-in Hase-dera.
Examples:
Honor the current spelling used officially by that party (i.e., Kodansha rather than Kōdansha, Doshisha University rather than Dōshisha University). If the entity no longer exists, use the most commonly used format. If this can not be determined, use the Hepburn romanization as defined here.
If the name in question is a title (i.e., of a book, an award, etc.), the name order within the title itself should not be changed. For example, the Ina Nobuo Award should not be changed to Nobuo Ina Award even though Nobuo Ina is a modern figure as defined above. However, a redirect pointing at Ina Nobuo Award should be put in place for Nobuo Ina Award in order to avoid any possible confusion.
Since the conversion of the English Wikipedia to the use of the UTF-8 character encoding, most characters used around the world can be directly used in Wikipedia articles. Since these characters are supported by the UTF-8 standard they are no longer converted to character references, with the exception of a few characters reserved for usage in HTML, such as the ampersand.
Fonts for Japanese come as standard for most modern commercial operating systems (such as Windows XP and Mac OS X). Please be aware, however, that some users may not have installed (or may have disabled) the Japanese fonts needed to display kanji and kana.
英語版 Wikipedia は英語の百科事典です。日本語由来の外来語や地名には、最も一般的な英単語が用いられるべきです。たとえ日本語での発音やローマ字のスペリングが違っていても例外ではありません。例えば Fuji-san なら Mount Fuji、Tōkyō なら Tokyo、Jūjutsu なら Jujutsu、Shōgi なら Shogi と表記します。ただし、特に英語表記と日本語表記(ローマ字)が異なる場合は、最初の段落において日本語表記を常に掲載するべきです。
日本語の話者には奇妙に思えるかもしれませんが、日本語由来の外来語の一部は英文法に則って通常複数形にされます。例えば tsunami(津波)、tycoon(大君;将軍)、futon(布団)で、これらは複数形で用いられます。koi(鯉)、sushi(寿司)、haiku(俳句)、anime(アニメ)、ronin(浪人)あるいは dojo(道場)のようなより特殊な日本語の場合、英語話者が日本語における使い方を理解している場合が多いため、複数形で用いられることはありません。geisha(芸者)や kamikaze(神風)のような極少数の単語では、複数形を用いても用いなくても受け入れられます。疑問に感じた場合は、辞書を参考にして単語を使用するのがベストです。Helpful tools include the Merriam Webster website for American-English usage and the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary for British-English usage.
日本語文中(チラシ、ポスターなど含む)において、曲名、歌手名、会社名などは、しばしば大文字で書かれることがあります。関連する宣伝部(?)やファンは、大文字であることの重要性を猛烈に主張するかもしれません。しかしながら、これらの名前や要素が英語版Wikipediaにおける命名規則ガイドラインから除外されることはありません。すなわち、英語版Wikipediaにおいては、すべての文字を大文字で表記するべきではありません。例えば、日本語や日本語版Wikipediaにおいては漫画「BLEACH」のタイトルは常にすべて大文字で「BLEACH」と書かれていますが、英語版Wikipediaでは「Bleach」と書くべきです。
文学記事においては、その記事の主題(最初の行が理想です)に日本語原題を挿入してください。最初にその単語が出てきたときだけでよく、その記事中で繰り返し挿入してはいけません。(以下略)
ウィキペディアでは後述されるような改訂ヘボン式ローマ字を用います。それが学者によって一般的に受け入れられ、英語話者に対して日本語の発音を公平に表示することができるからです。他のローマ字化システムに関心のある方は、この改訂ヘボン式ローマ字も理解できるでしょう。下記の場合を除いたすべての場合について 長音記号を使用してください。
記事本文(タイトル以外のすべて)でのローマ字の使用に関しては、以下の点に注意してください:
The original version of Hepburn used m when syllabic n ん is followed by b, m, or p. While generally deprecated, this is still allowed in titles for cases where the official romanisation continues to use m (examples: Asahi Shimbun, Namba Station). Use Google to check popularity if in doubt, and create a redirect from the n version.
Article titles should follow all of the points above, with the following exceptions:
In accordance with Wikipedia:Categorization, articles with macronned titles should not use macrons for category sorting. If a title has macrons in it, the non-macronned version of the title should be used in category sorting. Therefore, the article Tesshō Genda would use the following format for categories: [[Category:Japanese voice actors|Genda Tessho]]. Another option for articles which fall into multiple categories is to use the {{DEFAULTSORT}} keyword to put the page in the correct order in every category which it is a member. An example usage is {{DEFAULTSORT:Genda Tessho}}.
Lists of romanized words in the English Wikipedia should be ordered in alphabetical order, A-Z, instead of the common Japanese ordering system which is based on the kana characters. In the case of names, alphabetize by family name, not by given name. Words with macrons should be alphabetized as if the macron was one of the normal 26 letters. In cases where two words are exactly the same except for a macron vowel in one word, the non-macron version should be listed first.
This rule also applies to lists of prefectures or other place names, and is in contrast to the Japanese standard of ordering from north to south. Exceptions to this rule can be made when the geographic location or arrangement is important to the overall context of the article, such as in the article Prefectures of Japan. Articles which fall under this exception should still explain the non-alphabetic sort order used within the article.
For words ending in 絵 (e), place a hyphen directly before the "e" in the romanized word (e.g., yamato-e, ukiyo-e). Do not use a hyphen for words ending with 画 (ga) (e.g., manga, bunjinga). Do not use a hyphen for words beginning with 絵 or 画 (e.g. emaki rather than "e-maki").
The transliteration of related languages such as (but not limited to) Ainu and Ryukyuan should use the accepted standard transliteration for that language, if any. If there is no accepted standard transliteration for that language, and the word is generally written in katakana in Japanese, a direct katakana to rōmaji transliteration — without macrons — should be used (e.g. ドウモイ becomes "doumoi" rather than "dōmoi"). If no other accepted transliteration method exists, the Japanese transliteration as described here should be used.
Give the romanization for any name or term written in kanji or kana when the Japanese pronunciation is different from the English pronunciation. Use the pattern:
Then you can use the English term in the rest of the article.
For example:
Do not use the <ruby>
tag to further annotate the kanji, as many browsers cannot display it properly.
There is a template ( Template:Nihongo) to help standardize the entries for Japanese terms.
Usage example:
appears as
The first entry appears before the brackets, the second is the Japanese term in Kanji and Kana, the last is the reading in modified Hepburn romanization described here. The question mark ? is a link to Help:Japanese.
This section defines the proper way to write Japanese names on the English Wikipedia. If you are unsure of how to write a name after reading the information below, please post your question on the Talk page. Please note that in all cases, a redirect should be employed for any commonly-used romanization other than that indicated here in order to cover alternate usages. Redirects for the opposite naming orders noted below should also be employed. That is, if an article is titled "given name + family name", a redirect from "family name + given name" is required; and, vice versa.
For a historical figure (a person born before the first year of Meiji (1868)), always use the traditional Japanese order of family name + given name and family name + <space> + given name for Japanese characters. Names from Japanese mythology and folklore fall into this category. For example:
Macron usage in the name of an historical figure should adhere to the following, in order of preference:
For a modern figure (a person born from the first year of Meiji (1868) onward), always use the Western order of given name + family name for Western alphabet, and Japanese style family name+<space>+given name for Japanese characters. For example:
Spelling, including macron usage, of the name of a modern figure should adhere to the following, in order of preference:
In the case of an actor, athlete, author, artist or other individual who is more well known under a pseudonym, use the pseudonym as the article title, and note the additional names they may use (e.g., birth name, other pseudonyms), following the standards above.
If the individual is more well known by family name + given name, a redirect for that should be used as well, and the article should note the multiple ways the name is used.
For Japanese emperors prior to Emperor Hirohito, including emperors from both the northern and southern courts during the Nanboku-chō Era, use the form [[Emperor {name}]], which is a partial translation of their posthumous name. Note that the word Emperor is an integral part of the name and not merely a title, so it should be capitalized and the article the should not appear before it. It is also acceptable to refer to a Japanese emperor using only the {name} portion of their name, so long as the first appearance of the name uses the above format. Be sure to create appropriate redirects so that the version of the name without the title will bring the reader to the correct location.
For Emperor Hirohito, although he too has been posthumously named Emperor Shōwa, it is also acceptable to refer to him as Emperor Hirohito, or just Hirohito, as that is the name by which he continues to be most widely known in the West. Similarly the current emperor may be referred to as Emperor Akihito, or just Akihito. Note that it is incorrect to refer to Emperor Akihito as Emperor Heisei, as he will not be renamed Emperor Heisei until after his death.
For prefectures, use the form [[{prefecture-name} Prefecture]] without ken, fu, or to, for example, Tochigi Prefecture. As an exception, use the title Hokkaidō Prefecture (as Hokkai Prefecture sounds quite awkward.)
For cities, use the form [[{city-name}, {prefecture-name}]]; for example, Otaru, Hokkaidō.
For districts, use the form [[{district-name} District, {prefecture-name}]]; for example, Tosa District, Kōchi.
For towns and villages, use the form [[{town or village-name}, {prefecture-name}]]; for example, Kamikuishiki, Yamanashi.
For wards in cities, use the form [[{ward-name}-ku, {city-name}]]; for example, Naka-ku, Yokohama.
For the 23 special wards in Tokyo, use the form [[{ward-name}, Tokyo]]; for example, Shibuya, Tokyo.
Capitalize suffixes in place names. For example, Tochigi Prefecture; Kashima District, Ibaraki; Ise Province; Himeji Castle; Tokyo Station.
Use the Japanese name and insert a hyphen before bō (坊), dō (堂), in (院), ji (寺), gū (宮), sha (社), taisha (大社) and tera/dera (寺). However, write the English word "Shrine" in place of jinja (神社) and jingū (神宮). Use common name instead of formal name ( Kinkaku-ji, not Rokuon-ji; Yama-dera, not Risshaku-ji). All words are capitalized and place/personal names should be offset with a space. Use redirects liberally.
Do not add the word "Temple" into the title. Do not write English translations of names in article titles (where appropriate, they are welcome within the article, e.g. "The Temple of the Golden Pavilion"). Do not prefix -san names (山号) (e.g. do not write "Kinryūzan Sensōji"; simply write "Sensōji"), unless absolutely necessary to distinguish famous temples of the same name and provide a disambiguation page, for example, Kaikozan Hase-dera and Buzan Kagura-in Hase-dera.
Examples:
Honor the current spelling used officially by that party (i.e., Kodansha rather than Kōdansha, Doshisha University rather than Dōshisha University). If the entity no longer exists, use the most commonly used format. If this can not be determined, use the Hepburn romanization as defined here.
If the name in question is a title (i.e., of a book, an award, etc.), the name order within the title itself should not be changed. For example, the Ina Nobuo Award should not be changed to Nobuo Ina Award even though Nobuo Ina is a modern figure as defined above. However, a redirect pointing at Ina Nobuo Award should be put in place for Nobuo Ina Award in order to avoid any possible confusion.
Since the conversion of the English Wikipedia to the use of the UTF-8 character encoding, most characters used around the world can be directly used in Wikipedia articles. Since these characters are supported by the UTF-8 standard they are no longer converted to character references, with the exception of a few characters reserved for usage in HTML, such as the ampersand.
Fonts for Japanese come as standard for most modern commercial operating systems (such as Windows XP and Mac OS X). Please be aware, however, that some users may not have installed (or may have disabled) the Japanese fonts needed to display kanji and kana.