Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water, wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources, and other forest resource values. ^[1] Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.

This is a test of references ^[2].

Forest degradation is a process in which the biological wealth of a forest area is permanently diminished by some factor or by a combination of factors. The world is experiencing a net loss of forests estimated at approximately 4.7 million hectares annually since 2010 which highlights the ongoing challenge of forest conservation on a large scale. ^[3] It has been estimated that one-third of the world's forests have been lost since the last ice age, indicating a long-term trend of forest reduction. ^[4] Whereas; in countries like Canada, forest cover of 362 million hectares. However, between 1990 and 2008, the rate of deforestation in Canada was relatively low at 0.3%, indicating a better performance in forest conservation compared to many other regions. ^[5] Causes of Forest degradation/Deforestation in Canada (2016): ^[6]

Agriculture: 33% Oil and Gas: 24% Mining: 9% Hydro-Electric: 12% Forestry: 4% Municipal urban development: 9% Transportation: 5% Industry: 3% Recreation: 1%

Mitigation and Adaptation Measures for Forest Degradation

To respond to the challenge of forest degradation and to prepare for future worst scenarios, several strategies are being proposed and implemented for the sustainable forests management. These strategies will be targeted to enhance the resilience of forests and build adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions. ^[7] 1. Sustainable Forest Management: Managing forest resources in a sustainable way that maintains biodiversity, productivity, and ecological processes meeting current needs and future demand. 2. Enhancing Forest Resilience: Strengthen the ability of forests to recover from disturbances such as fires, pests, and climate change. 3. Preparation for Future Disturbances: strategies developed to prepare forests for upcoming challenges.

Measures Includes ^[8] 1. Genotype-Independent Gene Editing: Biotechnological method to edit the genes of trees to make them more resilient to environmental stress. 2. Short-Cycle Breeding: Selects for and breeds trees that grow quickly and are more adaptable to environment. 3. Early Selection: Identifying the growth of tree species that show signs of resilience at an early stage. 4. Agroforestry: Interaction of agricultural and forestry practices on same land to create a more diverse, productive, and sustainable land-use system. 5. Near-to-Nature Forestry: Closely mimic natural processes to create more diverse and resilient forest ecosystems.

See also

• Afforestation
• Deforestation
• Reforestation
• Sustainable forest management

Sources

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World’s Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people​, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.

References

External links

Scholia has a profile for Shorea robusta/sandbox ().

Category:Deforestation Category:Forest ecology Category:Habitat management equipment and methods