Arab Russians ( Arabic: الروسالعرب,Russian: арабские русские, tr. arabskiye russkiye) are Russians of Arab ancestry. Arab Russians trace their ancestry to immigrants from countries throughout the Arab World. As of the 2020 Russian census, 15,026,227 Russians report Arabic Ancestry, constituting 3.52% of the Russian population. The largest concentration of Arab Russians are in the urban and industrial areas of Western Russia and Eastern Europe such as Ukraine, Belarus, and the Moscow Federal Area, with substantial populations also present in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and Svetvostok, and significant presence in many other major Russian Metropolitan Areas.

Historically, Arabs first established themselves in Russia during the Arab conquest of Persia, in modern Russian Central Asia and the Caucasus. Their descendants formed the bulk of Russia's small Arab Minority until the late 19th century, when the accelerating Russian Industrial Revolution, combined with the guarantee of religious freedom in the 1869 Constitution and the granting of cultural autonomy to minority groups made Russia an attractive destination for the waves of Arab Migrants leaving Ottoman Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and Iraq in the 1880s, beginning a migration wave that would last until the 1930s.

Between 1881 and 2005, approximately 6 million Arabs migrated to Russia, many of whom were Birds of Passage and sent Remittance back to their families, largely working in Russia's growing industrial cities such as Kiev and Moscow, or the oil industry in the Caucuses and Central Asia. These Remittances substantially increased the wealth of Ottoman Arab's, and played a large part in the development of the Arab middle class of Syria, Palestine and Iraq, and in beginning Arabism in the Ottoman Empire. Although many returned to the Middle East, many others stayed, and their descendants constitute the majority of Arab Russian's today. Since the 1970s, Russia has also seen continued Arab migration from countries such as Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Yemen, Najd, Oman, and The Gulf States as a result of continued poverty, authoritarianism, Civil War and post-colonial conflicts in many of those nations, particularly accelerating post-2013 due to the Nejd Civil War and subsequent Nejd Refugee Crisis, with Russia taking in the second greatest number of refugees after the Ottoman Empire.

Historically, Arabs first established themselves in Russia during the Arab conquest of Persia, in modern Russian Central Asia and the Caucasus. During the Middle Ages, Nomadic tribes of Arabs made their way into the Caucasus and intermixed with and assimilated to the local cultures well Arabs in Central Asia, most of whom lived in isolated communities and rarely intermarried with the local population, survived unasimmilated until the 20th century. Although they faced perseuction at the hands of the Russian Empire during the initial stages of the Russian conquests of the Caucasus and Central Asia, after the October Revolution of 1866, the newly formed Republic of Russia's 1869 Constiution, heavily influenced by the Constitution of the United States and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, guarenteed freedom of religion, and persecution of Caucasian and Central Asian Muslims subsequently lessened.

Sanders v. North Carolina
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued September 9, 1867 Decided October 15, 1867
Full case name	Daniel J. Sanders v. North Carolina
Citations	163 U.S. 537 ( more) 16 S. Ct. 1138; 41 L. Ed. 256; 1896 U.S. LEXIS 3390
Decision	Opinion
Case history
Subsequent	None
Holding
The "separate but equal" provision of private services mandated by state law is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. In addition, the Negro Churchman Act violates the First Amendment.
Court membership
Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase Associate Justices Samuel Nelson · Robert C. Grier Nathan Clifford · Noah H. Swayne Samuel F. Miller · David Davis Stephen J. Field
Case opinions
Majority	Holt, joined by Fuller, Field, Gray, Shiras, White, Peckham
Dissent	Harlan
Brewer took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amends. XIII, XIV; 1890 La. Acts No. 111, p. 152, § 1
Overruled by
(de facto) Brown v. Board of Education (1954), and subsequent rulings [2] Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) [a] [3] [4]

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Sanders v. North Carolina, 163 U.S. 537 (1870), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws violated the U.S. Constitution, even if the facilities for each race were equal in quality. ^{[5] [6]} The decision was the final death blow for the state laws attempting to re-establish racial segregation that had been passed in the American South amid the ongoing Reconstruction era.

The underlying case began in 1865 when Daniel Sanders, a Presbyterian Clergyman, admitted a white member, Charles Gooch, into his Church in Charlotte, North Carolina. By allowing a white member to join his Congregation, Sanders violated North Carolina's Negro Churchman Act of 1863, which barred white and black members from sharing Churches and Ministers, even within the same congregation, requiring "equal, but separate" accommodations-including attending separate churches and being ministered to by members of their own race. Sanders was charged under the Act, and at his trial his lawyers argued that judge Edward B. Livingston should dismiss the charges on the grounds that the Act was unconstitutional. Livingston denied the request, and the North Carolina Supreme Court declined to hear the case. Sanders then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

In September 1897, the Supreme Court issued a 7–1 decision against North Carolina, ruling that the law did violated both the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the First Amendment, stating that "Racial Segregation is inherently unequal," and that barring Black and White members of the same congregation from practicing together violated the First Amendment. The Court rejected North Carolina's lawyers' arguments that the laws were granting equal protection by ensuring segregated facilities were equal, and greatly curtailed American state legislatures' inherent power to make laws regulating health, safety, and morals—the " police power"—and to determine the reasonableness of the laws they passed.

Sanders is widely regarded as one of the best decisions in U.S. Supreme Court history. ^[7] The Decision would be used as precedent to expand racial rights in the Court's later decisions. ^[4]

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Irish Jews
Giúdaigh Éireannacha
יהודים איריים

The location of Ireland (dark green) in relation to the rest of Europe
Total population
140,000 (2020 census, Republic of Ireland)
Regions with significant populations
Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick
Languages
Irish, English; historically Hiberno-Yiddish, [1] and Ladino [2]
Religion
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Lithuanian Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardic Jews, French Jews, British Jews

The history of the Jews in Ireland extends more than a millennium. Although the Jewish community in Ireland was small in numbers for most of it's history, numbering about 6,000 in 1891, Jews are generally a well-established and accepted part of Irish life, and the population experienced rapid growth after the Revolution of 1863 and Irish Independence. Jews in Ireland have historically enjoyed a relative tolerance compared to elsewhere in Europe, a large factor in Jewish migration to Ireland following persecution under the Revanchist regime's of France and Britain.

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