This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution. If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. Bibliography sandbox

Original

As of 2019, 10.5% of Americans were considered in poverty, according to the U.S Government's official poverty measure.People who are beneath and at the poverty line have different health risks than citizens above it, as well as different health outcomes. The impoverished population grapples with a plethora of challenges in physical health, mental health, and access to healthcare. Examining the divergences in health between the impoverished and their non-impoverished counterparts provides insight into the living conditions of those who live in poverty.

Poverty and physical health[edit source]

Poverty can affect health outcomes throughout a person's entire life. The effect may not always be expressed while an individual is impoverished. Mothers who are in poverty during their pregnancies may experience more health risks during their delivery, and their newborn may experience more health risks and markedly more behavioral problems during their development. Furthermore, children in poverty have worse health outcomes during adulthood. This effect is especially pronounced for specific ailments, such as heart disease and diabetes. The impact persists even if a youth escapes poverty by adulthood, suggesting that the stress of poverty encountered during childhood or adolescence has a lasting effect. Previous research has identified the labor environments of the impoverished as more likely to contain risk factors for illness and disability relative to their non-impoverished counterparts. Moreover, if an adult lives within an area deemed poverty-dense, they will have worse health outcomes, on average, than their peers who live in neighborhoods with less poverty. This outcome is observed even after controlling for factors like age, race, and lifestyle choices.  The implication is that the unique stresses of life within an impoverished community contribute to poorer health outcomes, even if the resident doesn't engage in any specific behavior detrimental to their health. Early into the COVID-19 pandemic in North America, being impoverished was associated with an increased likelihood of contracting COVID-19, as well as dying from it.

Poverty and mental health[edit source]

Poverty also has a complex relationship with mental health. Being in poverty may itself provoke a condition of elevated emotional stress, known as “poverty distress”.  Poverty is also a precursor or risk factor for mental illness, particularly mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Schizophrenia is also strongly associated with poverty, occurring most frequently in the poorest classes of people all over the world, especially in more unequal countries.  In a sort of reciprocating relationship, having mental illness is a major risk factor for being in poverty.  Having a mental illness may inhibit a person's ability to work or deter employees from hiring them.

A hypothesis known as “drift hypothesis”, posits that for people with psychiatric disorders (primarily schizophrenia), they tend to fall further down the socio-economic ladder as their condition reduces their functionality.  This hypothesis is an effort to establish that people with profoundly limiting psychiatric symptoms are more likely to descend economically, not that the financially challenged are more likely to present severe psychiatric disorders. People experiencing less severe symptoms are less likely to be affected by “drift”.   Receiving treatment has shown positive effects for those struggling with mental illness and poverty. With those in poverty having greater likelihood of suffering from mental illness, the benefit of access to clinical psychotherapy treatments has been explored. Despite numerous barriers for access to care for low-income individuals, there is evidence that those who do receive care respond with significant improvements. This research supports policy measures for improved outreach and access-to-care measures designed to benefit those with low-incomes and mental health disorders.

Health care effects[edit source]

Main article: Health care in the United States

Between 1987 and 2005, the number of people without health insurance in the United States rose from just over 30 million, to 46.6 million. At that time, 8.5% of people belonging to households that made over $75,000 annually were uninsured. For families earning $25,000 or less, that percentage rose to 24.4% uninsured. This figure exhibits how lack of access to care via health insurance disproportionately affects those in poverty. Demonstrators rallying for healthcare reform. Despite the cost of healthcare being an obstacle for those with relatively low incomes, research suggests that insurance coverage will not dramatically change outcomes related to physical health.  Access to Medicaid for low-income adults aided in diagnosis of metabolic disease, saw a reduction in diagnosis of mental health disorders, and reduced incurrence of “catastrophic medical costs” by patients dramatically. While these positive effects were observed, outcomes for heart disease, diabetes, and other physical health characteristics were not meaningfully improved. It has been posited that one year, the duration of the study, is an insufficient length to fully observe the divergent health outcomes that would be characteristic of an experiment with a lengthier time-table. Also, minorities have an excess amount of deaths due to diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease compared to whites.

The medical-industrial complex also contributes to the difficulties of patients paying for medications and healthcare costs.

Article Draft

Lead

Poverty and health are intertwined in the United States. ^[1] As of 2019, 10.5% of Americans were considered in poverty, according to the U.S Government's official poverty measure. People who are beneath and at the poverty line have different health risks than citizens above it, as well as different health outcomes. The impoverished population grapples with a plethora of challenges in physical health, mental health, and access to healthcare. These challenges are often due to the population's geographic location and negative environmental effects. Examining the divergences in health between the impoverished and their non-impoverished counterparts provides insight into the living conditions of those who live in poverty.

Article body

Environment

The environment of people in poverty impacts their health in many aspects. ^[2] High poverty areas experience problems associated with poor air quality, water pollution, hazardous and toxic waste, and noise pollution. ^{[2] [3]} Poor air quality results in higher rates of children with asthma living in these areas, and nearly 2 million children with asthma live in areas that do not meet national ozone standards. ^[3] These children are also exposed to greater amounts of allergens that trigger their asthma. ^[2] Water pollution is also present impoverished cities due which results in unsanitary practices due to poor water supply and sanitation. ^[4] Impoverished communities are prone to be in proximity to hazardous waste facilities which result in toxic waste dumping, chemical runoff, and water pollution within the area. ^[3] Because many residents of low-income areas are desperate, they tend to not protest against incoming hazardous facilities. ^[3] Therefore, these facilities tend to seek out these communities to build in, and this results in more health costs for those in the area. ^[3] Low-income populations are also more exposed to pesticides, and a significantly higher amount of lead was found in African-American children living in inner-city areas. ^[2] Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are also more prevalent in areas of high poverty such as the South and inner-city areas though they often get overlooked by physicians for other diseases. ^[5]

Climate change also affects the health of those living in low-income communities. Climate change can result in a greater frequency of bad allergy days which results in weakened immune systems and increase asthma cases within the community. ^[6] From air pollution, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases can worsen due to the greater amounts of chemicals in the atmosphere and hotter temperatures. ^[6] The warmer temperatures also result in warmer surface water bodies which are better environments for tropical diseases to take root and spread. ^[6] Climate change also results in higher frequency of storms, hurricanes, and floods which can result in greater damage to infrastructure resulting in more financial stress for people in low-income communities. ^[6]

Spatial

Health outcomes of those in poverty can also be determined by spatial, or geographic, location. Opportunities for healthcare, goods and services like food, and community are all based on geography. ^[7] Childhood/early adulthood settings highly influence behavior, education, and careers. ^[7] Those who are financially unstable can usually only find homes that are lower-priced in neighborhoods that are not invested in and are not managed well. ^[2] These homes are often lower quality, and the costs are higher than what can be managed. ^[2] Residents in a high-poverty neighborhood reports poor health 1.63 times more than a person in a low-poverty neighborhood, even when controlling for factors like education, marital status, and labor force status. ^[7] For those living in rural areas, health services are not as accessible, and impoverished people go to doctors fewer times than their counterparts. ^[1] The effect of spatial location is seen in both phyiscal and mental health.

Physical health

Poor housing results in many health problems. Accidents, respiratory disease, and lead poisoning can be caused by poorly built housing. ^[2] There can also be a lack of safe drinking water, pests, and dampness in the house, and gonorrhea is associated with deteriorating houses. ^[2] Mothers who live in poverty areas have lower rates of prenatal care and higher rates of infant mortality and low birth weight. ^[8] Tuberculosis rates are also higher in high-poverty areas. ^[8] Obesity is associated with poverty due to lack of infrastructure that supports a healthy lifestyle. ^[9] Often, poverty-areas do not have places to walk or get healthy food nearby, and they are bombarded with unhealthy promotions like cigarettes, alcohol, and fast food. ^[9] High-poverty areas also had higher death rates than low-poverty areas. ^{[8] [10]}

Cost of housing is a huge detriment to physical health. Housing is what the poor pay the most for on a regular basis, and this results in lack of funds for other basic needs like food and health. ^{[2] [9] [11]} Around 10% of American families did not receive needed medical care because of cost. ^[12] Food insecurity also increases due to being unable to buy food due to cost. ^[13]

Mental Health

just add

Mental health is affected by location as well. Noisy housing impacts reading in children and promotes psychological stress. ^[2] Many poor families move more often and are residentially instable. This results in children experiencing instability with relationships with peers. ^[2] They alse experience more stressful life events which places strain on their mental state as the events cumulate. ^{[2] [6]} As both parents and children try to cope, they may cut themselves off from social interactions and healthy development. ^[2]

Race

Poverty and race both impact the health outcome of a person. ^[8] Of the residents in poverty-areas, well over half are people of color. ^[8] When compared to White americans, all other races are have lower outcomes of infant mortality, low birth weight, prenatal care, and deaths in cities. ^[8] People of Color have an 80% higher mortality rate than White people, and this includes deaths from cancer, accidents/ homicides, and disease. ^[1] Those in severe poverty are more likely to be Black Americans and Latinx. ^[9] More than one-fourth of the Native American and Alaska Native population lives in poverty. ^[14] When adjusted for age, the death rate of Native Americans and Alaska Natives is 40% higher than the general population, and 39% of the children are obese or overweight. ^[14] Mental health is the number one problem in the Native American and Alaska Native population. ^[14] For Black Americans, racial segregation in neighborhoods are barriers for equitable health opportunities. ^[2] Most current neighborhoods that are predominantly Black have been institutionally disinvested and have fewer public services and more housing insecurity. ^[2] With these barriers, many Black Americans do not have the wealth of a family home passed down through generations. ^[2] Latinx and Asians may also have trouble with home ownership due to cultural and linguistic isolation. ^[2]

Healthcare Policy

Between 1987 and 2005, the number of people without health insurance in the United States rose from just over 30 million, to 46.6 million. ^[15] Insurance tends to increase the price of services ^[4], and at that time, 8.5% of people belonging to households that made over $75,000 annually were uninsured. ^[15] For families earning $25,000 or less, that percentage rose to 24.4% uninsured. This figure exhibits how lack of access to care via health insurance disproportionately affects those in poverty, and severe poverty continues to increase, the number of uninsured will increase as well. ^[9]

Government Efforts

The United States government has passed acts to make healthcare more accessible. ^[16] Though it does not have universal health coverage, the country has two forms of public insurance, Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is insurance for those who are over 65 or have long-term disabilities or end-stage renal disease. ^[16] Medicaid allows for federal funding to match health care services and allow low-income families, low-income pregnant women, low-income children up to 18 years old, the blind, and those with disabilities to have these services. ^[16] Medicaid is adminstered by states, so states have the right to set the criteria for eligibility. According to The Commonwealth Fund website, Medicaid now covers 17.9% of Americans. The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provides insurance to children in low-income families and covers 9.6 million children, according to The Commonwealth Fund. ^[16] The Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010, and it expanded Medicaid eligibility and provided funding for federally qualified health centers. These centers take patients regardless of ability to pay and provides free vaccines to uninsured and underinsured children. ^[16] Community mental health services are also funded by the federal government through grants provided to states by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. ^[16]

One recommendation to address the inequity of healthcare for the poor is to take community-based action. ^{[1] [17]} One example of this is county health councils in Tennessee. These are volunteer groups from the community who assess health inequities within their county and decide what policies to implement. ^[17] Another idea is to implement community-oriented primary care where physicians consider the environment and culture of the patient to further their health. ^[1] To improve housing, weatherization programs are recommended to refurbish poor housing to be more health friendly. ^[11]

Policy wise, it is recommended to continue investing in the health of the poor by creating an amendment or law and increasing affordable housing. ^{[6] [18]} The amendment would ensure that adequate housing is a right to be enjoyed by everyone, and if that could not happen, then a law could be passed for a better housing policy. ^[6] Affordable housing can be increased by increasing subsidies through housing vouchers for households or reduced interest loans for developers.

References