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Comment: It is unclear what the subject of the article is.
Shadow311 (
talk) 23:52, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
History
Middle East
There are writings that date back to 1,770 BCE in Mesopotamia that describe the actions of rabid dogs biting humans that led them to death. The description of their treatment for humans mostly contains incantations and herb treatment, which often failed. Dog incantations were also used to treat the rabid dogs as a last resort. [1]
Africa
In 1912, the first case of rabies was reported in Kenya. In Nigeria, rabies was confirmed in the 1950s. In the 1970s there was a rise of case in other African countries like Cameroon, South Africa, Ethiopia, Central African Repulic, Zimbabwe. [2]
Asia
In Asia, the first ever recorded case of rabies dates to 500 B.C. From 1950 through 2004, 108,412 people have died in China due to rabies infection. [2]
Europe
In 1946, rabies was found in foxes in northeast Germany. Cases rapidly increased in Germany and the rest of Europe in the 1960s, and the number of cases in Europe has been growing since 1998. [2]
Preventions
Preventions for rabies virus include vaccination of both humans and animals. Different preventions are taken within each country and/or region in the world. Preventions include:
- Vaccines
- Oral rabies vaccination, trap vaccination release, and point infection control in wildlife.
- Post-exposure prophylaxis
- Anti-rabies vaccination in domesticated animal
- Countries' implication of disease control
- Surveillance of infected wildlife
- Education on the virus
Middle East
Although rabies vaccinations were introduced before the Ottoman Empire fell, recent preventions have included research on the rabies virus. Other preventions include the isolation of infected individuals.
America
In the USA, post-exposure prophylaxis is conducted when an individual is in the same room with a bat. Other preventions include cleaning and cleansing the bite wound and vaccination after contact with the virus. [3] Other preventions include oral vaccination of wildlife, anti-rabies vaccine in domesticated animals, and anticoagulants in bats. [3] Other preventions include oral vaccination of wildlife, anti-rabies vaccine in domesticated animals, and anti-coagulant in bats.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology of rabies in Asian Countries
Despite rabies being preventable and the many successes of the years from countries such as North America, South Korea and Western Europe, Rabies remains an endemic in many Southeast Asian countries including Cambodia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, North Korea, India, Indonesian, Myanmar Nepal, Shi Lanka, and Thailand [4]. Half the global rabies deaths occur in southeast Asia- approx. 26,000 per year. [5]
South Asia's Struggle to combat rabies
Much of what prevents Asia from implementing the same measure as other countries is cost [6] . Known knowledge suggests treating wild canines is the primary source of resolving rabies, however it cost 10x more than treating individuals as they come with bites. Rabies research and treatment in general is so expensive that India and other surrounding countries are simply unable to apply many preventative measures due to financial restrictions. [7]
Thailand
In 2013 human rabies was nearly eradicated in the state of Thailand due to new measures put into place requiring the vaccination of all domestic dogs as well as programs seeking to vaccinate wild dogs and large animals. (Suwanpakdee. 2021) [8], however due to neighboring countries- Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar- and their inability to financially combat rabies, infected animals continue to pass the boarder and infect the Thai people leading to ~100 cases a year [9]. These areas around the boarder are called Rabies Red areas and its where Thailand continuously struggles with eradication and will do so until something is done in the surrounding countries (Suwanpakdee, S.2021). [10]
Thailand has the resources and medicine necessary to tackle rabies such as implementing regulations that require all children to receive a rabies vaccination before attending schools and having clinics available for those bit or scratched by a possible rabid animal. However, it is up to the individual to take themselves to the clinic, and 10 people per year die due to their own refusal. [11]
Cambodia
Cambodia has about 800 cases of human rabies per year making Cambodia one of the top countries in human rabies incidences. [12] Much of this falls on their lack of animal care, Cambodia has hundreds of thousands of animals infected with rabies, another global high, yet little surveillance of said animals and few laws requiring pets and other household animals to be vaccinated. (Baron N., Chevalier V.,Sowath L. et al(2022). What's striking about this is Cambodia’s national net worth, they are considered a wealthy nation with the funds capable of combating rabies and vaccinating all consenting citizens. In recent years Cambodia has improved significantly in their human rabies medical practices, with clinics all over the countries being made with treatments and vaccination on hand as well as rabies related education in school classes. [13] However, they are still lacking in terms of animal surveillance and treatment which leads to bleeding into surrounding countries. [14]
Rare Cases in Human Rabies
Human to Human transmission via cornea transplant
In 1978 a patient was admitted to the ER with rapid sensory and movement loss, loss of eyesight, muscle spasms, cardiac arrest, and lung failure and soon thereafter died. He was later misdiagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome and was cleared for a corneal transplant that was given to a woman who soon died of the same symptoms. Both bodies were then tested for multiple different diseases before being diagnosed with rabies. This is extremely rare due to the typical transplant precautionary measure and is currently known to be the only human to human case of rabies in the United States. [15]
Recent fatal cases in US
An 84-year-old man, residing in Minnesota passed in 2023 due to rabies from a bat kept by both him and his wife, as a precautionary measure he immediately took the bat in for testing and was promptly treated for rabies however despite this timely treatment, he passed from the virus. This is through to be an extremely rare case in American medicine as human rabies has been eradicated for many years in the US, however it is thought that the treatment this man received wasn't through enough for doctors to treat him properly, without a blood sample they were unaware of how prevalent it was in his blood stream and gave him an insufficient amount of medication needed to halt the progression of the disease. [16]
25-year case in the Southwestern state of India, Goa.
a 48-year-old male in southwest India was diagnosed with rabies near 25 years after contracting the virus, the incubation period for rabies was thought to be three months tops, however his lasted near 20 years before his death. histology and immunocytochemical demonstration of rabies viral antigen led to a diagnosis which was conducted following a suit for alleged medical negligence to the forensic department. The case manifested initially with hydrophobia and aggressive behavior, although was able drink a small amount of water throughout the day during lull periods in symptom manifestation. [17]
-
^ Bannazadeh Baghi, Hossein; Rupprecht, Charles E. (2021-11).
"Notes on three periods of rabies focus in the Middle East: From progress during the cradle of civilization to neglected current history". Zoonoses and Public Health. 68 (7): 697–703.
doi:
10.1111/zph.12781.
ISSN
1863-1959 – via Wiley.
{{ cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=( help) - ^ a b c Falola, Toyin; Badiru, Adedeji B. (1994). "Managing Industrial Development Projects: A Project Management Approach". African Economic History (22): 142. doi: 10.2307/3601672. ISSN 0145-2258.
- ^ a b N. Johnson, A. Vos, C. Freuling, N. Tordo, A.R. Fooks, T. Müller, Human rabies due to lyssavirus infection of bat origin, Veterinary Microbiology, Volume 142, Issues 3–4, 2010, Pages 151-159, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113510000659
- ^ World Heath Organization. Rabies in the South-East Asia Region. 2024. https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/rabies#:~:text=In%20the%20South%2DEast%20Asia%20Region%2C%20rabies%20is%20endemic%20in,Nepal%2C%20Sri%20Lanka%20and%20Thailand.
- ^ Hicks, R. (2021) Rabies is Spreading in South Asia Fueled by Inequality and Neglect. https://www.eco-business.com/news/rabies-is-spreading-in-southeast-asia-fuelled-by-inequality-and-neglect/#:~:text=Rabies%20is%20endemic%20in%20eight,control%20in%20the%20regional%20bloc.
- ^ Abbas, S. S., & Kakkar, M. (2014). Rabies control in India: a need to close the gap between research and policy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93, 131-132. https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2015.v93n2/131-132/en/
- ^ Chowdhury, F. R., Basher, A., Amin, M. R., Hassan, N., & Patwary, M. I. (2015). Rabies in South Asia: fighting for elimination. Recent patents on anti-infective drug discovery, 10(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574891x10666150410130024
- ^ Suwanpakdee, S. (2021). Current characteristics of animal rabies cases in Thailand and relevant risk factors identified by a spatial modeling approach. Natural Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 15(12) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009980
- ^ CDC. (2024) Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Travelers' health. Thailand https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/thailand#:~:text=Rabid%20dogs%20are%20commonly%20found,rabies%20treatment%20is%20often%20available.&text=Since%20children%20are%20more%20likely,for%20children%20traveling%20to%20Thailand.
- ^ Suwanpakdee, S. (2021). Current characteristics of animal rabies cases in Thailand and relevant risk factors identified by a spatial modeling approach. Natural Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 15(12) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009980
- ^ CDC. (2024) Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Travelers' health. Thailand https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/thailand#:~:text=Rabid%20dogs%20are%20commonly%20found,rabies%20treatment%20is%20often%20available.&text=Since%20children%20are%20more%20likely,for%20children%20traveling%20to%20Thailand.
- ^ Baron N., Chevalier V.,Sowath L. ,Veasna D. ,Dussart P.,Fontenille D.,Peng Y.S.,Martínez-López B. (2022).Accessibility to rabies centers and human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis rates in Cambodia: A Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis to identify optimal locations for future centers. PLOS.Neglected Tropical Diseases https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010494
- ^ Center for Disease Control.(2024)Travelers' Health. Cambodia. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/cambodia#:~:text=Rabid%20dogs%20are%20commonly%20found,rabies%20treatment%20is%20often%20available.&text=Since%20children%20are%20more%20likely,for%20children%20traveling%20to%20Cambodia.
- ^ Hicks, R. (2021) Rabies is Spreading in South Asia Fueled by Inequality and Neglect. https://www.eco-business.com/news/rabies-is-spreading-in-southeast-asia-fuelled-by-inequality-and-neglect/#:~:text=Rabies%20is%20endemic%20in%20eight,control%20in%20the%20regional%20bloc.
- ^ Anderson LJ, Williams LP Jr, Layde JB, Dixon FR, Winkler WG. 1984 Nosocomial rabies: investigation of contacts of human rabies cases associated with a corneal transplant. Am J Public Health. 74(4):370-2. doi: 10.2105/ajph.74.4.370
- ^ Sudhakar. S (2023). Rabies patient becomes first fatal case in US after post-exposure treatment, report says. University Nebraska Medical Center. Global Center for Health Security. https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/transmission/2023/04/04/rabies-patient-becomes-first-fatal-case-in-us-after-post-exposure-treatment-report-says/
- ^ Shankar, S. K., Mahadevan, A., Sapico, S. D., Ghodkirekar, M. S., Pinto, R. G., & Madhusudana, S. N. (2012). Rabies viral encephalitis with probable 25 year incubation period!. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 15(3), 221–223. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.99728
| Submission declined on 23 April 2024 by
Shadow311 (
talk). This submission provides insufficient
context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. Please see the
guide to writing better articles for information on how to better format your submission.
Where to get help
How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
| |
- Comment: It is unclear what the subject of the article is.
Shadow311 (
talk) 23:52, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
History
Middle East
There are writings that date back to 1,770 BCE in Mesopotamia that describe the actions of rabid dogs biting humans that led them to death. The description of their treatment for humans mostly contains incantations and herb treatment, which often failed. Dog incantations were also used to treat the rabid dogs as a last resort. [1]
Africa
In 1912, the first case of rabies was reported in Kenya. In Nigeria, rabies was confirmed in the 1950s. In the 1970s there was a rise of case in other African countries like Cameroon, South Africa, Ethiopia, Central African Repulic, Zimbabwe. [2]
Asia
In Asia, the first ever recorded case of rabies dates to 500 B.C. From 1950 through 2004, 108,412 people have died in China due to rabies infection. [2]
Europe
In 1946, rabies was found in foxes in northeast Germany. Cases rapidly increased in Germany and the rest of Europe in the 1960s, and the number of cases in Europe has been growing since 1998. [2]
Preventions
Preventions for rabies virus include vaccination of both humans and animals. Different preventions are taken within each country and/or region in the world. Preventions include:
- Vaccines
- Oral rabies vaccination, trap vaccination release, and point infection control in wildlife.
- Post-exposure prophylaxis
- Anti-rabies vaccination in domesticated animal
- Countries' implication of disease control
- Surveillance of infected wildlife
- Education on the virus
Middle East
Although rabies vaccinations were introduced before the Ottoman Empire fell, recent preventions have included research on the rabies virus. Other preventions include the isolation of infected individuals.
America
In the USA, post-exposure prophylaxis is conducted when an individual is in the same room with a bat. Other preventions include cleaning and cleansing the bite wound and vaccination after contact with the virus. [3] Other preventions include oral vaccination of wildlife, anti-rabies vaccine in domesticated animals, and anticoagulants in bats. [3] Other preventions include oral vaccination of wildlife, anti-rabies vaccine in domesticated animals, and anti-coagulant in bats.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology of rabies in Asian Countries
Despite rabies being preventable and the many successes of the years from countries such as North America, South Korea and Western Europe, Rabies remains an endemic in many Southeast Asian countries including Cambodia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, North Korea, India, Indonesian, Myanmar Nepal, Shi Lanka, and Thailand [4]. Half the global rabies deaths occur in southeast Asia- approx. 26,000 per year. [5]
South Asia's Struggle to combat rabies
Much of what prevents Asia from implementing the same measure as other countries is cost [6] . Known knowledge suggests treating wild canines is the primary source of resolving rabies, however it cost 10x more than treating individuals as they come with bites. Rabies research and treatment in general is so expensive that India and other surrounding countries are simply unable to apply many preventative measures due to financial restrictions. [7]
Thailand
In 2013 human rabies was nearly eradicated in the state of Thailand due to new measures put into place requiring the vaccination of all domestic dogs as well as programs seeking to vaccinate wild dogs and large animals. (Suwanpakdee. 2021) [8], however due to neighboring countries- Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar- and their inability to financially combat rabies, infected animals continue to pass the boarder and infect the Thai people leading to ~100 cases a year [9]. These areas around the boarder are called Rabies Red areas and its where Thailand continuously struggles with eradication and will do so until something is done in the surrounding countries (Suwanpakdee, S.2021). [10]
Thailand has the resources and medicine necessary to tackle rabies such as implementing regulations that require all children to receive a rabies vaccination before attending schools and having clinics available for those bit or scratched by a possible rabid animal. However, it is up to the individual to take themselves to the clinic, and 10 people per year die due to their own refusal. [11]
Cambodia
Cambodia has about 800 cases of human rabies per year making Cambodia one of the top countries in human rabies incidences. [12] Much of this falls on their lack of animal care, Cambodia has hundreds of thousands of animals infected with rabies, another global high, yet little surveillance of said animals and few laws requiring pets and other household animals to be vaccinated. (Baron N., Chevalier V.,Sowath L. et al(2022). What's striking about this is Cambodia’s national net worth, they are considered a wealthy nation with the funds capable of combating rabies and vaccinating all consenting citizens. In recent years Cambodia has improved significantly in their human rabies medical practices, with clinics all over the countries being made with treatments and vaccination on hand as well as rabies related education in school classes. [13] However, they are still lacking in terms of animal surveillance and treatment which leads to bleeding into surrounding countries. [14]
Rare Cases in Human Rabies
Human to Human transmission via cornea transplant
In 1978 a patient was admitted to the ER with rapid sensory and movement loss, loss of eyesight, muscle spasms, cardiac arrest, and lung failure and soon thereafter died. He was later misdiagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome and was cleared for a corneal transplant that was given to a woman who soon died of the same symptoms. Both bodies were then tested for multiple different diseases before being diagnosed with rabies. This is extremely rare due to the typical transplant precautionary measure and is currently known to be the only human to human case of rabies in the United States. [15]
Recent fatal cases in US
An 84-year-old man, residing in Minnesota passed in 2023 due to rabies from a bat kept by both him and his wife, as a precautionary measure he immediately took the bat in for testing and was promptly treated for rabies however despite this timely treatment, he passed from the virus. This is through to be an extremely rare case in American medicine as human rabies has been eradicated for many years in the US, however it is thought that the treatment this man received wasn't through enough for doctors to treat him properly, without a blood sample they were unaware of how prevalent it was in his blood stream and gave him an insufficient amount of medication needed to halt the progression of the disease. [16]
25-year case in the Southwestern state of India, Goa.
a 48-year-old male in southwest India was diagnosed with rabies near 25 years after contracting the virus, the incubation period for rabies was thought to be three months tops, however his lasted near 20 years before his death. histology and immunocytochemical demonstration of rabies viral antigen led to a diagnosis which was conducted following a suit for alleged medical negligence to the forensic department. The case manifested initially with hydrophobia and aggressive behavior, although was able drink a small amount of water throughout the day during lull periods in symptom manifestation. [17]
-
^ Bannazadeh Baghi, Hossein; Rupprecht, Charles E. (2021-11).
"Notes on three periods of rabies focus in the Middle East: From progress during the cradle of civilization to neglected current history". Zoonoses and Public Health. 68 (7): 697–703.
doi:
10.1111/zph.12781.
ISSN
1863-1959 – via Wiley.
{{ cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=( help) - ^ a b c Falola, Toyin; Badiru, Adedeji B. (1994). "Managing Industrial Development Projects: A Project Management Approach". African Economic History (22): 142. doi: 10.2307/3601672. ISSN 0145-2258.
- ^ a b N. Johnson, A. Vos, C. Freuling, N. Tordo, A.R. Fooks, T. Müller, Human rabies due to lyssavirus infection of bat origin, Veterinary Microbiology, Volume 142, Issues 3–4, 2010, Pages 151-159, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113510000659
- ^ World Heath Organization. Rabies in the South-East Asia Region. 2024. https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/rabies#:~:text=In%20the%20South%2DEast%20Asia%20Region%2C%20rabies%20is%20endemic%20in,Nepal%2C%20Sri%20Lanka%20and%20Thailand.
- ^ Hicks, R. (2021) Rabies is Spreading in South Asia Fueled by Inequality and Neglect. https://www.eco-business.com/news/rabies-is-spreading-in-southeast-asia-fuelled-by-inequality-and-neglect/#:~:text=Rabies%20is%20endemic%20in%20eight,control%20in%20the%20regional%20bloc.
- ^ Abbas, S. S., & Kakkar, M. (2014). Rabies control in India: a need to close the gap between research and policy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93, 131-132. https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2015.v93n2/131-132/en/
- ^ Chowdhury, F. R., Basher, A., Amin, M. R., Hassan, N., & Patwary, M. I. (2015). Rabies in South Asia: fighting for elimination. Recent patents on anti-infective drug discovery, 10(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574891x10666150410130024
- ^ Suwanpakdee, S. (2021). Current characteristics of animal rabies cases in Thailand and relevant risk factors identified by a spatial modeling approach. Natural Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 15(12) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009980
- ^ CDC. (2024) Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Travelers' health. Thailand https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/thailand#:~:text=Rabid%20dogs%20are%20commonly%20found,rabies%20treatment%20is%20often%20available.&text=Since%20children%20are%20more%20likely,for%20children%20traveling%20to%20Thailand.
- ^ Suwanpakdee, S. (2021). Current characteristics of animal rabies cases in Thailand and relevant risk factors identified by a spatial modeling approach. Natural Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 15(12) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009980
- ^ CDC. (2024) Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Travelers' health. Thailand https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/thailand#:~:text=Rabid%20dogs%20are%20commonly%20found,rabies%20treatment%20is%20often%20available.&text=Since%20children%20are%20more%20likely,for%20children%20traveling%20to%20Thailand.
- ^ Baron N., Chevalier V.,Sowath L. ,Veasna D. ,Dussart P.,Fontenille D.,Peng Y.S.,Martínez-López B. (2022).Accessibility to rabies centers and human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis rates in Cambodia: A Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis to identify optimal locations for future centers. PLOS.Neglected Tropical Diseases https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010494
- ^ Center for Disease Control.(2024)Travelers' Health. Cambodia. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/cambodia#:~:text=Rabid%20dogs%20are%20commonly%20found,rabies%20treatment%20is%20often%20available.&text=Since%20children%20are%20more%20likely,for%20children%20traveling%20to%20Cambodia.
- ^ Hicks, R. (2021) Rabies is Spreading in South Asia Fueled by Inequality and Neglect. https://www.eco-business.com/news/rabies-is-spreading-in-southeast-asia-fuelled-by-inequality-and-neglect/#:~:text=Rabies%20is%20endemic%20in%20eight,control%20in%20the%20regional%20bloc.
- ^ Anderson LJ, Williams LP Jr, Layde JB, Dixon FR, Winkler WG. 1984 Nosocomial rabies: investigation of contacts of human rabies cases associated with a corneal transplant. Am J Public Health. 74(4):370-2. doi: 10.2105/ajph.74.4.370
- ^ Sudhakar. S (2023). Rabies patient becomes first fatal case in US after post-exposure treatment, report says. University Nebraska Medical Center. Global Center for Health Security. https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/transmission/2023/04/04/rabies-patient-becomes-first-fatal-case-in-us-after-post-exposure-treatment-report-says/
- ^ Shankar, S. K., Mahadevan, A., Sapico, S. D., Ghodkirekar, M. S., Pinto, R. G., & Madhusudana, S. N. (2012). Rabies viral encephalitis with probable 25 year incubation period!. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 15(3), 221–223. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.99728