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Paleo-Americans migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago, and are the ancestors of modern Native Americans. Colonization and indigenous displacement by Europeans began in the 16th century. Great Britain's Thirteen Colonies, in what is now the eastern U.S., quarreled with the British Crown over taxation and political representation, leading to the American Revolution (1765–1791). After the Revolution, the United States gained independence, the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy. In the late 18th century, the U.S. began expanding across North America and obtaining new territories. By 1848, the United States spanned the continent from east to west. Profound sectional divides surrounding slavery in the Southern states led to the secession of the Confederate States, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the American Civil War (1861–1865). With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished nationally by the Thirteenth Amendment.

By 1900, the United States had grown to become the world's largest economy, and the Spanish–American War and World War I established the country as a world power. After Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. entered World War II on the Allied side. The aftermath of the war left the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War, which commenced in 1945 and ended in 1991 with the Soviet Union's dissolution. During the Cold War, both countries engaged in a struggle for ideological dominance but avoided direct military conflict. They also competed in the Space Race, which culminated in the 1969 American spaceflight in which the U.S. became the only nation to ever land humans on the Moon. Simultaneously, the civil rights movement (1954–1968) led to legislation abolishing codified racial discrimination. With the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the United States emerged as the world's sole superpower. In 2001, following the September 11 attacks, the United States became a lead member of the Global War on Terrorism.

Indifference to circumcision is predominant in most modern societies. ^{[1] [2]}

Positions on circumcision range from seeing it as an obligatory action (Judaism, some schools of Islam) to prohibited. Positions taken on the issue are heavily influenced by prevalence in the given area, religion, and culture. ^{[3] [4]}

Mainstream human rights organizations have predominately viewed these attempts as Western cultural imperialism ^[5] and However, during the 2010s, several