Skinks after Hedges (2014)[6], who recognise nine families. Reptile Database recognises seven subfamilies with a note about Ateuchosauridae and Ristellidae
Zheng & Wiens (2016) mostly follow the same family topology within
Lacertoidea as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2013), except for the topology within
Amphisbaenia where the positions of
Blanidae,
Bipedidae and
Cadeidae vary.
Zheng & Wiens (2016) mostly follow the same family topology within
Iguania as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2011), except for the family order within
Pleurodonta. The Pyron arrangement is as follows.
Of these, the lizards form a
paraphyletic group,[5] since "lizards" excludes the subclades of snakes and amphisbaenians. Studies of squamate relationships using molecular biology have found several distinct lineages, though the specific details of their interrelationships vary from one study to the next. One example of a modern classification of the squamates is[11][1]
All recent molecular studies suggest that several groups form a venom clade, which encompasses a majority (nearly 60%) of squamate species. Named
Toxicofera, it combines the groups
Serpentes (snakes),
Iguania (agamids, chameleons, iguanids, etc.), and
Anguimorpha (monitor lizards, Gila monster, glass lizards, etc.).[7]
^
abcPyron, R; Burbrink, Frank T; Wiens, John J (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93.
doi:
10.1186/1471-2148-13-93.
ISSN1471-2148.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
^
ab Fry, Brian G.; Vidal, Nicolas; Norman, Janette A.; Vonk, Freek J.; Scheib, Holger; Ramjan, S. F. Ryan; Kuruppu, Sanjaya; Fung, Kim; Hedges, S. Blair; Richardson, Michael K.; Hodgson, Wayne. C.; Ignjatovic, Vera; Summerhayes, Robyn; Kochva, Elazar (February 2006).
"Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes"(
PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588.
doi:
10.1038/nature04328.
PMID16292255. {{
cite journal}}: External link in |format= (
help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (
help)
^Figueroa, Alex; McKelvy, Alexander D.; Grismer, L. Lee; Bell, Charles D.; Lailvaux, Simon P. (2016). Parmakelis, Aristeidis (ed.). "A Species-Level Phylogeny of Extant Snakes with Description of a New Colubrid Subfamily and Genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070.
doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0161070.
ISSN1932-6203.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
^
abR. Graham Reynolds; Matthew L. Niemiller; Liam J. Revell (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 201–213.
doi:
10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011.
^Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Arredondo, Juan Camilo; Graboski, Roberta; Machado-Filho, Paulo Roberto; Mahlow, Kristin; Montingelli, Giovanna G.; Quadros, Ana Bottallo; Orlov, Nikolai L.; Wilkinson, Mark; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Grazziotin, Felipe G. (2019). Joger, Ulrich (ed.). "Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes)". PLOS ONE. 14 (5): e0216148.
doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0216148.
ISSN1932-6203.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
^Cite error: The named reference wiensetal2012 was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).
Skinks after Hedges (2014)[6], who recognise nine families. Reptile Database recognises seven subfamilies with a note about Ateuchosauridae and Ristellidae
Zheng & Wiens (2016) mostly follow the same family topology within
Lacertoidea as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2013), except for the topology within
Amphisbaenia where the positions of
Blanidae,
Bipedidae and
Cadeidae vary.
Zheng & Wiens (2016) mostly follow the same family topology within
Iguania as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2011), except for the family order within
Pleurodonta. The Pyron arrangement is as follows.
Of these, the lizards form a
paraphyletic group,[5] since "lizards" excludes the subclades of snakes and amphisbaenians. Studies of squamate relationships using molecular biology have found several distinct lineages, though the specific details of their interrelationships vary from one study to the next. One example of a modern classification of the squamates is[11][1]
All recent molecular studies suggest that several groups form a venom clade, which encompasses a majority (nearly 60%) of squamate species. Named
Toxicofera, it combines the groups
Serpentes (snakes),
Iguania (agamids, chameleons, iguanids, etc.), and
Anguimorpha (monitor lizards, Gila monster, glass lizards, etc.).[7]
^
abcPyron, R; Burbrink, Frank T; Wiens, John J (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93.
doi:
10.1186/1471-2148-13-93.
ISSN1471-2148.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
^
ab Fry, Brian G.; Vidal, Nicolas; Norman, Janette A.; Vonk, Freek J.; Scheib, Holger; Ramjan, S. F. Ryan; Kuruppu, Sanjaya; Fung, Kim; Hedges, S. Blair; Richardson, Michael K.; Hodgson, Wayne. C.; Ignjatovic, Vera; Summerhayes, Robyn; Kochva, Elazar (February 2006).
"Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes"(
PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588.
doi:
10.1038/nature04328.
PMID16292255. {{
cite journal}}: External link in |format= (
help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (
help)
^Figueroa, Alex; McKelvy, Alexander D.; Grismer, L. Lee; Bell, Charles D.; Lailvaux, Simon P. (2016). Parmakelis, Aristeidis (ed.). "A Species-Level Phylogeny of Extant Snakes with Description of a New Colubrid Subfamily and Genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070.
doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0161070.
ISSN1932-6203.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
^
abR. Graham Reynolds; Matthew L. Niemiller; Liam J. Revell (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 201–213.
doi:
10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011.
^Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Arredondo, Juan Camilo; Graboski, Roberta; Machado-Filho, Paulo Roberto; Mahlow, Kristin; Montingelli, Giovanna G.; Quadros, Ana Bottallo; Orlov, Nikolai L.; Wilkinson, Mark; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Grazziotin, Felipe G. (2019). Joger, Ulrich (ed.). "Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes)". PLOS ONE. 14 (5): e0216148.
doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0216148.
ISSN1932-6203.{{
cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
^Cite error: The named reference wiensetal2012 was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).