Conquest of Wales:
Edward also continued to tax "native Wales" at the war taxation levels of Llywelyn, helping cause the rebellions.
Add to Legacy section:
Edward is typically seen by Welsh medievalists as a coloniser who did immense damage to Welsh society, culture and self-confidence, which left a lasting anger.
Add to Legacy section:
Less sympathetic historians note Edward's frequent breaking of promises, and his vindictiveness towards enemies, often seen in quite petty but symbolic acts.
Themes include: the early takeover by Edward and some squabbling with his father; Edward treating Ireland as a revenue source and little else; corruption and incompetence in the administrators Edward appointed and repeatedly sacked; over-taxation to meet his war demands; speculation over food exports during the Welsh and Gascon wars; problems emerging from the Edwardian weak administration including a revival of the fortunes of the Gaelic areas' leadership, leading to regular wars in the period and following centuries. Thus although an absentee landlord, current Irish historical research sees him as signficant for the difficulties of Ireland that continued in the centuries following.
Crusades section:
Unusually, Edward was accompanied by his wife Eleanor, and their child Joan was born in Acre. [1]
or
Although active partcipation in crusades was unusual for women, Edward was accompanied by his wife Eleanor, and their child Joan was born in Acre. [1]
Section on Eleanor's death
"and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses" add Royal power, eg:
Assessment or somewhere
Although Edward ensured that Eleanor did not take a direct political role, he may have benefited from her advice and support. It is noticeable that his reign was not as sure-footed after the death of Eleanor and some of his key advisors in the early 1290s.
Finances? Section on personal or family life?
Edward ensured that his wife would have sufficient income in the event of his death. He helped her acquire significant land holdings, initially through the purchase of bonded loans from Jews, sold cheaply to pay high taxation imposed by the Crown. [3] The lands held against the bonds were then acquired by Eleanor. By 1290 she acquired lands worth £2,600 anually. [4] This damaged her reputation, [5] and increased the precarious position of the Jewish community, but ensured she could live independently, with reduced call on discretionary grants from Edward. [6]
Conquest of Wales:
Edward also continued to tax "native Wales" at the war taxation levels of Llywelyn, helping cause the rebellions.
Add to Legacy section:
Edward is typically seen by Welsh medievalists as a coloniser who did immense damage to Welsh society, culture and self-confidence, which left a lasting anger.
Add to Legacy section:
Less sympathetic historians note Edward's frequent breaking of promises, and his vindictiveness towards enemies, often seen in quite petty but symbolic acts.
Themes include: the early takeover by Edward and some squabbling with his father; Edward treating Ireland as a revenue source and little else; corruption and incompetence in the administrators Edward appointed and repeatedly sacked; over-taxation to meet his war demands; speculation over food exports during the Welsh and Gascon wars; problems emerging from the Edwardian weak administration including a revival of the fortunes of the Gaelic areas' leadership, leading to regular wars in the period and following centuries. Thus although an absentee landlord, current Irish historical research sees him as signficant for the difficulties of Ireland that continued in the centuries following.
Crusades section:
Unusually, Edward was accompanied by his wife Eleanor, and their child Joan was born in Acre. [1]
or
Although active partcipation in crusades was unusual for women, Edward was accompanied by his wife Eleanor, and their child Joan was born in Acre. [1]
Section on Eleanor's death
"and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses" add Royal power, eg:
Assessment or somewhere
Although Edward ensured that Eleanor did not take a direct political role, he may have benefited from her advice and support. It is noticeable that his reign was not as sure-footed after the death of Eleanor and some of his key advisors in the early 1290s.
Finances? Section on personal or family life?
Edward ensured that his wife would have sufficient income in the event of his death. He helped her acquire significant land holdings, initially through the purchase of bonded loans from Jews, sold cheaply to pay high taxation imposed by the Crown. [3] The lands held against the bonds were then acquired by Eleanor. By 1290 she acquired lands worth £2,600 anually. [4] This damaged her reputation, [5] and increased the precarious position of the Jewish community, but ensured she could live independently, with reduced call on discretionary grants from Edward. [6]