Italic Bold This is an important discussion. Islamist Terrorism This is a link to ICAR on Wikipedia Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution This is a link to ICAR's website [1] This is a link to ICAR on the web

• Islamist-based fundamentalist terrorism against Western nations and the U.S. in particular, has numerous motivations ^[1] and takes place the larger context of a complex and tense relationship between the ‘West' and the Arab and Muslim 'world,' ^[2] which is highlighted in the previous section on motivations and Islamic terrorism. Identity-based theoretical frameworks including theories of Social Identity, Social Categorization Theory, and Psychodynamics are used to explain the reasons terrorism occurs ^[3]

• Social identity is explained by Karina Korostelina as a “feeling of belonging to a social group, as a strong connection with social category, and as an important part of our mind that affects our social perceptions and behavior” ^[4] This definition can be applied to the case of Osama bin Laden, who, according to this theory, has a highly salient perception of his social identity as a Muslim, a strong connection to the social category of the Muslim Ummah or 'community,' which affect his social perceptions and behaviors ^[5]. Bin Laden's ideology and interpretation of Islam ^[6] led to the creation of al-Qaeda in response to perceived threats against the Muslim community by the Soviet Union, the U.S. in particular due to its troop presence in Saudi Arabia ^[7], and American support for Israel ^[8]. The Islamist terrorist group al-Qaeda has a group identity, which includes “shared experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and interests of ingroup members,” and is “described through the achievement of a collective aim for which this group has been created,” ^[9] which in this case is to achieve "a complete break from the foreign influences in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new Islamic caliphate." ^[10]

• Social categorization theory has been discussed as a three-stage process of identification, where “individuals define themselves as members of a social group, learn the stereotypes and norms of the group, and group categories influence the perception and understanding of all situations in a particular context” ^[11] This definition can be applied to the US war on terror, in which conflict features such as the phenomenon of Anti-Americanism ^[12] and the phenomenon of non-Arab countries like Iran and Afghanistan lending support to Islamist-based terrorism by funding or harboring terrorist groups such as Hezbollah ^[13] and al-Qaeda ^[14] against Western nations, particularly Israel ^[15] and the United States ^[16] are, according to social categorization theory, influenced by a three-stage process of identification. In this three-stage process of identification, the Arab and Muslim world(s) ^[17] are the social group(s), their members learn stereotypes and norms which categorize their social group vis-à-vis the West. ^[18] This social categorization process creates feelings of high-level in-group support and allegiance among Arabs, ^[19] and Muslims ^[20] and the particular context within which members of the Arab and Muslim world(s) ^[21] social group(s) understand all situations that involve the West. Social categorization theory as a framework for analysis indicates causal relationships between group identification processes and features of conflict situations. ^[22]

• This is my text in Wikipedia. ^[23]

Something controversial ^[24]

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