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Peach Rosette Mosaic Virus is described as a soil-borne disease effecting fruits. ^[1] Peach rosette is a North American Nepovirus of fruit trees. It is recognized in the scientific classification of Prunus and effects fruits such as peaches, plums, nectarines, berries and grapevines. The virus can effect other hosts surrounded by infected crop but symptoms may not be as severe or detrimental. It is a Nepovirus in the Secoviridae family that can be transmitted by nematodes, pollen and seeds. ^[2] Peach rosette mosaic can travel easily by seed and nematodes and is found mostly in North American orchards and vineyards and is common in Michigan, USA and Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The virus has yet to be found in other countries.

The virus genome is only partially sequenced and is listed as a segmented genome. Peach rosette mosaic virus is a bipartite virus effecting plants. Genomes of bipartite consist of circular single stranded DNA ^[3]

The virus was discovered at the same time in peach trees in Texas, USA and Colorado, USA. The virus can also be found in infected peach orchards in Arizona, Arkansas, California, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Utah. The virus remains as an overlooked botanical virus despite its detrimental effects on host fruit plants.

Symptoms may effect certain fruits differently as some fruits become naturally infected. General symptoms of the virus include distortion of growth in tree stems and branches, discolouration and degeneration of leave and fruit and the malformation of the fruits infected

PRMV Symptoms in Peaches

Symptoms of the virus in peaches involve leaf malformations including foliation, which is the splitting or thinning of the leaf. The virus as well includes the shortening of internodes, rosetting and mosaic patterns on leaves caused by infection. Deformity of leaves, fruit and abnormal tree growth can become of this virus. Depending on the severity of the infection in the plant, versions of the virus can display different trauma within its first year whereas some symptoms maybe masked until a later time as opposed to displaying visible signs at an earlier stage. Infected peach variety that grow solid pink blossoms show an abnormal colour break in the fruit petals. This characteristic can sometimes be mistaken for [ ring spot virus]. Peach variety infected with the virus will suffer from reduced development of twigs and leaves and continuous shedding. Reduction in development caused by the shortening of internodes allows for dwarfed tree growth where the leaves become crowded together forming a rosette. A notable symptom of peach mosaic is the development of a variety of discolouration patterns in the leaves. Discolouration differs in size and come in the forms of blotches, streaks, flecks and patching. The patterns can happen all at once or exist singularly. Leaves infected with peach rosette might look very narrow, crinkled and irregular in shape. As development progresses, affected trees become a dark green and leaf mosaics become more apparent. Severe abnormalities render the fruits unmarketable. Fruits will grow a rough textured surface with a variety in sizes of bumps due to tissue development failure. ^[4]

PRMV Symptoms in Apricots

Peach rosette is tough to determine in the early stages of apricot growth. Peach rosette naturally infects apricots in development. Apricots can also develop [ ring virus] (APRV) but cannot exist at the same time as the peach rosette virus. The difference between both virus is the leaf patterns that occur in malformation. In PRMV the leaves form white discoloured patterns along with prominent mosaic patterning where as in APRV the leaf patterns are red and turn necrotic. ^[5]

PRMV Symptoms in Plums

Plums, which are apart of the Rosaceae family are highly susceptible to peach rosette but are sometimes naturally infected. Symptoms in peaches are typically the same in plums however chances of peach rosette in plums are higher than other hosts. ^[6]

Surrounding Hosts

As the peach rosette mosaic virus can spread to surrounding agriculture it can create mild symptoms in other plants as well. An example would be in almond cultivations where symptoms are mild and will only infect the almonds if they are growing near an infected orchard. ^[7] Fruit in diseased almond tress can also become bumpy and rough in texture but there is no noticeable reduction in growth or quality of the nuts. A number of weed species are effected by the virus as well which include Rumex Crispus (Curly Dock Flowering Plant), Solanum Carolinense (Carolina Horsenettle Plant) and Taraxacum Officinale (Common Dandelion). ^[8] Very rarely do Chenopodiaceae (Quinoa), Cucurbitaceae (Gourds) and Fabaceae (Legumes) become infected with the virus. The hosts can become infected by the collusion of sap from infected grapes and peaches in peripheral orchards.

Although it is impossible to restore an infected plant to healthy conditions prevention is the only way to quarantine and reduce the extension of the virus. Peach rosette virus has been contained in limited areas from disease tree removal procedures done by the [ Protection Division]. ^[9] When planting it is important to test the soil for the virus and host fruits being used should be cultivated with healthy nematodes and not infected ones. It is important to use virus free seeds and plants when cultivating these fruits. Nematicides can be used to reduce the speed of transmission and reduce infected nematodes but it can not prevent the viral infection. ^[10]