my sandbox page is at User:tmyh7/sandbox
The tutorial talk page is /info/en/?search=User_talk:Tmyh7/talk_page_tutorial
Collaborated with User:Ab6gc/sandbox
We chose this article because it is pretty bare in terms of history, there is no information past 1899. There also isn't very much information in the history prior too 1899, this could easily be expanded upon. We would like to add more in depth info prior to 1899 and start putting in info for history past 1899. This article is also marked as important and a start class article.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed068p631 ---The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/mineralogy/mineral_physics/raman_ir.html#Comp ---Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy ---by Sylvia-Monique Thomas
https://web.archive.org/web/20071027110406/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm ---Infrared Spectroscopy
http://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/history/history-modern.html
https://snews.bnl.gov/popsci/spectroscope.html
"a mathematical relationship was developed accounted for these lines in the visible emission spectrum of hydrogen. Subsequently, in 1913, Niels Bohr initiated anew era of spectral interpretation by linking line spectra to the quantum ideas recently proposed by Planck and Einstein. Put simply, Bohr proposed that electrons exist in states of constant energy and only change energy by undergoing a transition from one state to another. During the transition they either absorb or emit an amount of energy that is exactly equal to the energy difference between the two states. This behavior produced the characteristic spectral lines." and "The significance of visible emission spectroscopy as a method to study the transitions of outer electrons in atoms and molecules provided a convenient tool to examine the electronic structure of matter. Like emission spectra, absorption spectra were classified as either continuous or line spectra and were also used to identify elements or study electronic transitions. August Beer. a German Physicist and professor of mathematics the university of Bonn, recognized the relationship between the absorption of light and concentration (17). One of the first instruments to use the absorption of light to determine concentration was the color comparator (18), which relied on Beer's law. The user visually compared the transmitted light from the sample and a standard solution and adjusted the path length until the transmitted light from both solutions appeared to have the same intensity;. Eventually photodetectors replaced the inaccurate human eye, and in the 1930's a new instrument called the colorimeter or spectrophotometer was developed that used a grating or prism to isolate a specific wavelength for absorption and analysis [1]
from The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
Notes
---- This source help to start the subsection of early 20th Century (1900-1940's) in the History of Spectroscopy article. This article has no information of spectroscopy history past 1900 so this article helps give more information.
"The discovery of the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum was made by Herschel in 1800. Using a glass prism with blackened thermometers, Herschel detected the existence of radiant heat beyond the visible region near the red end of the solar spectrum. However, since Herschel's main interest was astronomy, he did not investigate this phenomenon further, and nearly a century elapsed before interest in the infrared region arose again. In 1882 Abney and Festing obtained IR absorption hands with the presence of certain organic groups in the molecules. Using sodium chloride plates, Julius recorded the spectra of 20 organic compounds and noted that methyl groups absorbed at characteristic wavelengths. By the turn of the century interest in IR spectroscopy &as rapidly growing. Beginning in 1903, W. W. Coblentz conducted a series of measurements over several years, during which time he studied the IR spectra of hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds (24). However, early workers studying IR encountered many experimental problems. They had to design, construct, and calibrate their own instruments and components, and measurements were generally recorded at night to minimize the effect of vibrations on the sensitive instruments. In addition, it took 34 hours to record a single spectrum. Due to the difficulty in measuring IR spectra, chemical applications were very limited until the 1940's." and "During World War II the US. government was interested in producing synthetic rubber by the polymerization of butadiene. This process required the analysis of Ca hydrocarbon isomers for which there was no commonly accepted method of analysis. The government offered support to two industrial research labs to design such an instrument: they were the Shell Development company in California and the Cyanamid Company in Connecticut. Cyanamid convinced the tin Perkin-Elmer optical shop to construct optical elements for a prototype IR. The instrument Perkin-Elmer built was one of the first operating infrared spectrometers, the Model 12. At about the same time the Beckman Company, through a similar arrangement with Shell, developed their Model IR-1 instrument. Once available commercially, these and successive instruments greatly enhanced the popularity of the IR technique, which, with the exception of optical isomers, was able to provide a unique "fingerprint" for any molecule." [1] From The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
Notes
--- This source greatly helps to develop my understanding of the first IR spectrometers and the history of why they were initially developed. Also helps information from 1900 to present.
In 1913, Niels Bohr discovered the emission of spectral lines by observing electrons transitioning from different energy states within an atom. [1] August Beer then observed a relationship between light absorption and concentration and created the color comparator which was later replaced by a more accurate device called the spectrophotometer. [1] In 1937 "E. Lehrer created the first fully-automated spectrometer" to help more accurately measure spectral lines. [2] With the development of more advanced instruments such as photo-detectors scientists were then able to more accurately measure specific wavelength absorption of substances. [1]
Many early scientists who studied the IR spectra of compounds had to develop and build their own instruments to be able to record their measurements making it very difficult to get accurate measurements. [1] During World War II the U.S. government contracted different companies to develop a method for the polymerization of butadiene to create rubber, but this could only be done through analysis of Ca hydrocarbon isomers. [1] These contracted companies started developing optical instruments and eventually created the first infrared spectrometers. [1] With the development of these commercial spectrometers Infrared Spectroscopy became a more popular method to determine the "fingerprint" for any molecule. [1] Raman spectroscopy was first observed in 1928 by Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in liquid substances and also by "Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam in crystals". [2] Raman spectroscopy is based on the observation of the raman effect which is defined as "The intensity of the scattered light is dependent on the amount of the polarization potential change". [2] The raman spectrum records light intensity vs. light frequency (wavenumber) and the wavenumber shift is characteristic to each individual compound. [2]
The laser was invented in 1960 by spectroscopists who took the concept of its predecessor, the maser, in the visible range of light. Lasers have gone on to significantly advance experimental spectroscopy. The laser light allowed for much higher precision experiments specifically in the uses of studying collisional effects of light as well as being able to accurately tell what each wavelength and frequency of light were, allowing for the invention of things such as laser atomic clocks. Lasers also made spectroscopy with respect to time more accurate by using speeds or decay times of photons at specific wavelengths and frequencies to keep time. [3]
Mnwfk2 peer evaluation Mnwfk2 ( talk) 18:27, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
This is a user sandbox of
Tmyh7. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
my sandbox page is at User:tmyh7/sandbox
The tutorial talk page is /info/en/?search=User_talk:Tmyh7/talk_page_tutorial
Collaborated with User:Ab6gc/sandbox
We chose this article because it is pretty bare in terms of history, there is no information past 1899. There also isn't very much information in the history prior too 1899, this could easily be expanded upon. We would like to add more in depth info prior to 1899 and start putting in info for history past 1899. This article is also marked as important and a start class article.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed068p631 ---The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/mineralogy/mineral_physics/raman_ir.html#Comp ---Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy ---by Sylvia-Monique Thomas
https://web.archive.org/web/20071027110406/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm ---Infrared Spectroscopy
http://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/history/history-modern.html
https://snews.bnl.gov/popsci/spectroscope.html
"a mathematical relationship was developed accounted for these lines in the visible emission spectrum of hydrogen. Subsequently, in 1913, Niels Bohr initiated anew era of spectral interpretation by linking line spectra to the quantum ideas recently proposed by Planck and Einstein. Put simply, Bohr proposed that electrons exist in states of constant energy and only change energy by undergoing a transition from one state to another. During the transition they either absorb or emit an amount of energy that is exactly equal to the energy difference between the two states. This behavior produced the characteristic spectral lines." and "The significance of visible emission spectroscopy as a method to study the transitions of outer electrons in atoms and molecules provided a convenient tool to examine the electronic structure of matter. Like emission spectra, absorption spectra were classified as either continuous or line spectra and were also used to identify elements or study electronic transitions. August Beer. a German Physicist and professor of mathematics the university of Bonn, recognized the relationship between the absorption of light and concentration (17). One of the first instruments to use the absorption of light to determine concentration was the color comparator (18), which relied on Beer's law. The user visually compared the transmitted light from the sample and a standard solution and adjusted the path length until the transmitted light from both solutions appeared to have the same intensity;. Eventually photodetectors replaced the inaccurate human eye, and in the 1930's a new instrument called the colorimeter or spectrophotometer was developed that used a grating or prism to isolate a specific wavelength for absorption and analysis [1]
from The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
Notes
---- This source help to start the subsection of early 20th Century (1900-1940's) in the History of Spectroscopy article. This article has no information of spectroscopy history past 1900 so this article helps give more information.
"The discovery of the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum was made by Herschel in 1800. Using a glass prism with blackened thermometers, Herschel detected the existence of radiant heat beyond the visible region near the red end of the solar spectrum. However, since Herschel's main interest was astronomy, he did not investigate this phenomenon further, and nearly a century elapsed before interest in the infrared region arose again. In 1882 Abney and Festing obtained IR absorption hands with the presence of certain organic groups in the molecules. Using sodium chloride plates, Julius recorded the spectra of 20 organic compounds and noted that methyl groups absorbed at characteristic wavelengths. By the turn of the century interest in IR spectroscopy &as rapidly growing. Beginning in 1903, W. W. Coblentz conducted a series of measurements over several years, during which time he studied the IR spectra of hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds (24). However, early workers studying IR encountered many experimental problems. They had to design, construct, and calibrate their own instruments and components, and measurements were generally recorded at night to minimize the effect of vibrations on the sensitive instruments. In addition, it took 34 hours to record a single spectrum. Due to the difficulty in measuring IR spectra, chemical applications were very limited until the 1940's." and "During World War II the US. government was interested in producing synthetic rubber by the polymerization of butadiene. This process required the analysis of Ca hydrocarbon isomers for which there was no commonly accepted method of analysis. The government offered support to two industrial research labs to design such an instrument: they were the Shell Development company in California and the Cyanamid Company in Connecticut. Cyanamid convinced the tin Perkin-Elmer optical shop to construct optical elements for a prototype IR. The instrument Perkin-Elmer built was one of the first operating infrared spectrometers, the Model 12. At about the same time the Beckman Company, through a similar arrangement with Shell, developed their Model IR-1 instrument. Once available commercially, these and successive instruments greatly enhanced the popularity of the IR technique, which, with the exception of optical isomers, was able to provide a unique "fingerprint" for any molecule." [1] From The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
Notes
--- This source greatly helps to develop my understanding of the first IR spectrometers and the history of why they were initially developed. Also helps information from 1900 to present.
In 1913, Niels Bohr discovered the emission of spectral lines by observing electrons transitioning from different energy states within an atom. [1] August Beer then observed a relationship between light absorption and concentration and created the color comparator which was later replaced by a more accurate device called the spectrophotometer. [1] In 1937 "E. Lehrer created the first fully-automated spectrometer" to help more accurately measure spectral lines. [2] With the development of more advanced instruments such as photo-detectors scientists were then able to more accurately measure specific wavelength absorption of substances. [1]
Many early scientists who studied the IR spectra of compounds had to develop and build their own instruments to be able to record their measurements making it very difficult to get accurate measurements. [1] During World War II the U.S. government contracted different companies to develop a method for the polymerization of butadiene to create rubber, but this could only be done through analysis of Ca hydrocarbon isomers. [1] These contracted companies started developing optical instruments and eventually created the first infrared spectrometers. [1] With the development of these commercial spectrometers Infrared Spectroscopy became a more popular method to determine the "fingerprint" for any molecule. [1] Raman spectroscopy was first observed in 1928 by Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in liquid substances and also by "Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam in crystals". [2] Raman spectroscopy is based on the observation of the raman effect which is defined as "The intensity of the scattered light is dependent on the amount of the polarization potential change". [2] The raman spectrum records light intensity vs. light frequency (wavenumber) and the wavenumber shift is characteristic to each individual compound. [2]
The laser was invented in 1960 by spectroscopists who took the concept of its predecessor, the maser, in the visible range of light. Lasers have gone on to significantly advance experimental spectroscopy. The laser light allowed for much higher precision experiments specifically in the uses of studying collisional effects of light as well as being able to accurately tell what each wavelength and frequency of light were, allowing for the invention of things such as laser atomic clocks. Lasers also made spectroscopy with respect to time more accurate by using speeds or decay times of photons at specific wavelengths and frequencies to keep time. [3]
Mnwfk2 peer evaluation Mnwfk2 ( talk) 18:27, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
This is a user sandbox of
Tmyh7. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |