USER:SUSUNW CARRIE BUSHYHEAD QUARLES

Carrie Bushyhead Quarles
Carrie Bushyhead Quarles
Born	Caroline Elizabeth Bushyhead; March 17, 1834; Bradley County, Tennessee
Died	February 23, 1909 (aged 74); Baptist, Adair County, Oklahoma
Nationality	Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
Other names	Caroline E. Bushyhead, Carrie Bushyhead, Carrie E. Bushyhead, Carrie E. Quarles, Caroline Elizabeth Bushyhead Quarles
Occupation	teacher
Years active	1856–1887

Carrie Bushyhead Quarles ( Cherokee, March 17, 1834 - February 23, 1909) was a Native American, graduated in the first class of students from the First Cherokee Female Seminary and was a teacher to Native American children for fifty years.

Early life and education

Caroline Elizabeth "Carrie" Bushyhead was born on March 17, 1834, in Bradley County, Tennessee to Elizabeth "Eliza" (née Wilkerson, or Wilkinson, 1806-1872^[1]) and Jesse Bushyhead (1804–1844^[2]).^[3]^[4]^[5] Jesse was the son of Nancy Foreman, who was half-Cherokee and half-Scottish, and John "Oo-na-du-ta or Bushyhead", son of a Scottish Indian agent, Captain John Stuart,^[6]^[7] and his 1/4 Cherokee wife, Susannah Emory.^[4]^[8] Jesse was educated at Candy's Creek Mission and then taught at the mission school until around 1830.^[8] He married and had two children with his first wife.^[4] In 1833, Jesse became a Baptist preacher and served as a missionary among the Cherokee and interpreter for other clergy and political leaders of his tribe.^[9]^[5] Eliza was from Georgia, half Cherokee, and a member of the wolf clan of the Cherokee Nation.^[4]^[10] Her family was prominent and owned slaves.^[9]^[11] She and Jesse had nine children: Jane (m. Drew), Dennis, Daniel, Charlotte (m. Mayes), Edward, Caroline, Eliza Missouri (m. Alberty), Jesse Jr., and Nancy Sarah (m. McNair).^[4]^[12]^{[Note 1]} Seven of the children were born in the Cherokee homeland prior to the Trail of Tears and made their way with their parents, Jesse's mother, and a party Jesse led of around one thousand Cherokee to Indian Territory in 1838.^[17]^[6]^[18] Eliza Missouri was born on the trek in January 1839 at Cape Girardeau, Missouri and the younger children were born after reaching Indian Territory.^[17]

For the first nine months in Indian Territory, the family lived in a tent about six miles from the Arkansas border, and three miles north of what is now Westville, Oklahoma, at a place initially called Bread Town, and later known as Baptist Mission or Baptist,.^[17]^[19] which was located in the Going Snake District.^[11] They built and then moved into a house, near the Baptist mission school and Nancy Foreman's home.^[17] From 1840 until his death four years later, Jesse served as Chief Justice of the Cherokee Supreme Court.^[10]^[18] All of the Bushyhead children attended the mission school, where they were taught by Sarah Hibbard. The mission school closed in 1846,^[17] and Carrie, who had decided to become a teacher, enrolled at another school located about fifteen miles south of Baptist and run by a woman, who was a missionary.^[20] That year, the Cherokee Council authorized the building of male and female seminaries to provide high school education to tribal members.^[21] Both schools were completed in 1850,^[22] and Carrie entered the Cherokee Female Seminary in Park Hill as one of its first class of students. She graduated in 1855 as the valedictorian of her class.^[20]

Career

Bushyhead began her teaching career in 1856, working as an assistant teacher at the Cherokee Female Seminary and teaching at the public school in Tahlequah.^[11]^[23] In 1858, she was transferred to the rural Muddy Springs School, located in the Flint District of the Cherokee Nation. She taught fifty students, who had varying levels of competence in English. Although the Cherokee had their own syllabary and materials in the Cherokee language existed, secular instruction and textbooks were typically distributed in English, whereas religious instruction was provided in both Cherokee and English.^[11] Tribal funding for the schools dwindled in the lead-up to the Civil War and the public schools were closed in 1859.^[24] Her mother, Eliza, still owned one slave when the war broke out, but the Baptist church was involved with the abolition movement.^[11] For the duration of the war, Bushyhead taught at the school at Fort Gibson, a Union Army garrison. Her students at the fort included children from several other tribes, including Alice Brown Davis,^[25]^[26] who would later become the first woman to serve as Principal Chief of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma.^[27]

All Native people residing in Indian Territory were granted US citizenship under an act (31 Stat. 1447) of March 3, 1901.^[28]^[29] The Cherokee Nation entered an allotment agreement in 1902, which provided that each tribal citizen would receive forty acres as a homestead, which was untaxable and inalienable (ineligible to be sold) for twenty-one years, and seventy acres of surplus land which was inalienable for five years.^[30]

Death and legacy

Notes

^ Elizabeth is listed on the 1851 Drennan Roll as head of a family, consisting of Dennis, Edward, Daniel, Caroline, Eliza, Jesse Jr., and Nancy in Going Snake District.^[13] Charlotte and her husband, George Washington Mayes,^[14] appear with their family in the Flint District.^[15] Jane Drew died in 1844.^[16]

References

Citations

^ Tyner & Timmons 1969, p. 114.
^ Routh 1937, p. 460.
^ Delashaw 2002.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Foreman 1931, p. 43.
^ ^a ^b Watt 1994, p. 403.
^ ^a ^b Meserve 1936, p. 350.
^ Glancy 2009, p. 156.
^ ^a ^b Routh 1937, p. 450.
^ ^a ^b Cowsert 2018, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Meserve 1936, p. 351.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Watt 1994, p. 406.
^ Routh 1937, pp. 456–457.
^ Drennan c. 1950, p. 59.
^ Wright 1934, p. 212.
^ Drennan c. 1950, p. 43.
^ Chavez 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Watt 1994, p. 404.
^ ^a ^b Cowsert 2018, p. 2.
^ Shirk 1987, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b Watt 1994, p. 405.
^ Mihesuah 1993, p. 23.
^ Mihesuah 1993, p. 29.
^ Mihesuah 1993, p. Appendix B.
^ Watt 1994, pp. 406–407.
^ Watt 1994, p. 407.
^ Waldowski 1980, p. 457.
^ Waldowski 1980, pp. 460–461.
^ Ballinger 1915, p. 220.
^ Wright 1904, p. 12.
^ Denson 2017, p. 162.

Bibliography

Ballinger, Webster (1915). "Statement of Mr. Webster Ballinger, Washington, D.C.". In McLaughlin, James (ed.). Enrollment in the Five Civilized Tribes: Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Indian Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 202–284. OCLC 682114627.
Chavez, Will (April 17, 2014). "Groups Dedicate Site as Part of Trail of Tears". Cherokee Phoenix. Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
Cowsert, Zachery (Summer 2018). "Cherokee in Controversy: The Life of Jesse Bushyhead, Review". Civil War Book Review. 20 (3). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University: 1–3. doi: 10.31390/cwbr.20.3.09. ISSN 1528-6592. OCLC 8164089437. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
Delashaw, Corie (2002). Everett, Dianna (ed.). "Bushyhead, Dennis Wolf (1826–1898)". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Stillwater, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma State University Library Electronic Publishing Center. OCLC 181340478. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
Denson, Andrew (2017). Monuments to Absence: Cherokee Removal and the Contest over Southern Memory. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-3083-0.
Drennan, John (c. 1950). Hook, Charlene (ed.). 1851 Drennan Roll of the Cherokee Indians. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Indian Nations Press. pp. 43, 59. OCLC 866066755. – via FamilySearch (subscription required)
Foreman, Carolyn Thomas (March 1931). "Aunt Eliza of Tahlequah" (PDF). The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 9 (1). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society: 43–55. ISSN 0009-6024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
Glancy, Diane (2009). Pushing the Bear: After the Trail of Tears. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4069-8.
Meserve, John Bartlett (Autumn 1936). "Chief Dennis Wolfe Bushyhead" (PDF). The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 14 (3). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society: 349–359. ISSN 0009-6024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
Mihesuah, Devon A. (1993). Cultivating the Rosebuds: The Education of Women at the Cherokee Female Seminary, 1851-1909. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01953-1.
Routh, E. C. (Winter 1937). "Early Missionaries to the Cherokees" (PDF). The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 15 (4). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society: 449–465. ISSN 0009-6024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
Shirk, George H. (1987). Oklahoma Place Names (2 Revised, 1st Paperback ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2028-7.
Tyner, James W.; Timmons, Alice Tyner (1969). "McNair Cemetery (Mayes County)". Our People and Where They Rest. Vol. 1. Norman, Oklahoma: American Indian Institute, University of Oklahoma. p. 114. OCLC 556397651. – via FamilySearch (subscription required)
Waldowski, Paula (Winter 1980). "Alice Brown Davis: A Leader of Her People" (PDF). The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 58 (4). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society: 455–463. ISSN 0009-6024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
Watt, Marilyn (1994). "Caroline Elizabeth Bushyhead Quarles" (PDF). In Seller, Maxine Schwartz (ed.). Women Educators in the United States, 1820-1993: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 403–411. ISBN 978-0-313-27937-9.
Wright, J. George (30 June 1904). "Previous Conditions and Recent Legislation". Annual Report of the United States Indian Inspector for the Indian Territory. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office: 9–12. OCLC 6733649.
Wright, Muriel H. (June 1934). "The Journal of John Lowery Brown of the Cherokee Nation en Route to California in 1850" (PDF). The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 12 (2). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society: 177–213. ISSN 0009-6024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

Category:1834 births Category:1909 deaths Category:People from Bradley County, Tennessee Category:Cherokee Nation people (1794–1907) Category:Native American educators

[17] Elizabeth is listed on the 1851 Drennan Roll as head of a family, consisting of Dennis, Edward, Daniel, Caroline, Eliza, Jesse Jr., and Nancy in Going Snake District.^[13] Charlotte and her husband, George Washington Mayes,^[14] appear with their family in the Flint District.^[15] Jane Drew died in 1844.^[16]

[FOOTNOTETynerTimmons1969114-1] Tyner & Timmons 1969, p. 114.

[FOOTNOTERouth1937460-2] Routh 1937, p. 460.

[FOOTNOTEDelashaw2002-3] Delashaw 2002.

[FOOTNOTEForeman193143-4] Foreman 1931, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEWatt1994403-5] Watt 1994, p. 403.

[FOOTNOTEMeserve1936350-6] Meserve 1936, p. 350.

[FOOTNOTEGlancy2009156-7] Glancy 2009, p. 156.

[FOOTNOTERouth1937450-8] Routh 1937, p. 450.

[FOOTNOTECowsert20181-9] Cowsert 2018, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEMeserve1936351-10] Meserve 1936, p. 351.

[FOOTNOTEWatt1994406-11] Watt 1994, p. 406.

[FOOTNOTERouth1937456–457-12] Routh 1937, pp. 456–457.

[FOOTNOTEDrennanc._195059-13] Drennan c. 1950, p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEWright1934212-14] Wright 1934, p. 212.

[FOOTNOTEDrennanc._195043-15] Drennan c. 1950, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEChavez2014-16] Chavez 2014.

[FOOTNOTEWatt1994404-18] Watt 1994, p. 404.

[FOOTNOTECowsert20182-19] Cowsert 2018, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEShirk198717-20] Shirk 1987, p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEWatt1994405-21] Watt 1994, p. 405.

[FOOTNOTEMihesuah199323-22] Mihesuah 1993, p. 23.

[FOOTNOTEMihesuah199329-23] Mihesuah 1993, p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEMihesuah1993Appendix_B-24] Mihesuah 1993, p. Appendix B.

[FOOTNOTEWatt1994406–407-25] Watt 1994, pp. 406–407.

[FOOTNOTEWatt1994407-26] Watt 1994, p. 407.

[FOOTNOTEWaldowski1980457-27] Waldowski 1980, p. 457.

[FOOTNOTEWaldowski1980460–461-28] Waldowski 1980, pp. 460–461.

[FOOTNOTEBallinger1915220-29] Ballinger 1915, p. 220.

[FOOTNOTEWright190412-30] Wright 1904, p. 12.

[FOOTNOTEDenson2017162-31] Denson 2017, p. 162.

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Early life and education

Career

Death and legacy

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Early life and education

Career

Death and legacy

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

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Carrie Bushyhead Quarles
Born	Caroline Elizabeth Bushyhead (1834-03-17)March 17, 1834 Bradley County, Tennessee
Died	February 23, 1909(1909-02-23) (aged 74) Baptist, Adair County, Oklahoma
Nationality	Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
Other names	Caroline E. Bushyhead, Carrie Bushyhead, Carrie E. Bushyhead, Carrie E. Quarles, Caroline Elizabeth Bushyhead Quarles
Occupation	teacher
Years active	1856–1887