This user is a student editor in
Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/Southern_Maine_Community_College/Biology_124_BK_(Fall_2016). Student assignments should always be carried out using a course page set up by the instructor. It is usually best to develop assignments in your sandbox. After evaluation, the additions may go on to become a Wikipedia article or be published in an existing article. |
Bibliography Serena Weston
1) Hamilton Jr., William J., Whitaker Jr., John O. 1979. Mammals of the Eastern United States. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press 2) Burt, William H. 1976. Mammals. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company 3) Whitaker Jr. John O. 1996. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to North American Mammals. New York, NY: Knopf, New York 4) Wilson, Don E., Ruff, Sue. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American Mammals. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press 5) Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walkers Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition, Volume II. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press 6) Horne, Eva A; McDonald, Mark W; Reichman O.J. 1998. “Changes In Cache Over Winter In Artificial Dens of Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma Floridana)” Journal of Mammalogy 79(3) pg 898 Retrieved from http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.com 7) Williams, Christopher K. 2000. “Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma Floridana) Consumption of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus)” The American Midland Naturalist 143(1) pg 239 Proquest Central 8) Herrera, Jose; McDonald, Mark W. 1997 “Consumption by Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma Floridana) of Food Infected by Fungi” The American Midland Naturalist 137(2) pg. 282 Proquest Central 9) Post, Diane; McDonald, Mark; Reichman O.J. 1998. “Influence of Maternal Diet and Perishability on Caching and Consumption Behavior of Juvenile Eastern Woodrats” Journal of Mammalogy 79(1) pg. 156-162 Retrieved from http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.com 10)Wiley, Robert W. 1980. “Neotoma Floridana Species Account” Mammalian Species No. 139 pg. 1-7 The American Society of Mammalogists 11)Feldhamer, George A; Thompson, Bruce C; Chapman, Joseph A; 2003. “Neotoma Floridana, Eastern Woodrat” Wild Mammals of North America Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press 12)Guilliams, B. B. (n.d.). Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrat). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neotoma_floridana/
Revised bibliography PRINTED TEXT FROM REFERENCE BOOK Wilson, D. E., & Ruff, S. (1999). The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. PRINTED TEXT FROM REFERNECE BOOK Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ANIMAL DIVERSITY Guilliams, B. B. (n.d.). Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrat). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neotoma_floridana/ ARTICLE Post, D. M., Mcdonald, M. W., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Influence of Maternal Diet and Perishability on Caching and Consumption Behavior of Juvenile Eastern Woodrats. Journal of Mammalogy, 79(1), 156-162. doi:10.2307/1382850 ARTICLE Herrera, J., & Mcdonald, M. W. (1997). Consumption by Eastern Woodrats (Neotoma floridana) of Food Infected by Fungi. American Midland Naturalist,137(2), 282. doi:10.2307/2426847 ARTICLE Williams, C. K., Why, K. V., & Applegate, R. D. (2000). Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana) Consumption of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). The American Midland Naturalist, 143(1), 239-244. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0239:ewnfco]2.0.co;2 ARTICLE Horne, E. A., Mcdonald, M., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Changes in Cache Contents over Winter in Artificial Dens of the Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana). Journal of Mammalogy, 79(3), 898. doi:10.2307/1383097 BOOK Burt, W. H., & Grossenheider, R. P. (1976). A field guide to the mammals: Field marks of all North American species found north of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. BOOK Whitaker, J. O. (1996). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Knopf. BOOK Hamilton, W. J., & Whitaker, J. O. (1979). Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub. Associates BOOK Wiley, R. W. (1980). Mammalian species (Neotoma Floridana). New York, NY: American Society of Mammalogists.
Outline:
Wilson, D. E., & Ruff, S. (1999). The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.ats pick up material for their nes
Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Guilliams, B. B. (n.d.). Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrat). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neotoma_floridana/
5-10% of diet is oak acorns 2-5% of diet greens and fruits 0.5% wood and bark sumac, mesquite, and walnut
Post, D. M., Mcdonald, M. W., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Influence of Maternal Diet and Perishability on Caching and Consumption Behavior of Juvenile Eastern Woodrats. Journal of Mammalogy, 79(1), 156-162. doi:10.2307/1382850
-occur via observation -milk -food particles that cling to hair -olfaction-sense of smell -contact with fecal matter -also evidence to indicate dietary cues can be transmitted before birth
Herrera, J., & Mcdonald, M. W. (1997). Consumption by Eastern Woodrats (Neotoma floridana) of Food Infected by Fungi. American Midland Naturalist,137(2), 282. doi:10.2307/2426847
Williams, C. K., Why, K. V., & Applegate, R. D. (2000). Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana) Consumption of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). The American Midland Naturalist, 143(1), 239-244. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0239:ewnfco]2.0.co;2
Horne, E. A., Mcdonald, M., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Changes in Cache Contents over Winter in Artificial Dens of the Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana). Journal of Mammalogy, 79(3), 898. doi:10.2307/1383097
Burt, W. H., & Grossenheider, R. P. (1976). A field guide to the mammals: Field marks of all North American species found north of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Whitaker, J. O. (1996). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Knopf.
-fruits -nuts -fungi -ferns -seeds
Hamilton, W. J., & Whitaker, J. O. (1979). Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub. Associates
-dogwood -blackberries -mountain ash -wild cherries -shadberries -fruits and stalks of pokeweed and sassafrass -fungi -ferns -rhododendron -host of other plants collected often left in a green condition on rocks, which may indicate a hay-making practice
Wiley, R. W. (1980). Mammalian species (Neotoma Floridana). New York, NY: American Society of Mammalogists.
Texas= pecans are heavily used Tennessee= seed pods of honey locust, mint, acorns, beechnuts Pennsylvania= mushrooms Common major food sources are acorns, sumac fruit and bark, poison ivy, and dogwood
Rough Draft
EASTERN WOODRAT (NEOTOMA FLORIDANA) Eastern Woodrats are known for their foraging and caching habits. When searching for food is dangerous or unproductive animals often use food stores to supply all or part of their diet. This is a feasible strategy to avoid food shortage. It is the habit of collecting and storing both food and nonfood items that has earned the Eastern Woodrat is other common name of “pack-rat” or “trade rat”. Woodrats will drop the object they are carrying for a more desirable one (Wilson). Eastern Woodrats eat about 5% of their body weight in dry mass each day. During the summer months, most feeding is done while foraging. Only small amounts of food are taken back to the den for daytime feeding (Wiley). Woodrats do not change significantly in weight from autumn to spring. Weight of individual woodrats is not correlated to the kilocalories in their caches (Horne). Starting in September, the woodrat will start to forage and store food in its midden for use and survival in the winter (Whitaker). Although cache does not serve as the sole source of winter diets, caches examined yielded as much as a bushel of plant material (Wilson). Woodrats have great adaptability in their feeding habits. They feed on almost any kind of plant material including leaves, roots and tubers, wood, bark, stems, and seeds (Guilliams). Although the Eastern Woodrats eat mostly green vegetation, they also eat various types of fruits, nuts, fungi, ferns, and seeds (Whitaker). Food preferences vary from population to population. What one population may favor, another may not use (Wiley). Variety of food cache depends on the availability of food sources within foraging ranges of individuals (Horne). Woodrat feeding and caching habits vary from one geographic area to another.
In Texas, pecans are a major food source for the Eastern Woodrat. In Tennessee, mint and beechnuts were found to be the most cached item. In Pennsylvania, mushrooms were one of the top food items found in their middens (Wiley).
Acorns, the nut of an oak tree, are a major food source for all Woodrat populations. Oak trees are found throughout the Woodrat’s habitat from Texas to New York. Acorns are considered a valuable caching item due to the acorn’s long shelf life (Wiley).
Energy and perishability influence the woodrat’s diet and caching. The value of food when consumed should equal or exceed the cost of gathering and storage (Post, McDonald, Reichman). Food is chosen by dryness and degree of microbial infection. Woodrats tend to eat perishable food and cache less perishable foods. This strategy reduces the risk of stored foods being loss to spoilage.
Woodrats are constantly coping with food stores decomposing by microbes. Woodrats seem to exhibit physiological adaptions, allowing them to comsume food inhabited by fungi. Fungi can increase nutritional value of some foods by making nutrients within food more accessible by breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides. If there is any nutritional value to fungi infected foods, caching rodents, such as the Woodrat, would definitely exploit those resources and benefits (Herrera). Although Woodrats are herbivores, evidence suggests that Woodrats will eat meat if given the opportunity. Snakes, salamanders, mice, and quail have all been found in stomachs of Woodrats (Williams). In addition to meat, researchers have found gnawed bones in caches and believe Woodrats use them to sharpen their teeth and for mineral nutrients. Only anectodal evidence exists concerning Woodrat carnivory(Nowak,Williams). Being an opportunist, The Woodrat will cache a carcass if given the chance. Drinking water is typically not needed. Woodrats get the water they need from dew, water containing plants such as succulents, and fruit. The Eastern Woodrat can survive during drought seasons on water obtained from metabolism of food (Wiley). Eastern Woodrats receive transmission of information regarding diet in a variety of ways from birth to juvenile. Woodrats start to get diet cues via their mother's milk. They also get cues from coming in contact with food particles that are stuck to the fur, and any fecal pellets in the den. After the young ween from their mother they learn other food cues from olfaction(sense of smell) and observation of other experienced woodrats. Evidence also indicates that dietary cues can be transmitted to offspring before birth(Post, McDonald, Reichman). Transmission cues can greatly reduce the costs of foraging, especially juvenile woodrats, who are particularly vulnerable to environmental stress. Woodrats are solitrary foragers. Juveniles that have left the nest, can no longer learn by observation and must rely strictly on diet cues given to them by their mother.
This user is a student editor in
Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/Southern_Maine_Community_College/Biology_124_BK_(Fall_2016). Student assignments should always be carried out using a course page set up by the instructor. It is usually best to develop assignments in your sandbox. After evaluation, the additions may go on to become a Wikipedia article or be published in an existing article. |
Bibliography Serena Weston
1) Hamilton Jr., William J., Whitaker Jr., John O. 1979. Mammals of the Eastern United States. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press 2) Burt, William H. 1976. Mammals. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company 3) Whitaker Jr. John O. 1996. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to North American Mammals. New York, NY: Knopf, New York 4) Wilson, Don E., Ruff, Sue. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American Mammals. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press 5) Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walkers Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition, Volume II. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press 6) Horne, Eva A; McDonald, Mark W; Reichman O.J. 1998. “Changes In Cache Over Winter In Artificial Dens of Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma Floridana)” Journal of Mammalogy 79(3) pg 898 Retrieved from http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.com 7) Williams, Christopher K. 2000. “Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma Floridana) Consumption of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus)” The American Midland Naturalist 143(1) pg 239 Proquest Central 8) Herrera, Jose; McDonald, Mark W. 1997 “Consumption by Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma Floridana) of Food Infected by Fungi” The American Midland Naturalist 137(2) pg. 282 Proquest Central 9) Post, Diane; McDonald, Mark; Reichman O.J. 1998. “Influence of Maternal Diet and Perishability on Caching and Consumption Behavior of Juvenile Eastern Woodrats” Journal of Mammalogy 79(1) pg. 156-162 Retrieved from http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.com 10)Wiley, Robert W. 1980. “Neotoma Floridana Species Account” Mammalian Species No. 139 pg. 1-7 The American Society of Mammalogists 11)Feldhamer, George A; Thompson, Bruce C; Chapman, Joseph A; 2003. “Neotoma Floridana, Eastern Woodrat” Wild Mammals of North America Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press 12)Guilliams, B. B. (n.d.). Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrat). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neotoma_floridana/
Revised bibliography PRINTED TEXT FROM REFERENCE BOOK Wilson, D. E., & Ruff, S. (1999). The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. PRINTED TEXT FROM REFERNECE BOOK Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ANIMAL DIVERSITY Guilliams, B. B. (n.d.). Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrat). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neotoma_floridana/ ARTICLE Post, D. M., Mcdonald, M. W., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Influence of Maternal Diet and Perishability on Caching and Consumption Behavior of Juvenile Eastern Woodrats. Journal of Mammalogy, 79(1), 156-162. doi:10.2307/1382850 ARTICLE Herrera, J., & Mcdonald, M. W. (1997). Consumption by Eastern Woodrats (Neotoma floridana) of Food Infected by Fungi. American Midland Naturalist,137(2), 282. doi:10.2307/2426847 ARTICLE Williams, C. K., Why, K. V., & Applegate, R. D. (2000). Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana) Consumption of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). The American Midland Naturalist, 143(1), 239-244. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0239:ewnfco]2.0.co;2 ARTICLE Horne, E. A., Mcdonald, M., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Changes in Cache Contents over Winter in Artificial Dens of the Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana). Journal of Mammalogy, 79(3), 898. doi:10.2307/1383097 BOOK Burt, W. H., & Grossenheider, R. P. (1976). A field guide to the mammals: Field marks of all North American species found north of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. BOOK Whitaker, J. O. (1996). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Knopf. BOOK Hamilton, W. J., & Whitaker, J. O. (1979). Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub. Associates BOOK Wiley, R. W. (1980). Mammalian species (Neotoma Floridana). New York, NY: American Society of Mammalogists.
Outline:
Wilson, D. E., & Ruff, S. (1999). The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.ats pick up material for their nes
Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Guilliams, B. B. (n.d.). Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrat). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neotoma_floridana/
5-10% of diet is oak acorns 2-5% of diet greens and fruits 0.5% wood and bark sumac, mesquite, and walnut
Post, D. M., Mcdonald, M. W., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Influence of Maternal Diet and Perishability on Caching and Consumption Behavior of Juvenile Eastern Woodrats. Journal of Mammalogy, 79(1), 156-162. doi:10.2307/1382850
-occur via observation -milk -food particles that cling to hair -olfaction-sense of smell -contact with fecal matter -also evidence to indicate dietary cues can be transmitted before birth
Herrera, J., & Mcdonald, M. W. (1997). Consumption by Eastern Woodrats (Neotoma floridana) of Food Infected by Fungi. American Midland Naturalist,137(2), 282. doi:10.2307/2426847
Williams, C. K., Why, K. V., & Applegate, R. D. (2000). Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana) Consumption of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). The American Midland Naturalist, 143(1), 239-244. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0239:ewnfco]2.0.co;2
Horne, E. A., Mcdonald, M., & Reichman, O. J. (1998). Changes in Cache Contents over Winter in Artificial Dens of the Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana). Journal of Mammalogy, 79(3), 898. doi:10.2307/1383097
Burt, W. H., & Grossenheider, R. P. (1976). A field guide to the mammals: Field marks of all North American species found north of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Whitaker, J. O. (1996). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Knopf.
-fruits -nuts -fungi -ferns -seeds
Hamilton, W. J., & Whitaker, J. O. (1979). Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub. Associates
-dogwood -blackberries -mountain ash -wild cherries -shadberries -fruits and stalks of pokeweed and sassafrass -fungi -ferns -rhododendron -host of other plants collected often left in a green condition on rocks, which may indicate a hay-making practice
Wiley, R. W. (1980). Mammalian species (Neotoma Floridana). New York, NY: American Society of Mammalogists.
Texas= pecans are heavily used Tennessee= seed pods of honey locust, mint, acorns, beechnuts Pennsylvania= mushrooms Common major food sources are acorns, sumac fruit and bark, poison ivy, and dogwood
Rough Draft
EASTERN WOODRAT (NEOTOMA FLORIDANA) Eastern Woodrats are known for their foraging and caching habits. When searching for food is dangerous or unproductive animals often use food stores to supply all or part of their diet. This is a feasible strategy to avoid food shortage. It is the habit of collecting and storing both food and nonfood items that has earned the Eastern Woodrat is other common name of “pack-rat” or “trade rat”. Woodrats will drop the object they are carrying for a more desirable one (Wilson). Eastern Woodrats eat about 5% of their body weight in dry mass each day. During the summer months, most feeding is done while foraging. Only small amounts of food are taken back to the den for daytime feeding (Wiley). Woodrats do not change significantly in weight from autumn to spring. Weight of individual woodrats is not correlated to the kilocalories in their caches (Horne). Starting in September, the woodrat will start to forage and store food in its midden for use and survival in the winter (Whitaker). Although cache does not serve as the sole source of winter diets, caches examined yielded as much as a bushel of plant material (Wilson). Woodrats have great adaptability in their feeding habits. They feed on almost any kind of plant material including leaves, roots and tubers, wood, bark, stems, and seeds (Guilliams). Although the Eastern Woodrats eat mostly green vegetation, they also eat various types of fruits, nuts, fungi, ferns, and seeds (Whitaker). Food preferences vary from population to population. What one population may favor, another may not use (Wiley). Variety of food cache depends on the availability of food sources within foraging ranges of individuals (Horne). Woodrat feeding and caching habits vary from one geographic area to another.
In Texas, pecans are a major food source for the Eastern Woodrat. In Tennessee, mint and beechnuts were found to be the most cached item. In Pennsylvania, mushrooms were one of the top food items found in their middens (Wiley).
Acorns, the nut of an oak tree, are a major food source for all Woodrat populations. Oak trees are found throughout the Woodrat’s habitat from Texas to New York. Acorns are considered a valuable caching item due to the acorn’s long shelf life (Wiley).
Energy and perishability influence the woodrat’s diet and caching. The value of food when consumed should equal or exceed the cost of gathering and storage (Post, McDonald, Reichman). Food is chosen by dryness and degree of microbial infection. Woodrats tend to eat perishable food and cache less perishable foods. This strategy reduces the risk of stored foods being loss to spoilage.
Woodrats are constantly coping with food stores decomposing by microbes. Woodrats seem to exhibit physiological adaptions, allowing them to comsume food inhabited by fungi. Fungi can increase nutritional value of some foods by making nutrients within food more accessible by breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides. If there is any nutritional value to fungi infected foods, caching rodents, such as the Woodrat, would definitely exploit those resources and benefits (Herrera). Although Woodrats are herbivores, evidence suggests that Woodrats will eat meat if given the opportunity. Snakes, salamanders, mice, and quail have all been found in stomachs of Woodrats (Williams). In addition to meat, researchers have found gnawed bones in caches and believe Woodrats use them to sharpen their teeth and for mineral nutrients. Only anectodal evidence exists concerning Woodrat carnivory(Nowak,Williams). Being an opportunist, The Woodrat will cache a carcass if given the chance. Drinking water is typically not needed. Woodrats get the water they need from dew, water containing plants such as succulents, and fruit. The Eastern Woodrat can survive during drought seasons on water obtained from metabolism of food (Wiley). Eastern Woodrats receive transmission of information regarding diet in a variety of ways from birth to juvenile. Woodrats start to get diet cues via their mother's milk. They also get cues from coming in contact with food particles that are stuck to the fur, and any fecal pellets in the den. After the young ween from their mother they learn other food cues from olfaction(sense of smell) and observation of other experienced woodrats. Evidence also indicates that dietary cues can be transmitted to offspring before birth(Post, McDonald, Reichman). Transmission cues can greatly reduce the costs of foraging, especially juvenile woodrats, who are particularly vulnerable to environmental stress. Woodrats are solitrary foragers. Juveniles that have left the nest, can no longer learn by observation and must rely strictly on diet cues given to them by their mother.